Characteristics of coal resources in China and statistical analysis and preventive measures for coal mine accidents

In the process of green and smart mine construction under the context of carbon neutrality,China's coal safety situation has been continuously improved in recent years.In order to recognize the development of coal production in China and prepare for future monitoring and prevention of safety incidents,this study mainly elaborated on the basic situation of coal resources and national mining accidents over the past five years(2017-2021),from four dimensions(accident level,type,region,and time),and then proposed the preventive measures based on accident statistical laws.The results show that the storage of coal resources has obvious geographic characteristics,mainly concentrated in the Midwest,with coal resources in Shanxi and Shaanxi accounting for about 49.4%.The proportion of coal consumption has dropped from 70.2%to 56%between 2011 and 2021,but still accounts for more than half of the all.Meanwhile,the accident-prone areas are positively correlated with the amount of coal production.Among different levels of coal mine accidents,general accidents had the highest number of accidents and deaths,with 692 accidents and 783 deaths,accounting for 87.6%and 54.64%respectively.The frequency of roof,gas,and transportation accidents is relatively high,and the number of single fatalities caused by gas accidents is the largest,about 4.18.In terms of geographical distribution of accidents,the safety situation in Shanxi Province is the most severe.From the time distribution of coal mine accidents,the accidents mainly occurred in July and August,and rarely occurred in February and December.Finally,the"4+4"safety management model is proposed,combining the statistical results with coal production in China.Based on the existing health and safety management systems,the manage-ments are divided into four sub-categories,and more specific measures are suggested.

Countermeasures and Prevention of Railway Traffic Accidents in the Early Days of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that caused serious damage to transportation tasks through war-torn smoke,and carried out large-scale railway construction.However,in the course of operation,railway safety accidents occur frequently due to outdated equipment,low quality of staff,lack of rules and regulations,vandalism,and various natural disasters.In the face of severe conditions,the railway authorities summed up the accidents and learned the safety of the railways,so that the railway transportation industry,which started after the founding of the country,was gradually on the right track,and laid a solid foundation for the safe development of the railway industry.

Factors and Pattern of Injuries Associated with Road Traffic Accidents in Hilly District of Nepal

Introduction: In 21st century, road traffic accidents (RTA) are considered as increasing epidemic of non-communicable disease which is abandoned and needs special attention to prevent them. The aim of this study was to assess the factors and pattern of injuries associated with road traffic accidents. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 112 RTA victims and 56 drivers in Palpa District of Nepal. The association of factors and pattern of injuries with exposure to accidents was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. Bivariate logistic regression examined the association between driving and socio-demographics factors and exposure to road accidents. Results: Of 112 RTA victims, 50% were in the age group of 21 to 40 years and 71.4% were male. Drivers who were in the age less than or equal to 30 years were more likely (OR: 3.6;95% CI: 1.0, 14.3) to expose to an accident than those who were above 30 years. Similarly, those having driving speed less than 40 km/hr were less likely to expose to an accident than those with speed 40 - 60 km/hr (OR: 6.0;95% CI: 0.8, 73.5) and those with speed more than 60 km/hr (OR 7.8;95% CI: 1.0, 100.1). Moreover, the driving experience was also found positively associated (OR: 5.6;95% CI: 1.1, 35.5) with the exposure to an accident. Conclusion: Being in younger age group, male gender, morning time, the driving speed, driving experiences, and driving hours on the road were positively associated with RTA. The efforts should be made to enforce laws in control of speed targeting experienced drivers and those with younger age groups.

Statistical Data Analyses on Aircraft Accidents in Japan: Occurrences, Causes and Countermeasures

We investigate the major characteristics of the occurrences, causes of and counter measures for aircraft accidents in Japan. We apply statistical data analysis and mathematical modeling techniques to determine the relations among economic growth, aviation demand, the frequency of aircraft/helicopter accidents, the major characteristics of the occurrence intervals of accidents, and the number of fatalities due to accidents. The statistical model analysis suggests that the occurrence intervals of accidents and the number of fatalities can be explained by probability distributions such as the exponential distribution and the negative binomial distribution, respectively. We show that countermeasures for preventing accidents have been developed in every aircraft model, and thus they have contributed to a significant decrease in the number of accidents in the last three decades. We find that the major cause of accidents involving large airplanes has been weather, while accidents involving small airplanes and helicopters are mainly due to the pilot error. We also discover that, with respect to accidents mainly due to pilot error, there is a significant decrease in the number of accidents due to the aging of airplanes, whereas the number of accidents due to weather has barely declined. We further determine that accidents involving small and large airplanes mostly occur during takeoff and landing, whereas those involving helicopters are most likely to happen during flight. In order to decrease the number of accidents, i) enhancing safety and security by further developing technologies for aircraft, airports and air control radars, ii) establishing and improving training methods for crew including pilots, mechanics and traffic controllers, iii) tightening public rules, and iv) strengthening efforts made by individual aviation-related companies are absolutely necessary.

化工园区事故情景耦合演化的复杂网络分析

为进一步研究化工园区事故易因耦合效应引发事故升级等问题,首先,以化工园区储存环节为研究对象,从要素及关系2个角度构建涵盖人因层、物质层、环境层、管理层、组合层及事故层的典型事故情景要素框架体系。然后,基于拓扑理论及相关方法,构建化工园区典型事故情景复杂网络模型,分析复杂网络的统计特征,确定节点的网络贡献度和连接边的脆弱性,探究最大可能的致因路径,并结合事故的演化特征提出断链视角下的应急响应对策。最后,引入案例分析其最大致因路径,并提出相关事故的预防措施。研究结果表明:初期是化工园区事故控制的关键时期,加强员工培训是强化初期处置的重要手段之一,点火源是事故耦合升级的关键因素之一;本文构建的化工园区事故情景演化复杂网络模型具有较好的实用性,案例分析得到的最大致因路径与实际情况基本相符。研究结果可为化工园区的事故防控及演化控制提供一定参考。

我国民爆物品爆炸事故统计分析及防范对策

为分析我国民爆物品爆炸事故一般性规律与事故原因,对2006—2023年全国民爆物品爆炸事故的发生时间、地区分布、事故等级等维度进行事故统计与分析,使用层次分析法构建了包含人、机、环、制度4个一级指标和安全意识、技术培训、监管力度、安全教育、标准化作业、生产设备、生产工艺、天气气候、仓储条件、安全管理体制、应急管理制度共11个二级指标的层次结构模型,通过分析得到各指标权重进而对爆炸事故影响因素做出重要性排序。研究结果表明:爆炸事故发生次数逐年降低,安全形势转好,时间上集中于每年的第2、3季度,空间上以“南北高低交错”特征分布于各省份,事故等级中一般事故、较大事故占据主导地位;基于层次分析法得知一级指标中人是造成事故的最主要因素,二级指标中标准化作业、生产工艺、监管力度和安全管理体制是比较重要的几项因素,最后针对事故影响因素重要度提出了严格标准化作业、增加安全投入、加强监管力度和完善安全管理体制的预防措施。

扎根理论视角下安全生产责任保险事故预防功能发挥研究

作为安全生产社会治理体系的重要制度设计之一,安全生产责任保险借助社会专业力量防范化解事故风险,是安全生产工作理念实现从“管理”到“治理”的重要推手。为解决现阶段安全生产责任保险推行过程中事故预防功能发挥不显著这一问题,采用扎根理论探究了事故预防技术服务落实不到位的成因机制,包括参与主体内生动力不足、服务覆盖范围不全面、联动协调机制不健全、监管反馈工作未闭环以及规范性文件保障不坚实5个相互关联的主范畴,并通过差异显著性检验验证了主范畴的提炼效果。最后,提出深化宣传、拓宽范围、加强联动、定期评价、严格奖惩与完善标准6项措施建议,旨在推动安全生产责任保险从被动事后赔付向主动风险防控转变。

矿井采煤工作面顶板事故防治策略研究

随着中国采煤工作面深度和开采规模不断扩大,顶板事故不断增多,给矿井生产带来了极大的影响。如何有效防治顶板事故,成为了亟须解决的问题。论述了矿井采煤工作面顶板事故防治的重要性,通过对事故成因的分析,提出了相应的防治策略,通过对比,证实了研究方向的准确性,可以为矿山安全生产提供有益的参考。

基于主次屏障的化工装置事故根因分析及“双预”机制应用

双重预防机制(“双预”)是当前国内危化品领域正在广泛推行的一种风险管控系统,但目前缺乏底层和运行层面的理论架构,更缺乏以根因分析(RCA)结果来指导实施“双预”的方法工具,为此,提出“主-次”屏障理论与事件与原因因素分析(ECF)相结合的可视化主-次屏障(VPSB)模型。ECF作为一种典型的RCA技术,由特定主/次屏障失效模式组成灾害事件的致因路径,为VPSB建模提供可视化框图。应用该模型对英国石油BP公司的Texas爆炸中的典型事故场景进行隐患识别和RCA,获得“双预”相关管理措施的具体失效模式,通过与美国化学品安全委员会(CSB)和英国石油(BP)公司对该事件的调查结果对比,发现CSB和BP公司将人的不安全动作作为直接原因开展深层次的原因分析,将关注点放在了人的管理上,并将根本原因宏观地总结为安全主管失职和操作工违规作业,而VPSB模型则关注的是对重大事故隐患本身和工艺过程的管理,用描述具体的次屏障失效模式来突出管理系统存在的根本性问题,其中,在机械完整性管理上的问题最多,且主要是由于管理措施未被合规执行。这为企业优化“双预”的相关工作内容提供了重点整改方向和可操作性建议。

粉尘爆炸事故的模糊综合评估分析与预防策略研究

为深入分析粉尘爆炸事故,探索其复杂多元的原因,采用模糊综合评估方法,对发生在我国2005—2020年间67起粉尘爆炸事故进行统计分析,建立多级模糊评价模型,并引入危险状态和评估状态评价维度,综合评估各种风险因素对粉尘爆炸的影响,选取某铝合金加工车间作为验证案例。研究结果表明:该车间粉尘爆炸风险等级为较危险,且相应的事故隐患排查治理和操作规程规范等管控措施空缺或无效,并提出升级更新通风系统,增大防爆泄压面积,加大事故隐患排查治理力度和增加安全投入等防控措施。研究结果可为粉尘爆炸风险识别和事故有效预防提供新的参考做法和评估工具,对于提高工业安全水平和制定积极的预防策略具有示范作用。

新兴能源基础设施安全风险分析与防控体系

“双碳”背景下,随着终端电气化水平和氢能利用占比的逐步提高,新兴能源基础设施呈现爆发性增长趋势,与此同时,安全事故频发,安全问题不断凸显,制约了产业的健康发展。对以储能站、充电站、加氢站、综合能源站等为代表的新兴能源基础设施的主要安全风险要素进行了全面梳理,剖析了当前全环节、全链条安全风险认知、防控、监管方面存在的问题和挑战,并进一步总结了新兴能源基础设施安全风险及防控的共性现状和总体形势。在此基础上,从安全防控技术创新、多利益相关方监管、公共安全保障体系建设等维度提出了安全防控体系性框架和应对措施,为我国新兴能源基础设施的安全防控与保障提供支撑和参考。

新时代下提升火灾事故调查处理效能的思考

为提升新时代下火灾事故调查处理效能,切实发挥火灾事故调查处理改进消防工作、提升火灾防控能力的重要作用,以新时代火灾事故调查处理工作为研究背景,重点阐述了新时代组织火灾事故调查处理工作的重大意义和面临的新形势新要求,指出了当前工作中存在的问题和面临的挑战,并针对性提出了加强和改进的路径方法,旨在切实提升火灾事故调查处理的能力和水平,更好地服务社会建设和经济发展。

半挂液罐车弯道安全车速优化控制

为降低半挂液罐车驶过弯道路段过程中的侧翻事故风险,提出了基于最优控制的半挂液罐车弯道安全车速优化控制方法。该控制方法以侧翻事故防控为优先目标,以高效通行为辅助目标,帮助半挂液罐车在驶向弯道时提前获得无横向失稳隐患的最优车速控制方案,实现“预防式”的车辆主动安全控制。同时为提高控制方案有效性,利用正弦波动方程拟合罐内液体纵向转移过程,结合基于改进准静态法的罐内液体横向偏移规律,构建了具有纵横双维度描述能力的罐内液体晃动模型,提高了最优控制问题成本函数中半挂液罐车横向稳态表征指标的准确性。仿真结果表明:受控半挂液罐车驶过弯道过程中的瞬时横向载荷转移率始终处于[-0.7,0.7]的安全范围内;不同弯道半径下车辆瞬时横向载荷转移率均有下降,且在弯道半径61 m时降幅最大;受控半挂液罐车最大瞬时横向载荷转移率最大降幅达到0.07;车速控制对道路通行效率的负面影响较小。该控制方法帮助半挂液罐车避免侧翻事故,适用于多种不同半径的弯道路段。

Train post‑derailment behaviours and containment methods:a review

Railway accidents,particularly serious derailments,can lead to catastrophic consequences.Therefore,it is essential to prevent derailment escalation to reduce the likelihood of severe derailments.Train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods play a critical role in preventing derailment escalation and providing passive safety protection and accident prevention in the event of a derailment.However,despite the increasing attention on this field from academia and industry in recent years,there is a lack of systematic exploration and summarization of emerging applications and containment methods in train post-derailment research.For this reason,this paper presents a comprehensive review of existing studies on train post-derailment behaviours,encompassing various topics such as post-derailment contact-impact models,dynamic modelling and simulation techniques,and the primary factors influencing post-derailment behaviours.Significantly,this review introduces and elucidates substitute guidance mechanisms(SGMs),which serve as railway-specific passive safety protection and accident prevention measures.The various types of SGMs are depicted,and their ongoing developments and applications are explored in depth.The review additionally points out several unresolved challenges including the adverse effects of SGMs,and proposes future research directions to advance the theoretical understanding and practical application of train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods.This review seeks to be a valuable reference for railway industry professionals in preventing catastrophic derailment consequences through post-derailment containment methods.

选矿厂安全事故分析及预防对策

选矿是富集有用矿物的一种系统工程,工艺流程复杂,常常采用大型机械设备,生产过程中安全事故频发。为了降低选矿厂的安全事故,对全国5家典型选矿厂2017—2022年事故进行统计分析。选矿厂生产过程中的不安全因素主要有物体打击、机械伤害、粉尘、噪声、放射性危害、灼伤、中毒、高处坠落、淹溺等。除上述可能的危险性因素外,同时还存在起重伤害、触电和窒息等危险有害因素。表明选矿厂安全事故重心已经从工艺安全事故转移到机械设备事故方向,而机械事故因素主要仍是由人因造成。因此,运用4M要素和5S管理对不安全的因素提出了预防的对策,以期降低安全事故的发生。

加油站油品含水质量事故的预防

指出了加油站油品含水的来源,分析了加油站油品含水质量事故的原因,提出了预防加油站油品含水质量事故的措施:从管理措施方面,一是加强入站油品的质量验收;二是加强加油站油品储存和销售管理;三是加强加油站施工现场和设备管理。从技术措施方面,一是在加油机上安装防水滤芯;二是加强对防水滤芯的使用和管理。

基于sEMG的渣土车驾驶员肌肉疲劳与恢复研究

目的 为了解渣土车驾驶员肌肉疲劳发展与疲劳恢复特征,避免疲劳累积,降低肌肉骨骼损伤风险.方法 设计并组织渣土车模拟驾驶实验.招募8 名被试参与实验,测量驾驶过程和恢复阶段驾驶员主观疲劳评分数据与颈部左右斜方肌、腰部左右竖脊肌、左右多裂肌共6 个肌群的肌肉活动信息,运用统计学分析方法分析肌肉疲劳随驾驶时间和恢复时间而变化的特征.结果 经过180 min模拟渣土车驾驶任务后,驾驶员达到非常疲劳状态,所测量6 个肌群肌肉疲劳,腰部CR-10 评分高于颈部;经过5 min静坐和30 min静坐且听音乐休息后,驾驶员恢复至较清醒状态,所测6 个肌群中,身体左侧相关肌群逐渐恢复,身体右侧相关肌群仍然处于疲劳状态.结论 渣土车驾驶过程肌肉疲劳明显,静坐恢复方式有利于疲劳恢复,但是身体右侧斜方肌、竖脊肌和多裂肌仍处于疲劳状态.

供电企业关于人的不安全行为闭环管控研究

人是生产力中最活跃的因素,在导致事故发生的种种原因中,人的不安全因素是重要的核心原因,为了搞好安全生产,防止事故发生,必须及时矫正各种不良心理,消除不安全行为。因此,以南方电网超高压输电公司为例,结合企业安全生产工作,对人的不安全行为进行研究,建立不安全行为标准,构建不安全行为闭环管控体系,并进行试点应用及总结。通过对人的不安全行为闭环管控研究,持续提升了安全生产水平,控制一切风险,消除一切隐患,预防一切事故。

膨胀性软岩隧道致灾机制研究与应用

隧道建设的规模和数量迅速发展,相关理论研究却相对不足,随着隧道越来越多地穿越诸如软弱围岩、溶洞等复杂、恶劣地质区域,对施工技术和理论研究的要求也更高,如何做到规避灾害,安全施工是大家一直关注的问题。以重庆市某公路隧道为依托,对穿越膨胀性软岩段隧道,提出不良地质构造与围岩条件、水的因素、不规则地应力以及工程因素等导致隧道灾害的因素,不同因素相互关联、相互影响,根据分析结果采取相应的防治方案来规避灾害。利用Poyting-Thomoson模型计算隧道围岩变形,与现场监控量测数据相结合,对隧道膨胀性软岩段的围岩变形做出预测,得出最佳二次衬砌支护时间。同时从初支二衬间的应力角度对膨胀性软岩进行了持续监测,表明了膨胀性软岩隧道段防治方案达到了预期目标。从致灾机制来分析隧道建设,可以更好地为工程决策服务。

交通替代攻击问卷的修订与信效度检验

目的 修订交通替代攻击问卷并检验其在我国驾驶员群体中的信效度.方法 采用交通替代攻击问卷对317 名驾驶员进行施测,共获得 305 份有效问卷.通过分析后得到修订版的中国交通替代攻击问卷.结果 修订后的交通替代攻击问卷共保留 24 个题目,累积方差贡献率 56.278%;该问卷的模型拟合度较好(GFI =0.870,IFI =0.920,TLI =0.911,NFI =0.860,CFI =0.919,RMSEA =0.062,χ2/df =2.148,SRMR = 0.045).问卷总的内部一致性系数为0.894,问卷各维度的内部一致性系数在0.677~0.936.问卷各维度与总分的相关系数在0.588~0.845 之间,且相关显著.问卷各维度与亲社会和攻击性驾驶行为量表之间部分相关显著,说明修订后的问卷具有良好的相容效度.结论 修订后的交通替代攻击问卷信度和效度较好,可以作为测量我国驾驶员交通替代攻击的一个可靠而有效的工具.