Sustainable Community Epidemic Prevention Countermeasures against Public Health Emergencies

How to deal with public health emergencies is an important issue related to the normal life of community residents. However, after the corresponding understanding, it is found that a series of unsustainable epidemic prevention factors have been exposed in the community in the COVID-19, such as blocked access to basic materials, unsafe living environment, and lack of social platforms. In view of these problems, based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the changes in the hierarchy of needs of residents during the epidemic were analyzed, and sustainable community epidemic prevention strategies were proposed from five aspects of material storage, safe environment, social platform, respect opportunity and self-worth realization, so as to provide effective reference for future response to public health emergencies.

Survey on the Status Quo of Emergency Response Capabilities of Public Health Emergencies in Grassroots Disease Control Institutions in a Certain Area

Objective:To survey and study the emergency response capabilities of grassroots disease control institutions in a certain area for public health emergencies,and to put forward suggestions for rectification.Methods:The study was carried out from March 2022 to March 2023.Field surveys,questionnaire surveys,and interviews were used to investigate and analyze the emergency response capabilities of public health emergencies in 5 county Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs)in the region.Results:Through the survey,it was found that the professional level of the existing emergency team personnel of the grassroots disease control institutions in this region needs to be improved.There was an overall lack of emergency plans,and the compliance rate of the equipment,inspection,and testing items was low.The health emergency system of the CDCs in the region and the ability of the talent team need to be further improved.Conclusion:The emergency response capacity of grassroots disease control institutions in this region needs to be improved.For this reason,government departments need to increase investment and strengthen the construction of talent teams and hardware settings,and grassroots disease control institutions need to strengthen the construction of the public health emergency system to improve the ability to respond to public health emergencies.

The Limits of the Intervention of Public Power in Individual Health Choices——From the Perspective of the Realization of the Right to Health in the Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases

Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the most important public health problem in the world today,so the focus of public health services should be shifted from the traditional area of communicable diseases to the prevention and control of chronic diseases.Since bad living habits are the most direct cause of chronic diseases,the most effective measure to prevent and control chronic diseases is to promote healthy lifestyles for the individual citizen.The theories of equal health opportunity,the right to health from the perspective of human rights,and determinants of a healthy society provide justified reasons for the intervention of public power in individual health choices.In the current legal system,the intervention of public power is limited to flexible measures such as health education,which shows respect for individual autonomy.However,it is inconsistent with the needs of current public health practice.We should expand diversified intervention means to encourage individuals to make healthy choices under the guidance of the management model.The“ladder of intervention”outlines a panoramic view of the intervention measures available.However,for the selection of specific measures,it is necessary to consider the public health objectives and the invasion of individual freedom,introduce the“legal reservation principle”and“proportionality principle”as policy analysis tools,and reasonably choose intervention measures at different levels on the ladder to properly handle the tension between public power and private rights.

Analysis of CDC’s Role in Public Health Emergencies

Objective:To explore the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)in public health emergencies.Methods:The details of 12 public health events that occurred between January 2021 to December 2022 were analyzed to explore the roles of the CDC.Results:There were 160 patients involved in 10 public health events in 2021 and 48 patients involved in 2 public health events in 2022.Besides,the proportion of school public health events in 2022 was 0%,which was lower than in 2021,which was 80%(P<0.05).99.38%of patients during public health events were sent to the hospital promptly in 2022,which was higher than that in 2021,which was 81.25%(P<0.05).Furthermore,the average time taken for the CDC to control public health events in 2022 was 20.11±1.62 hours,and the average time taken to send inspection reports was shorter than that in 2021.The public satisfaction score was also higher in 2022 compared to 2021(P<0.05).Conclusion:The role of the CDC is to control infectious diseases.Therefore,it is important to pinpoint the existing problems in the strategies implemented by the CDC so that more improvements can be made to better prevent infectious diseases.

Enlightenment from the COVID-19 Pandemic:The Roles of Environmental Factors in Future Public Health Emergency Response

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is challenging the current public health emergency response systems(PHERSs)of many countries.Although environmental factors,such as those influencing the survival of viruses and their transmission between species including humans,play important roles in PHERSs,little attention has been given to these factors.This study describes and elucidates the roles of environmental factors in future PHERSs.To improve countries’capability to respond to public health emergencies associated with viral infections such as the COVID-19 pandemic,a number of environmental factors should be considered before,during,and after the responses to such emergencies.More specifically,to prevent pandemic outbreaks,we should strengthen environmental and wildlife protection,conduct detailed viral surveillance in animals and hotspots,and improve early-warning systems.During the pandemic,we must study the impacts of environmental factors on viral behaviors,develop control measures to minimize secondary environmental risks,and conduct timely assessments of viral risks and secondary environmental effects with a view to reducing the impacts of the pandemic on human health and on ecosystems.After the pandemic,we should further strengthen surveillance for viruses and the prevention of viral spread,maintain control measures for minimizing secondary environmental risks,develop our capability to scientifically predict pandemics and resurgences,and prepare for the next unexpected resurgence.Meanwhile,we should restore the normal life and production of the public based on the“One Health”concept,that views global human and environmental health as inextricably linked.Our recommendations are essential for improving nations’capability to respond to global public health emergencies.

Development Path and Urgency of Further Strengthening Construction of Public Hospitals Based on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment

During the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP)in Wuhan,public hospitals have played an important role in intensive care,case guidance and scheme optimization.At the same time,it also faces unprecedented challenges and tests.Based on the treatment of severe patients in Wuhan,combined with the treatment practice in Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,this paper puts forward the urgency of further strengthening the construction of public hospitals,discusses the feasible path for promoting the development of public hospitals,so as to meet the growing medical needs of the people,improve the ability to respond to major public health emergencies,and effectively guarantee the safety of people's lives and the promotion of a healthy China construction.

Effects of policies and containment measures on control of COVID- 19 epidemic in Chongqing

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an emerging,rapidly evolving disease that spreads through the respiratory system and is highly contagious.In March 2020,the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.In China,the pandemic was controlled after 2 mo through effective policies and containment measures.Describing the detailed policies and containment measures used to control the epidemic in Chongqing will provide a reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in other areas of the world.AIM To explore the effects of different policies and containment measures on the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Chongqing.METHODS Epidemiological data on COVID-19 in Chongqing were prospectively collected from January 21 to March 15,2020.The policies and prevention measures implemented by the government during the epidemic period were also collected.Trend analysis was performed to explore the impact of the main policy measures on the effectiveness of the control of COVID-19 in Chongqing.As of March 15,the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in Chongqing was 1.84/100000(576 cases)and the infection fatality rate was 1.04%(6/576).The spread of COVID-19 was controlled by effective policies that involved establishing a group for directing the COVID-19 epidemic control effort;strengthening guidance and supervision;ensuring the supply of daily necessities and medical supplies and equipment to residents;setting up designated hospitals;implementing legal measures;and enhancing health education.Medical techniques were implemented to improve the recovery rate and control the epidemic.Policies such as“the lockdown of Wuhan”,“initiating a first-level response to major public health emergencies”,and“implementing the closed management of residential communities”significantly curbed the spread of COVID-19.Optimizing the diagnosis process,shortening the diagnosis time,and constructing teams of clinical experts facilitated the provision of“one team of medical experts for each patient”treatment for severe patients,which significantly improved the recovery rate and reduced the infection fatality rate.CONCLUSION The prevention policies and containment measures implemented by the government and medical institutions are highly effective in controlling the spread of the epidemic and increasing the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients.

云南省州(市)级疾控中心卫生应急能力现况调查及评估

[目的]了解云南省州(市)级疾控中心卫生应急能力现状,为下一步疾控中心卫生应急能力建设提供参考。[方法]采用自制问卷对云南省16个州(市)级疾控中心开展横断面调查,调查内容包括卫生应急工作组织建设、应急队伍建设和管理、突发事件现场处置情况等。使用Excel建立数据库,使用SPSS 25.0进行主成分分析计算卫生应急综合能力得分。[结果]云南省16个州(市)级疾控中心均组建了应急队伍,9个单位(56.3%)设立了独立应急办。应急队伍专业处置、后勤保障、综合管理岗位队员比例平均为17∶2∶1,现场流调箱、个人携行装备等主要装备全覆盖配置率为75.0%。应急队伍后勤保障装备主要依托云南省“双提升”工程配备。2020-2022年,各单位均组织过应急培训和演练,演练队员参与率76.3%、装备使用率50.2%;16个单位共派出5130人次对611起突发事件开展现场处置;抽查的173起突发公共卫生事件采样检测率86.6%、实验室判明率80.2%。各单位卫生应急综合能力得分区间为-1.4305分~5.6047分。[结论]云南省州(市)级疾控中心卫生应急能力正逐步发展,但地区间发展不平衡。云南省“双提升”工程很大程度提升了各单位应急装备水平,但州(市)级卫生应急队伍现有人员、装备和技术能力尚不满足实际工作需求。

基层疾病预防控制机构2017—2022年政务热线案件特征分析

目的通过分析2017—2022年某基层疾控机构政务热线诉求反映的问题,为基层疾控机构政务热线处理提供参考。方法回顾性对比分析2017—2019年(常态化防控期)与2020—2022年(动态化防控期)受理的市民热线政务工单,通过比较诉求原因分类及受理科室分布,探讨不同时期市民诉求的变化情况。结果该基层疾控机构在动态化防控期(6974件)受理热线工单量较常态化防控期(284件)增加了23.6倍。常态化防控期“公共卫生服务质量”类(7.75%)、“公共卫生服务可及性”类(49.30%)诉求引发的案件占比高于动态化防控期同类型案件占比(3.63%和19.29%)。动态化防控期“管理措施”类(27.37%)案件占比低于常态化防控期同类案件(33.10%),“数据信息化”类案件受理量在动态化防控期间更为突出。结论动态化防控政策直接影响了市民获得公共卫生服务的体验,导致市民诉求原因的变化。基层疾控机构应通过完善公共卫生服务能力建设,以诉求问题为导向,加强沟通培训等措施提高政务热线处理能力。

重大公共卫生事件下西安市采供血情况纵向对比分析及启发

目的探讨重大公共卫生事件下西安市采供血情况。方法采用回顾性资料分析法,比较2020年1月25日至2月28日、2021年12月23日至2022年1月24日、2022年3月6日至3月28日西安市突发三轮公共卫生事件期间悬浮红细胞和血小板的采供量、血液调配情况和献血者人口学特征。结果2020年1月第1轮事件期间悬浮红细胞日库存一度跌至接近0;2022年3月第3轮事件期间悬浮红细胞日出库不断升高。三轮事件期间血小板日库存与日出库量均呈现较大波动。第1轮与第3轮事件期间悬浮红细胞供应主要靠本单位采集,而第2轮事件期间悬浮红细胞供应则主要依靠血液调配;三轮事件期间血小板供应主要依靠本单位采集。三轮事件期间献血人群越来越年轻化,专科学历献血者占比上升。结论重大公共卫生事件对西安市血液保障工作造成影响的同时有助于积累宝贵的工作经验。采供血机构应根据政府防控措施及事件发生发展的趋势灵活应对,及时调整工作思路和重点,不断完善采供血应急保障机制。

医防融合背景下我国公共卫生应急管理体系建设的SWOT分析和对策研究

利用SWOT分析法,详细论述医防融合背景下公共卫生应急管理体系建设的优势、劣势、机遇、威胁,并提出健全公共卫生应急管理法律体系、健全公共卫生应急管理体制和机制、加强公共卫生应急管理人才队伍建设、不断推进信息化建设和科技创新等对策,为医防融合背景下公共卫生应急管理体系建设提供思路。

公共卫生监测对传染病预防控制的影响分析

目的分析传染病预防控制中公共卫生监测的影响和价值。方法选取2021年6月—2023年7月本院收集的传染病信息300例进行研究,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组150例。其中,对照组(2021年6月—2022年6月)未进行公共卫生监测,观察组(2022年7月—2023年7月)实施公共卫生监测,分析公共卫生监测前后传染性疾病的患病情况、患者生活质量等。结果观察组肺结核、乙肝和流感发病率低于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能和物质生活水平高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组交流沟通、工作实效和整体印象评分高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组监测满意度高于对照组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在传染病防控体系中,强化公共卫生监测是至关重要的一环。采用高效且科学的卫生监测措施,对于遏制传染病的蔓延、改善公众健康状况具有明显成效。此外,这也是应对公共卫生挑战、防止感染性疾病扩散的有效方式,从而确保广大民众的健康安全得到坚实守护。

护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的研究进展

介绍护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的内涵及现状,其主要能力有临床实践能力、学习与教育能力、心理抗压能力;总结影响护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的主要因素,包括个人因素(如性别、年龄、学历、参与培训的个人意愿等)、工作因素(如工作满意度、工作年限、职业角色、是否参加培训演练、是否具备相关救援经历等)及组织因素(如医院级别和组织支持等);采用的评估工具有葛森医院安全氛围量表、护士重大传染病疫情应急能力调查问卷等。提出提升护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力的相关策略,以期为提升护理人员传染病突发事件防控能力提供参考。

传染病防控中的知情同意:走向一种新的范式

知情同意是一项重要的医学伦理原则,在临床治疗和医学科研中得到了广泛的应用。然而,这一原则在传染病防控工作中并不完全适用。传染病防控的技术手段与治理措施的公共性特征,会导致知情同意部分要素的缺失或者伦理标准的改变。知情同意原则具有维护个体权益的重要作用,因此又不能忽视其实践价值。一种解决方式是对知情同意原则的内涵与实践路径进行新的界定,包括在知情过程中强调群体知情和个体知情的结合,在同意过程中把握好自主的界限以及明确法定同意的方式和范围等,从而建构出适用于传染病防控工作的知情同意原则范式。

公共卫生管理在传染病预防中的应用策略

传染病预防工作在近些年备受社会关注,预防传染病的管理方案也越来越多样化,当前比较常见的传染病有艾滋病、流行性感冒、乙型肝炎等,这些病症都具有流行性特征,且病原体传播速度非常快,能够在短时间内产生大量传染病患者,为公共卫生管理工作带来很大负担,而科学预测与防范控制传染病对保障公众健康生命权益极为有利,彰显公共卫生管理的地位。就传染病预防角度分析,公共卫生管理内容具有广泛性,其实施要点在于传染病预防知识宣传与创建应急预案,以全方位疾病防控工作,增强传染病预防成效。所以,对各级卫生机构、疾控预防中心等公共卫生管理机构来说,强化公共卫生管理,可有效控制传染病传播,严格落实传染病预防管理工作,有助于提升公共卫生管理质量。社会实践中,公共卫生管理成效得到很大提升,充分发挥了公共卫生管理对民众身心健康的保护作用,为大众构建了和谐的城乡发展环境。

公共卫生管理在传染病预防中的作用及对预防能力的影响

目的分析公共卫生管理在传染病预防中的作用及对预防能力的影响。方法选取2022年7月—2023年7月福清市疾病预防控制中心的40名医务人员为观察对象,根据单双号分发法分组,单号的20名医务人员被划分至常规组(开展常规预防管理干预),双号的20名医务人员被划分至研究组(常规组的基础上开展公共卫生预防管理干预)。分析2组医务人员的预防能力评分、应急能力评分、健康宣教评分、操作技术评分、心理护理能力评分、配合度评分等。结果测评医护人员的预防能力评分、应急能力评分结果显示,研究组各项评分为(9.31±0.22)分、(9.41±0.25)分,均高于常规组(6.21±0.23)分、(6.42±0.24)分(P<0.05);测评医护人员的健康宣教评分、操作技术评分、心理护理能力评分、配合度评分结果可知,研究组各项评分为(9.42±0.26)分、(9.36±0.22)分、(9.21±0.13)分、(9.32±0.27)分,均高于常规组(7.39±0.25)分、(8.35±0.18)分、(7.12±1.14)分、(8.34±0.25)分(P<0.05)。结论在传染病预防中应用公共卫生管理干预可以有效提升医护人员的预防能力、操作技术水平及应急能力,预防传染病发生率,应用效果十分显著。

上海市社区公共卫生人才队伍建设现状调查研究

在“大健康”背景下,我国公共卫生人才队伍在防控疾病方面起着非常关键的作用。近年来,上海市公共卫生人员配置得到了一定的优化,但在社区防控范围内存在公共卫生专业技术人员数量不足和分布不均等问题。截至2021年年底,上海市每千常住人口公共卫生人员数量仅为0.576,低于全国0.640的平均水平,并离预期目标均有较大差距。此次社区公共卫生工作中工作人员遇到的困难主要是工作量大、人手不够,没有先前案例可供学习以及物资紧张等。未来社区公共卫生人才队伍建设应从多个方面入手,转换公共卫生人才培养模式,培养复合型人才,助力构建强大公共卫生体系、织密织牢公共卫生防控网。

疾控部门突发公共卫生事件中选择不同管理实践策略的效果

目的研究疾控部门在突发公共卫生事件应对中选择不同管理实践策略的效果。方法选取2021年9月—2023年8月山东省德州市宁津县疾病预防控制中心的35名工作人员作为研究对象,2021年9月—2022年8月实施传统管理策略(对照组),2022年9月—2023年8月实施综合管理实践策略(研究组),比较两组疾控部门人员工作质量、工作满意度以及职业倦怠评分。结果研究组人员工作质量、工作满意度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。研究组人员职业倦怠评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论疾控部门突发公共卫生事件选择综合管理实践策略应用价值高于传统管理策略,能够更好地改善工作人员职业倦怠,优化工作人员的工作质量。

分析综合管理实践在疾控处置突发公卫事件中的应用效果

目的探究疾控部门突发公共卫生事件中综合管理实践策略的应用效果。方法从2022年1月—2023年12月期间在巨野县疾病预防控制中心任职的工作人员中纳入45名作为研究对象,本疾控中心突发公共卫生事件管理于2022年1—12月实施传统管理实践策略(常规组)、2023年1—12月期间实施综合管理实践策略(观察组),对比不同管理实践策略的应用效果。结果对比组间工作状态各项评分,观察组均更佳,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。组间管理满意度对比,观察组(95.56%)更高,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.050,P<0.05)。组间职业认同感各项评分对比,观察组均更高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。对比工作质量各项评分,观察组均更高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论疾控中心突发公共卫生事件中综合管理实践策略的应用效果显著,可改善工作人员工作状态,管理满意度、职业认同感及工作质量均更高。

公共卫生事件下应急点位设置和安排的动态策略

在公共卫生事件爆发初期,运用更高效的经济高效的核酸点的窗口数量和点位位置设置策略对于抗击疫情有积极意义。依托哈夫模型,迪杰特拉斯算法和排队论,以北京天通苑社区为例,基于当地各项人口数据、基础设施规模和通勤模式等因素,可以计算出当前模型下点位设置的最优方案。本文结果给出了截至2023年7月25日的核酸检测样本采集点点位分布的理论承载人数和最优窗口数量设置。核酸检测样本采集点点位设计方案的策略优化,在公共卫生管理上,能够降低经济成本,具有较好的防控效果,且能提高传染病预防管理的质量。