Prevention and Control of Rural Environmental Pollution Based on Rural Revitalization Strategy

In 2018,the rural revitalization strategy proposed by the No. 1 Document of the central government. Based on the current situation of rural environmental pollution in China,this paper explored the relationship between rural revitalization strategy and prevention and control of rural environmental pollution. On this basis,it analyzed the causes of serious rural environmental pollution in China,Finally,it came up with recommendations including establishing a sound rural environmental governance system,making diversified capital investment for nurturing " green farmers".

Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

Thoughts on Energy Solutions to Alleviation of Air Pollution during the Heating Period in Key Areas

Since the implementation of the Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control , all regions of China have steadily promoted the prevention and control of air pollution and achieved results continuously. However, the atmospheric environment in key areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and Fenwei Plain is still severe, and especially during the heating period heavy pollution occurs frequently, which has become the focus and difficulty of improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and is also the weakest link of China s air pollution control at present. How to alleviate air pollution, how to win the battle of pollution prevention and control, how to hold the fruits of the blue sky defense war, energy consumption is key.

Research Progress on the Relationship between Air Pollution and Socio-economic Growth in China

Air pollution is a hot issue studied by scholars all over the world.Academic circles generally believe that socio-economic factors such as extensive economic growth,unbalanced proportion of industrial structure and unreasonable energy consumption structure are the main"culprits"of serious air pollution in China.Therefore,the relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth has very important theoretical and practical significance for air pollution prevention and control and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of cities.Through literature research and summary methods,this paper studies the severity and harmfulness of air pollution in China,and deeply studies the research progress of socio-economic influencing factors of air pollution,environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis of air pollution,decoupling relationship between air pollution and socio-economic growth,so as to provide useful reference for the prevention and control of air pollution.

Particulate matter trends and quantification of the spring sand-dust contribution in Hohhot,Inner Mongolia,from 2013 to 2017

On 10 September 2013,the State Council promulgated the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution(hereinafter referred to as the Action Plan).To study the variations in the air pollutant concentrations in Hohhot during the implementation of the Action Plan and the effects of various measures,the daily concentrations of air pollutants(fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),inhalable PM(PM 10),SO_(2),and NO_(2))in Hohhot published by the China Environmental Monitoring Station were obtained to analyze the general meteorological conditions in Inner Mongolia from 2013 to 2017.The variations and causes of the ambient PM concentration in Hohhot were examined,and the quantitative influence of sandstorms on the ambient PM concentration in Hohhot was analyzed by selecting the spring season with frequent sandstorms as an example.The results showed the following.(1)The air quality in Hohhot continuously improved,and compared with those in 2013,the PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations decreased by 24.6%and 48.2%,respectively,in 2017.However,the air pollutant concentrations remained high,with the average PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations exceeding the national secondary standards by 22.9%and 35.7%,respectively.(2)The reductions in the spring PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations were 5.6%and 8.9%,respectively,and the annual decreases in the PM_(2.5)and PM 10 concentrations were 3.6 and 15.1μg m^(−3)yr−1,respectively,from 2013 to 2017.(3)The absolute contribution ranges of dust weather to the concentrations of PM_(2.5),PM 10,and TSP during 2013–17 were 0.6–5.2μg m^(−3),9.0–16.9μg m^(−3),and 14.7–30.0μg m^(−3),respectively,in Hohhot during the spring.

Impact of China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on PM2.5 chemical composition over eastern China

China promulgated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(the Action Plan)in 2013 and developed stringent control measures to mitigate fine particulate matter(PM2.5) pollution.Here,we investigated the PM2.5 chemical composition changes over eastern China associated with the Action Plan during 2013-2017 using satellite-based PM2.5 chemical composition data derived using CMAQ simulations and satellite inputs.The PM2.5 concentrations decreased considerably during this time as a result of the reductions in all chemical species in PM2.5.The population-weighted mean concentrations over eastern China decreased from 11.1 to 6.7μgm-3 for SO42-,13.8-13.1μgm-3 for NO3-,7.4-5.8μgm-3 for NH4+,9.9-8.4μgm-3 for OM,4.6-3.8μg m-3 for BC and 12.9-9.6μg m-3 for other species in PM2.5.SO42-had the largest reduction of 40%,while NO3-had the lowest reduction of 5%,resulting in a greater fraction of NO3-and a smaller fraction of SO42-in PM2.5.Among the three key regions,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei had the largest reduction in PM2.5 and its chemical compositions.The decrease in SO42-concentrations was in line with the reduction of SO2 emissions,and the major driver of the SO2 emission reductions was the industrial sector.The decrease in NO3 concentrations was limited because the decrease in SO2 emissions and the stable NH3 emissions facilitated the formation of NO3-from HNO3,which partially offset the reduction in NOx emissions driven by the power sector.To mitigate PM2.5 pollution more effectively,future efforts are needed to reduce NH3 emissions.

A Study of China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Policy Framework from a Policy Instrument Perspective

Environmental pollution caused by rapid economic development like that seen in China over the past twenty years poses various threats to human health. People have started to place much more of an emphasis on environmental security, working to find a balance between sustainability and economic growth. In recent years, air pollution has emerged as a highly discussed topic of social and environmental relevance in China, due in part to persistent smog that affects everyday life and causes serious harm to human health. Although air pollution is normally associated with human activity, is can be caused by natural processes such as eruptions and forest fires, but is always characterized by the release of certain substances into the atmosphere which, when present in certain concentrations or for given durations, can harm human health, daily life, productivity, and other aspects. In humans, it mainly affects the respiratory system, notably the lungs, as well as the immune system. A series of studies both in China and overseas have shown, in certain cases, even low concentrations of air pollution can pose a great threat to human health. In this study, we conducted an analysis of air quality policies, focusing on the 2018 revision of the People’s Republic of China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution(LPCAP). We utilized the content analysis method and Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory to construct a policy framework, demarcate analysis units, code and classify policy texts, determine descriptive statistics, and analyze dimensional interactions. We used two dimensions(basic policy instruments classified as demand-, supply-, and environment-side;and air carrying capacity) to quantify and analyze the LPCAP, which enabled us to analyze the deficiencies and conflicts within policy instruments. The results show a higher utilization frequency of environment-side policy instruments, particularly regulation management and strategic measures. This reflects efforts by the government to create a favorable environment for improving air quality. Additionally, supply-side policy instruments are used far less frequently than environment-side policy instruments. Air quality legal policies and pollution control measures mainly consist of environment-side policy instruments;ecological thinking and air quality policies that are based mainly on supply-side and environment-side policy instruments;and social coordination policies that mainly use environment-side policy instruments. Based on the results of this study, we recommend an increase in the number of supply-and demand-side policy instruments, particularly the latter which includes promoting ecological thinking amongst citizens, to optimize and improve air pollution prevention and control policies.

An assessment of China's joint prevention and control policy on sulfur dioxide emissions reduction:A spatial econometric analysis

Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))is a typical pollutant that affects human health,climate,and environmental and ecological conditions.China has been experiencing high concentrations of SO_(2),particularly in urban areas,since the 1990s.In 2010,a"joint prevention and control"(JPC)policy was issued to address air pollution problems and strengthen the regulation of SO_(2)emissions.This study aimed to describe the mitigation effects of this policy on SO_(2)emissions in 116 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2017.We applied global and local Moran's I indices to confirm the presence of significant spatial autocorrelation in SO_(2)emissions and constructed four spatial models to assess the effect of the JPC policy in reducing SO_(2)emissions and its transmission mechanism.We found that the policy decreased SO_(2)emissions by 1.89×10^(4)tons,S0_(2)intensity by 1.70 tons per km^(2),and S0_(2)per capita of 158.49 tons per 10,000 people in each city,on average,all of which are significant changes.The empirical results also show that population growth,economic structure,and environmental protection significantly decrease SO_(2)emissions.Finally,we recommended policies to encourage regional cooperation under the JPC policy,with the aim of promoting furtherreductions in SO_(2)emissions.

特厚煤层采空区危险区域判定及煤自燃防控技术研究

为研究特厚煤层采空区危险区域判定及煤自燃防控技术,以金鸡滩煤矿117大采高综放工作面主采2-2煤层为工程背景,对已揭露2-2及2-2上煤层鉴定为易燃煤层,易发生氧化作用而产生自燃且回采期间联行密闭漏风,为精准确定117工作面采空区的危险区域和采空区的浮煤自燃情况,论文采用理论分析,现场监测分析的研究方法对煤层采空区危险带进行划分,通过采空区预埋管路进行测温,分析气体的成分,得到采空区及联络巷的漏风规律,判定进风巷采空区60~145 m、回风巷采空区45~125 m这两个区域是煤自燃防治的重点区域,提出了胶体压注系统、注氮防灭火系统等相结合的集“阻化、惰化、降温”为一体的综合防灭火技术,研发适合采空区隔离墙及联络巷的密闭快速堵漏风技术及工艺,实现采空区的漏风控制和煤自燃防治成功应用,为我国类似矿井危险区判定和防(灭)火工作提供了技术参考依据。

Rapid improvement of PM2.5 pollution and associated health benefits in China during 2013–2017

Exposure to fine particulate matter(PM2.5)is known to harm public health.In China,after implementation of aggressive emissions control measures under the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control(2013-2017),air quality has significantly improved.In this work,we investigated changes in PM2.5 exposure and the associated health impacts in China for the period 2013-2017.We used an optimal estimator of PM2.5 combining in-situ observations,satellite measurements,and simulations from a chemical transport model to derive the spatial and temporal variations in PM2.5 exposure,and then used welldeveloped exposure-response functions to estimate the premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 exposure.We found that national population-weighed annual mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased from 67.4μgm-3 in 2013 to 45.5μgm-3 in 2017(32%reduction).This rapid decrease in PM2.5 pollution led to a 14%reduction in premature deaths due to long-term exposure.We estimated that,during 2013-2017,the premature deaths attributable to long-term PM2.5 exposure decreased from 1.2 million(95%CI:1.0,1.3;fraction of total mortality:13%)in 2013 to 1.0 million(95%CI:0.9,1.2;10%)in 2017.Despite the rapid decrease in annual mean PM2.5 concentrations,health benefits associated with reduced long-term exposure were limited,because for many cities,the PM2.5 levels remain at the portion where the exposure-response function is less steeper than that at the lowconcentration end.We also found that the deaths associated with acute exposure decreased by 61%during 2013-2017 due to rapid reduction in the number of heavily polluted days.Our results confirm that clean air policies in China have mitigated the air pollution crisis;however,continuous emissions reduction efforts are required to protect citizens from air pollution.

中国大气污染防治政策与空气污染治理——基于城市级面板数据的实证研究

2013年颁布实施的《大气污染防治行动计划》是我国首个针对环境突出问题开展综合治理的行动计划;为巩固治理效果,应对动态变化的环境问题,2018年国务院进一步发布了《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》。研究利用中国258个城市2013年1月至2020年9月日度空气污染数据,实证检验了上述两阶段政策对空气质量的影响,并从不同污染物治理效果、时间和区域异质性等角度分析了政策效应的差异。结果指出:第一,“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”均显著降低了AQI、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO;第二,相比“大气十条”,“蓝天保卫战”对NO_(2)的减排效应更高,且实现对O_(3)的协同治理;第三,“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”对各污染物的减排效应因供暖时期、地区能源资源禀赋呈现出较强的异质性特征。

南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治现状分析与对策建议

为进一步明晰当前南水北调中线水源区污染来源,精准开展水源地水质保护,采用2017—2023年长系列水质资料,分析丹江口水库及入库河流水质特征,采用资料收集、文献调研及模型计算等方法,估算总氮、总磷污染负荷组成,采用实证分析方法分析了南水北调中线水源区面源污染治理存在的问题并提出对策建议。结果表明:丹江口水库总体水质良好,整体可达到Ⅱ类水质目标(湖库水质标准),但汛期水量较大时因总磷浓度升高会引起超标断面个数明显增加,以2021年和2023年丹江口水库实现170 m正常蓄水位的年份最为典型,而此时汉江、丹江等主要入库河流水质也下降,由以往Ⅱ类下降为Ⅲ类(河流水质标准)。无论是枯水年、丰水年,农田面源污染均已成为影响丹江口水库水质主导因素,总氮贡献率分别达到85.16%和57.73%,总磷贡献率分别达到77.74%和57.17%。当前水源区农田面源污染治理存在农田面源底数不清、农民减施化肥农药积极性不高、生态产品价值实现机制不顺等问题,迫切需要加强南水北调中线水源区农田面源污染防治。提出建立“天空地”一体化面源污染监测预警体系,研究新型高效生物农药、生物肥料,开展沟塘水系面源阻控体系建设,研究生态产品价值实现机制等对策建议。

“大气污染物和温室气体协同控制”政策的实施效果研究

推动减污降碳协同增效是深入打好污染防治攻坚战,实现碳达峰的必然要求。将《大气污染防治行动计划》和《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》视为一个连贯政策,运用渐进双重差分法探究了于2015和2018年提出的“大气污染物和温室气体协同控制”政策实施效果。研究表明:“大气污染物和温室气体协同控制”政策显著提高了“SO_(2)-CO_(2)”排放强度协同度和“PM-CO_(2)”排放量(强度)协同度,但该政策对“SO_(2)-CO_(2)”排放量协同度无显著影响。机制分析表明,提升政府监管水平、弱化政企关系以及增强企业绿色创新是政策的主要传导机制。异质性分析表明,政策效果在不同能耗水平的城市中具有显著差异,比起高污染上市公司,高耗能中小企业在污染物和CO_(2)的协同减排措施上仍存在较大改善空间。研究结论对我国优化“持续深入打好蓝天保卫战”相关政策提供启示。

平原河网地区生态清洁小流域综合治理模式研究

为解决平原河网地区河渠功能退化、农业面源污染、农村生活垃圾与污水等生态环境问题,以汉川市幸福渠小流域为例,研究总结平原河网地区生态清洁小流域建设模式。提出遵循以问题为导向的设计理念,将小流域划分为人居生态治理区、农田生态保护区、水系生态修复区,围绕“乡村振兴”发展战略,统筹推进多部门协同治理,因地制宜实施水系景观保护与修复、污水及垃圾处理、乡村绿化美化、面源污染防治、实用技术及生态产业推广等措施。结果表明:通过多部门协同治理,可推动平原河网地区小流域水土流失综合治理从减量降级向提质增效转变。研究成果可为同类型小流域治理提供参考。

农村大气污染治理存在的问题研究——以M区L镇为例

在现有政策的推动下,农村经济发展迅速,但同时也带来大气污染等环境问题。农村大气污染治理不仅事关农村居民的生活,也是推进乡村振兴战略的一大举措。研究发现,农村大气污染治理存在的问题有农村居民环保意识薄弱、技术水平和能力有限、执法监管力度不足3个方面,并从提高农村居民环保素养、构建治理大气污染的长效机制、提升治理大气污染专业技术水平3个方面提供推动农村大气污染治理的策略和建议,以期实现农村地区的高质量发展。

引调水工程受水区水污染防治关键技术研究

建立科学、合理、可行的引调水工程受水区水污染防治关键技术体系对解决引调水工程受水区水污染防治问题至关重要。以环北部湾广东水资源配置工程受水区为例,在统筹考虑受水区河流水系分布、水环境现状、水污染防治形势等因素的基础上,以控制单元为抓手,以水功能区水质达标与污染物入河总量可控为底线,以污染防治措施为手段,以“天空地一体化”水环境监测体系和水环境风险应急处置系统为保障,通过科学核算控制单元水域纳污能力,合理制定污染物排放控制总量方案,建立了“抓手+底线+方法+手段+保障”五位一体的引调水工程受水区水污染防治关键技术体系。结果表明:该技术体系科学、合理,具备较强的指导性和可操作性,通过抓手、底线、方法、手段、保障等5项关键技术的应用,可有效解决引调水工程受水区的水污染问题,实现“增水不增污”的目标。在全面落实170项水污染防治规划措施、完善水环境风险应急处置系统的基础上,环北部湾广东水资源配置工程建成通水后,2035年工程受水区废污水入河量虽较现状增加了183.22%,但污染物COD、氨氮、总磷入河量较现状均有减少,减幅分别为13.2%,61.7%,77.5%。研究成果可从关键技术体系的视角为管理决策者提供指导,可为引调水工程受水区水污染防治工作提供参考。

大气污染防治网格化监测的运用分析

大气污染的发生与人类生活、生产密切相关,因人类生产生活而产生的各种烟尘、废气等物质会对空气质量造成影响,出现烟雾、气溶胶等颗粒物,使得空气环境发生变化形成酸雨,人类出现呼吸系统疾病等。因此,大气污染防治工作非常重要且关键。大气污染防治网格化监测是采取区域划分的方式确定多个大气污染监测点,以点连线,形成网格化,便于对网格中的空气质量进行实时有效地监测,并针对监测结果采取一定的大气污染防治措施。本文就大气污染防治网格化监测的主要功能以及具体的运用对策展开分析讨论。

室内粉尘污染对人体健康的影响及防治策略研究

本研究旨在深入探讨室内粉尘污染对人体健康的影响,并提出了一系列有效的防治策略。通过文献综述和数据分析,发现室内粉尘污染与多种健康问题密切相关,强调了改善室内空气质量的紧迫性。为了降低室内粉尘污染的危害,建议采取综合性的控制措施,包括通风改善、定期清洁、过滤器使用等,以保护人体健康。此外,还将通过案例研究深入探讨不同环境下的室内粉尘污染问题和解决方法。

COVID-19疫情期间呼和浩特市大气污染特征及其影响因素

为阻止新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情迅速蔓延,我国采取了严格的管控措施,在全国大部分城市PM_(2.5)浓度显著下降的背景下,呼和浩特市PM_(2.5)浓度不降反升,仍出现多次重污染过程,其成因尚不明确.基于环境空气质量自动监测数据(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO和O_(3)),结合风速、风向、温度、相对湿度等气象数据,研究疫情期间大气污染特征及其影响因素,利用潜在源区贡献函数(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析(CWT)识别污染物潜在源区,为呼和浩特市大气污染治理提供理论依据.研究结果表明:疫情期间呼和浩特市发生重度以上污染天6 d,占监测总天数的19.3%.与历史同期比较,疫情期间呼和浩特市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO和O_(3)浓度均有不同程度上升,SO_(2)和NO_(2)呈降低趋势.与疫情前相比,疫情期间PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)和CO分别下降38.6%、31.7%、46.1%、35.8%和37.0%,O_(3)上升109.4%.高相对湿度和低风速是呼和浩特市“疫情霾”形成的主要原因.疫情期间呼和浩特市大气PM_(2.5)主要受本地源或近距离传输的影响.

蔬菜种植区土壤中有机氯农药残留污染状况与防控技术研究

农药的使用会影响土壤中的有机质分解、养分循环等关键生态过程,且很多农药在土壤中具有长期的残留性,会对生态系统产生持续的影响。文章为研究蔬菜种植区土壤中有机氯农药残留污染状况,采集某蔬菜种植区土壤中土壤样本,通过气相色谱仪检定土壤有机氯农药残留量。使用有机氯农药后的蔬菜种植区土壤中,污染物检出率与质量分数最显著的是DDTs、HCHs。DDTs水溶性、迁移性较差,吸附性显著,在土壤中历史残留污染性更显著;HCHs降解难度低,且挥发性显著,在使用农药当日污染物最显著,但是残留量会因降解而降低。