Control of highly pathogenic avian influenza through vaccination

The stamping-out strategy has been used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in many countries,driven by the belief that vaccination would not be successful against such viruses and fears that avian influenza virus in vaccinated birds would evolve more rapidly and pose a greater risk to humans.In this review,we summarize the successes in controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza in China and make suggestions regarding the requirements for vaccine selection and effectiveness.In addition,we present evidence that vaccination of poultry not only eliminates human infection with avian influenza virus,but also significantly reduces and abolishes some harmful characteristics of avian influenza virus.

Theoretical and practical exploration of vision building in human influenza pandemic prevention & control

This article introduced the vision building concept about human influenza pandemic prevention and control.Different visions were built by creating different shapes of building blocks which also represented different organizations and physical facilities,respectively.The around-view reflection is required to be developed in the process of building so as to search for the ideal pattern.The correlation of all sectors and systems are established to combine different kinds of things,from one family to another,from communities,towns,counties,cities,rural areas, provinces to the state to handle trivial problems.These training objectives have been successfully accomplished,which has not only enriched the knowledge about prevention and control of influenza pandemic between different departments but also clarified the roles and responsibility. It lays the firm foundation for next cooperation between different departments,and make a bridge for the objective and choice of channel over human influenza pandemic prevention and control.

Prevention of Avian Influenza Virus by Ultraviolet Radiation and Prediction of Outbreak by Satellite Parameters

The present study showed that avian influenza virus (AIV) occurred in the regions with rice and wheat productions under low ultraviolet (UV) radiation while there were negligible AIV outbreaks in the regions with a high rate of skin cancer due to extensive UV radiation. It is therefore proposed that having artificial UV radiation with poultry farmhouses is a simple solution to suppress AIV outbreaks. AIV outbreaks can be predicted a few months in advance by remote sensing satellite parameters such as Cosmos (minimum sunspot number, 10.7 cm solar flux, high UV radiation), Poles (CO2, O3 hole deterioration, hydroxyl layer temperature, ice-melting, chlorophyll or algae, krill, penguin, guillemot), and Continents (migratory birds, desert dust, low UV radiation, waters, fish, rice and wheat, climate). Since there was an abrupt 2% rise of global CO2 emissions in 2017, while the minimum sunspot number is simultaneously reached at the end of 2018, there can be an extensive UV radiation for mutant AIV in the Poles to have the highest degree of damage by AIV in regions such as U.S., East Asia, China, South Korea, Japan, west Africa, and Europe from November of 2018 till April of 2019.

Development of Standard Reagents for Avian Influenza Virus Subtypes Diagnosis

Avian influenza(AI)is one of the most relevant viruses in the poultry industry.The AI virus(AIV)transmission from birds to human causing severe cases and mortality enhanced the magnitude of AI for public health.Consequently,the AIV diagnosis laboratories should be able to detect and identify endemic,epidemic and seasonal influenza strains and other wildlife influenza subtypes that cross the country’s borders.The development in quality controls in according with international rules comes to improve the performance of tests.With this purpose,the Brazilian Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza(LANAGRO-SP)established a cooperation with the World Organization for Animal Health(OIE)to produce AIV master seeds,inactivated antigens and antiserum to attend the necessities of Brazil and other South America countries under the high quality control for all test.Seventeen of AIV master seed lots and seventeen of inactivated antigens lots produced reached hemagglutination(HA)titers of 1:512 and 1:256,respectively.In addition,fifteen AIV antiserum lots with hemagglutination inhibition(HI)titers reaching 1:4,096 were obtained.The AIV reference reagents produced and applied in laboratory routine successfully.

2018—2022年我国H5亚型禽流感的流行特点及防控

H5亚型高致病性禽流感在我国频繁发生,对我国养禽业造成严重危害,同时亦对我国公共卫生带来了巨大挑战。近年来,随着H5亚型禽流感病毒的不断进化,其在我国的流行情况也发生了一定变化。文章对2018年1月—2022年11月我国暴发的H5亚型禽流感相关公共数据进行分析,并结合血清学和病原学的监测数据,阐述了H5亚型禽流感病毒传播与进化过程、流行情况和特点,以期为我国H5亚型禽流感的防控提供理论依据。

家禽规模场禽流感疫情分析及综合防治措施

禽流感即人们所熟悉的禽流感病毒,以禽类多发,到目前也发现会传染包括人在内的哺乳动物,常见有马、猪,还有鲸鱼或海豹等。禽流感早已属于全球性传染病,特别多发于冬季和春季,其传染源主要是已患病的或携带该病毒的家畜家禽或野禽。禽流感的致病力也是不同的,毒力最强的是高致病性禽流感,其次是低致病性禽流感,还有一种是非致病性禽流感。高致病性禽流感致病力最强,可通过气溶胶、排泄物、食物等介质在群体之间水平方向传染,传播快,范围广,死亡率高。禽流感疫情带给家禽养殖业的影响是毁灭性的,家禽规模场必须做好预防管理,严格免疫、消毒、通风及饲料用药管理,完善好基础系统免疫,保证家禽养殖持续健康发展。

H5N1 influenza outbreak during March 2006 in Jordan

The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 pandemic motivated countries around the World to be prepared for outbreaks within their borders. Well ahead of the outbreak, in Jordan contingency plans were prepared involving all relevant bodies in both the private and public sectors and a practice was simulated to test the effectiveness of the task force and the applicability of the plan. The highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus was detected and confirmed in one turkey in a backyard flock comprising 12 turkeys and 25 chickens in Kufranjah, 6 km from Ajloun city, on 23 March 2006. The samples were confirmed by the following day. Control measures were implemented immediately according to the national contingency plan and complete clean up achieved by 27 March 2006. A 3 km area around the index case was designated as a control zone, with a 10 km area around the holding further designated as a surveillance zone. The objective was to stamp out the infection and approximately 20,000 birds were destroyed including all commercial and backyard flocks in the control zone. All the human contacts were examined, treated and discharged from the hospital. The immediate response from all Jordanian sectors involved in the control strategy was positive as a result of increasing awareness and training programs that were implemented six months before the occurrence of the outbreak. A total estimated economic loss posed by this outbreak including compensation was almost $US169 million. Following the outbreak, passive surveil-lance for the virus was undertaken and training and capacity building continued. Efforts made in the preparation for an outbreak paid dividends and the need for a department responsible for monitoring migratory and wild birds in Jordan was recognized. Legislation regarding biosecurity of poultry farms and poultry transport vehicles should be revised.

2016—2020年深圳市某儿童医院流行性感冒流行病学分析及防控对策探讨

目的:了解深圳市某儿童医院流行性感冒(以下简称流感)的流行特征,为儿童流感防控提供依据。方法:对2016—2020年深圳市某三级甲等儿童医院报告的流感病例资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果:2016—2020年该医院共报告流感病例37 107例,其中2016—2019年流感病例人数逐年上升,并呈现季节性多样化,2020年1月底新冠疫情发生后,流感病例报告人数显著下降。2016—2020年上报的流感病例中,男性多于女性,男女性别比为1.43∶1;年龄以<5岁儿童为主,占59.01%;职业分布以散居儿童和幼托儿童为主,分别占39.10%和36.83%;流感病毒分型以甲型为主,占67.49%。2016—2020年上报的流感病例在性别、年龄、职业、病毒分型间的比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为22.448、534.97、441.33和1 435.93,P值均<0.01)。结论:相关部门在流感预防过程中,应重视面向公众的健康教育宣传工作,提醒公众加强日常个人防护可有效降低流感的传播,在每年流感流行高峰期前应对低幼儿童进行流感疫苗接种,加强免疫屏障,做好流感的防控工作。

常见呼吸道病毒及抗呼吸道病毒药物研究进展

呼吸道病毒是人类生命健康的一大威胁,具有传染性强、传播速度快、容易发生大规模传播等特点。临床上90%以上的急性上呼吸道感染是由病毒感染引起的,病毒侵入人体首先产生感冒、流涕、咽痛等上呼吸道症状,继而引发支气管炎、肺炎等下呼吸道症状,严重者可导致死亡。近年来,从SARS、流感病毒H1N1、禽流感到新型冠状病毒,病毒感染周期频发,季节性和大流行性病毒感染是全球发病和死亡的主要原因,给公众带来了巨大的经济损失,虽然接种疫苗能有效预防大流感的发生,但是呼吸道病毒容易发生突变,而疫苗更新速度慢。目前,药物治疗是控制呼吸道病毒传播的主要手段。本文从不同药物角度阐述抗呼吸道病毒所取得的成果,为科学防治呼吸道病毒提供参考。

乙型流感病毒的研究进展

乙型流感病毒属于正黏病毒科,为单链RNA病毒。感染乙型流感病毒会导致人患流行性感冒(简称流感),这是一种急性呼吸道传染病,多引起区域传播。在我国大部分地区,乙型流感病毒流行呈季节性,多在冬春季高发。近年来,乙型流感病毒感染率和死亡率呈上升趋势。因此,对乙型流感病毒的了解和防治至关重要。本文综合了近年来国内外相关文献,从乙型流感病毒特征、致病性、诊断、治疗和预防等方面,对乙型流感病毒的研究现状进行综述,以期为乙型流感的临床诊断及防治提供参考。

基于多时段变参数SEIQR模型的流感病毒传播研究

针对传染病的预防与控制问题,以某省较偏远地区小学的一起流感病毒感染事件为研究对象,结合疫情传播过程中的传播方式和特点,建立多时段变参数的SEIQR模型。通过模拟发现,采取隔离和疫苗接种措施对疫情防控具有积极效果,能够有效降低疫情高峰期感染者人数,缩短疫情持续时间。利用灵敏度分析得出此次模拟所使用的参数均在合理范围内,模型的真实性及有效性得到进一步验证。

大型公立医院流感监测预警模型构建与效果分析

目的探讨大型公立医院流感监测预警体系及实施效果。方法对医院2011-2018年流感样病例监测数据和流感病原学监测数据进行汇总分析,构建医院流感监测预警基线模型,分析医院2018-2023年流感监测情况。结果医院流感监测预警基线值为2.54%,灵敏度为92.73%,特异度为67.74%,一致率为71.51%,Kappa值为0.35(p<0.001)。结论实现医院流感疫情的早期预警,形成“构建流感预警与防控三级组织管理构架,科学进行流感监测预警信息分析与发布,医院多部门联动合作切实提高流感医疗救治能力”的工作模式,切实提高了医院流感防控能力。

Increased substitution rate in H5N1 avian influenza viruses during mass vaccination of poultry

As a means of heated debate,mass vaccination of poultry has been used in some countries to control H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI),which remains of global economic and public health significance.Theoretically,mass vaccination can act as an evolutionary selective force facilitating the emergence of vaccine-resistant viruses,similar to that widespread use of antibiotics facilitates the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.To support the hypothesis,the substitution rates in the two subunits,HA1 and HA2,of the viral hemagglutinin gene,were calculated using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) approach.It was found that the rate in the HA1 subunit,but not in the HA2 subunit,increased significantly during periods of mass vaccination(2005 2010 in China and 2003 2009 in Indonesia),in contrast to the periods when no mass vaccination programs took place(1996 2004 in China and 2004 2008 in Thailand).Because substitutions in the HA1 subunit rather than in the HA2 subunit can lead to vaccine-resistant viruses,the results support that mass vaccination programs facilitate the emergence of vaccine-resistant viruses,which,in turn,will render mass vaccination programs less effective.Therefore,caution must be taken when adopting mass vaccination as a long-term strategy to control HPAI.

吉林省长春市城乡活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的检测与分子遗传进化分析

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)通过为其他流感病毒提供内部基因或直接跨越种间屏障感染人,而活禽市场是H9N2亚型AIV传播的主要传播途径之一。为了解吉林省长春地区城乡活禽市场H9N2亚型AIV流行特点和趋势,对2021年9月至2023年4月在4个城乡活禽市场分离到3株代表性H9N2亚型AIV进行了分子遗传进化分析。结果显示3株毒株HA蛋白裂解位点均为PSKSSR↓GLF,其受体结合位点的第226位氨基酸由Q突变为L,可与α,2-6唾液酸受体结合,具有感染人的特性。分子遗传进化分析显示3株毒株的HA基因归属于BJ-94谱系中h9.4.2.5亚分支;NA基因归属Y280谱系;PB2、M基因均属于G1谱系;剩余内部基因均属于F-98谱系。研究结论丰富当前国内H9N2亚型AIV的流行病学研究,提示需加强病毒变异监控和新疫苗研发。

2023年我国春季甲流的流行病学特征分析及防控建议

本文通过我国南、北省份哨点医院报告的2023年春季流感样病例情况,对比2019-2022年同期水平,综合分析甲流的流行病学特征,提出接种疫苗、使用药物预防及治疗、培养良好的生活习惯等防控建议,为下一轮的甲流防控提供科学依据。

Assessment of vaccination strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza in China

Vaccination for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)has been implemented in China for a decade,however,the virus is still present in poultry.A series of recombinant vaccines,Re-1 to Re-7,have been developed and used,and Re-8 will also be used in clinical settings to prevent the prevailing flu strains.The question remains,when can China eradicate the disease?Here,we review the epidemiology of H5 HPAI along with the development,usage and problems of vaccines.Further suggestions for controlling the disease in China are provided.

H1N1亚型猪流感流行现状及防控研究进展

H1N1亚型猪流感,是我国国内猪场较为常见且十分流行的一种传染性疾病,一方面能够引起猪群发生急性、高度接触性传染性疾病,另一方面也能使人类感染,严重威胁人类的生命健康安全。本文就当前H1N1亚型猪流感流行现状及其防控研究进展作一概述,旨在为该病的科学防控提供一定理论参考。

鸭H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的研究进展

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒目前已经是世界范围内传播最为广泛的人兽共患病毒之一,其感染谱和传染源都在逐渐扩大,引起大众重视H9N2对公共卫生安全存在的潜在威胁。鸭H9N2病毒普遍认为是以水禽类—陆地禽类—人类的路径实现人的感染,H9N2可作为重组病毒的基因供体和其他类型的流感病毒基因进行重排重组具备感染人的能力。加强禽类饲养管理、做好养禽场的防病管理、加大对禽场工作人员宣传教育的力度可以有效的防控H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的传播,疫苗接种、建立准确又灵敏的检测方法是禽流感病毒防控工作的重要手段。

普及公共卫生安全基础教育 树立公众科学防疫观念——以《人类与传染病的抗争--流感》科普教育专题片为例

医学类科普视频可以将科学家在医学实践过程中总结出来的知识经验传播给公众,旨在提升公众健康风险意识、树立科学防控观念。以《人类与传染病的抗争——流感》科普专题片为例,通过对该影片经验的总结,证实公众印象中艰深难懂的医学知识也可以通过科普专题片的方式变得“亲民”,并力求在常见型传染病来袭时,为公众提供一份具备充分参考和实用价值的“防疫说明书”,发挥医学专题中的科普作用。