Identification of Early Warning Signals of Infectious Diseases in Hospitals by Integrating Clinical Treatment and Disease Prevention

The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.

Damage and Control Suggestions for the Emerging Disease Coffee Root Rot

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the symptoms,morphological characteristics,etiological factors,and current extent of damage associated with coffee root rot disease.[Methods]The symptoms,morphological characteristics,and etiological factors associated with coffee root rot disease were systematically observed,described,and analyzed.The assessment of damage was carried out using a specialized investigative methodology.[Results]The application of bottom fertilizer containing Fusarium incarnatum facilitated the pathogen's entry through root wounds during transplantation,resulting in the development of water-soaked depression lesions in the affected areas.This infection significantly reduced the number of lateral roots in coffee plants,leading to symptoms such as wilting,withering,and ultimately,the death of the aboveground foliage.F.incarnatum exhibited three distinct types of spore morphology:macroconidia,which were sickle-shaped;mesoconidia,which were spindle-shaped;and microconidia,which were oval-shaped.The incidence rate of the disease in the affected region reached 100%,with a disease index exceeding 91,indicating severe damage.[Conclusions]This study serves as a valuable reference for the prevention and management of the emerging disease known as coffee root rot.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

过失危险犯的证立与展开

设立过失危险犯,符合刑法的公正价值,因应刑法的保护机能,具有现实必要性。过失犯罪包含危险犯属于《中华人民共和国刑法》总则的应有之义,而分则中的妨害传染病防治罪属于典型的过失危险犯。过失危险犯中的“危险”是一种现实、严重和紧迫的危险状态,故应仅限于具体危险犯。为了有效限缩过失危险犯的认定范围,还需根据新过失论严格审查行为人的结果预见义务和结果回避义务。

针对性预防控制措施在呼吸道传染性疾病中的预防效果

目的分析针对性预防控制措施在呼吸道传染性疾病中的临床效果。方法选取2022年2月至2023年3月厦门市翔安区新圩中心卫生院的400例呼吸道传染性疾病患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各200例,对照组未采取相应的预防控制措施,观察组则予以针对性的预防控制措施,本组患者均实施为期1年的随访,统计本组患者随访期间的呼吸道传染性疾病发生率、患者对自我防护等呼吸道传染性疾病知识掌握度、患者满意率。结果随访结果显示,观察组呼吸道传染性疾病发生率明显低于对照组总发生率(P<0.05);观察组各知识的掌握度评分和呼吸道传染性疾病患者总满意率均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论针对性预防控制措施在呼吸道传染性疾病患者中的预防效果显著,可有效提高患者对呼吸道传染性疾病危害、防控等知识的了解,提高患者满意率。

Remote sensing and geographic information systems in the spatial temporal dynamics modeling of infectious diseases

Similar to species immigration or exotic species invasion,infectious disease transmis-sion is strengthened due to the globalization of human activities. Using schistosomiasis as an exam-ple,we propose a conceptual model simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases. We base the model on the knowledge of the interrelationship among the source,media,and the hosts of the disease. With the endemics data of schistosomiasis in Xichang,China,we demonstrate that the conceptual model is feasible; we introduce how remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques can be used in support of spatio-temporal modeling; we compare the different effects caused to the entire population when selecting different groups of people for schistosomiasis control. Our work illustrates the importance of such a modeling tool in supporting spatial decisions. Our mod-eling method can be directly applied to such infectious diseases as the plague,lyme disease,and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The application of remote sensing and geographic informa-tion systems can shed light on the modeling of other infectious disease and invasive species studies.

The strategic framework of tuberculosis control and prevention in the elderly:a scoping review towards End TB targets

With the rapid pace of population ageing,tuberculosis(TB)in the elderly increasingly becomes a public health challenge.Despite the increasing burden and high risks for TB in the elderly,targeted strategy has not been well understood and evaluated.We undertook a scoping review to identify current TB strategies,research and policy gaps in the elderly and summarized the results within a strategic framework towards End TB targets.Databases of Embase,MEDLINE,Global health and EBM reviews were searched for original studies,review articles,and policy papers published in English between January 1990 and December 2015.Articles examining TB strategy,program,guideline or intervention in the elderly from public health perspective were included.Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria.Most of them were qualitative studies,issued in high-and middle-income countries and after 2000.To break the chain of TB transmission and reactivation in the elderly,infection control,interventions of avoiding delay in diagnosis and containment are essential for preventing transmission,especially in elderly institutions and aged immigrants;screening of latent TB infection and preventive therapy had effective impacts on reducing the risk of reactivation and should be used less reluctantly in older people;optimizing early case-finding with a high index of suspicion,systematic screening for prioritized high-risk groups,initial empirical and adequate follow-up treatment with close monitoring and evaluation,as well as enhanced programmatic management are fundamental pillars for active TB elimination.Evaluation of TB epidemiology,risk factors,impacts and cost-effectiveness of interventions,adopting accurate and rapid diagnostic tools,shorter and less toxic preventive therapy,are critical issues for developing strategy in the elderly towards End TB targets.TB control strategies in the elderly were comprehensively mapped in a causal link pathway.The framework and principals identified in this study will help to evaluate and improve current program,develop targeted strategy,as well as raise more discussions on the research priority settings and policy transitions.Given the scarceness of policy and evaluated interventions,as well as the unawareness of shifting TB epidemiology and strategy especially in developing countries,the increasing need of a ready TB program for the elderly warrants further research.

Wildlife-borne microorganisms and strategies to prevent and control emerging infectious diseases

China is one of the countries with the richest wildlife population.The large variety of widely distributed species act as natural or susceptible hosts for numerous infectious diseases.It is estimated that there are more than 1.2 million unknown virus species in China,and there might be 10,000–30,000 unknown bacteria in wild mammals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alone.There are no less than 600,000 species of animal-borne parasites and approximately 2 million species of fungi worldwide.With rapid economic growth and globalization,humans and wildlife interact more frequently,which enhances the probability of wildlife-borne pathogens infecting humans.The occurrence of animal-borne infectious diseases will become the“new normal”we have to face in the future.Therefore,research should be carried out on wildlife-borne microorganisms and the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases to establish an analytical framework and an evaluation technology system for risk assessment and early warning of potential animal-borne emerging infectious diseases.This will not only improve our understanding of wildlife-borne microbial communities but also enable in-depth analysis,discovery,early warning,and even prediction of major animal-borne emerging infectious diseases that might occur in the future.Furthermore,this research will reduce response times,minimize the social and economic impact and losses,enable interventions related to the emergence or spread of the disease as early as possible,and comprehensively improve our management of infectious disease outbreaks.

Analysis of CDC’s Role in Public Health Emergencies

Objective:To explore the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)in public health emergencies.Methods:The details of 12 public health events that occurred between January 2021 to December 2022 were analyzed to explore the roles of the CDC.Results:There were 160 patients involved in 10 public health events in 2021 and 48 patients involved in 2 public health events in 2022.Besides,the proportion of school public health events in 2022 was 0%,which was lower than in 2021,which was 80%(P<0.05).99.38%of patients during public health events were sent to the hospital promptly in 2022,which was higher than that in 2021,which was 81.25%(P<0.05).Furthermore,the average time taken for the CDC to control public health events in 2022 was 20.11±1.62 hours,and the average time taken to send inspection reports was shorter than that in 2021.The public satisfaction score was also higher in 2022 compared to 2021(P<0.05).Conclusion:The role of the CDC is to control infectious diseases.Therefore,it is important to pinpoint the existing problems in the strategies implemented by the CDC so that more improvements can be made to better prevent infectious diseases.

动物疫病防控信息化建设与发展概况

动物疫病防控是保障畜牧业健康发展、维护公共卫生安全和生态文明建设的重要手段。随着信息技术的不断发展,动物疫病防控信息化建设日新月异。提升动物疫病综合防控信息化工作,更好地利用多年来积累的动物疫病数据平台,有效整合与提高动物疫病防控的信息化管理程度,对动物疫病防控工作向科学化、信息化、精准化发展具有重要作用。论文就动物疫病防控信息化建设与发展概况进行了介绍。

德州市居民2020年传染病防治素养水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解德州市居民2020年传染病防治素养水平并分析其影响因素,为针对性开展传染病防治健康教育工作提供参考。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取德州市11个监测点的15~69岁常住居民进行问卷调查。结果 德州市居民传染病防治素养水平为40.64%。其中,女性居民为40.25%,男性居民为41.07%;25~34岁年龄组最高(50.57%),65~69岁年龄组最低(33.87%)。多因素回归分析结果显示:年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度和职业是居民传染病防治素养水平的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论 德州市居民的传染防治素养水平较以往有所提高,但仍存在薄弱环节;下一步传染病健康教育工作应重点关注高龄、丧偶、低学历和农民群体。

数智化在传染病预防控制中的应用与进展

梳理当前数字化、智能化技术在监测预警及疫苗追溯等传染病预防控制领域的典型应用实例,分析数智化驱动传染病预防控制面临的挑战、问题以及未来发展的方向,以促进传染病预防控制领域的数字化转型和智能化升级。结果表明,数字化、智能化的理论、方法、技术已应用于传染病预防控制领域,但仍面临认识不到位、人员和技术储备不足、数据可及性与可用性差、数据安全与隐私保护等挑战,需进一步更新信息化理念,探索构建疾控行业大模型,从数据要素、网络安全和数据安全、标准规范等方面构建良好生态。

文化教育类校外培训机构传染病防控能力评价指标体系构建

目的:构建文化教育类校外培训机构传染病防控能力评价指标体系,为相关部门提升传染病防控能力和开展管理工作提供参考依据。方法:在日常防控工作经验的基础上,结合既往文献研究和参考幼托机构、中小学校相关传染病管理要求,通过小组讨论和深入个人访谈等方法形成评价指标体系初步框架,通过两轮德尔菲法专家咨询对指标的重要性和可操作性进行判定。结果:邀请19名传染病防控领域专家开展两轮专家咨询,专家积极系数分别为1.00和0.95,专家权威系数为0.87,指标变异系数均<25%;第二轮专家咨询三级指标重要性协调系数为0.22,可操作性协调系数为0.27。从文化教育类校外培训机构基本情况、保障体系、日常防控措施、异常情况应对和防病检查指导5个维度,将机构资质、选址与规模、人员配备、设施设备、制度建设、物资配备、清洁与消毒、健康管理、缺课追踪、现场处置、登记与报告、复课管理和防病检查指导等各方面指标纳入评价指标体系,构建5个一级指标、14个二级指标、44个三级指标的评价指标体系。结论:构建的指标体系具有一定的科学性和合理性,可应用于文化教育类校外培训机构传染病防控能力的评价。

重大疫情防控中政社协同治理的理论与实践分析

介绍了政社协同治理的相关理论及其在突发公共卫生事件应对中的实践和进展;并从重大疫情防控具有复杂性风险治理属性,需要深入有效的社会动员机制,需要多部门合作提供社会服务三个方面分析了政社协同治理的必要性。政社协同治理存在如下现实困境:观念转变困难,政社协同的社会服务体系建设受现有体制抵制和干扰,以及社会服务需求和供给不匹配等。文章尝试提出对上述困境有所改进的政社协同治理模型;并建议进一步明确政社协同治理目标,重视总体规划,关注需求的个性化和回应性,以促进疫情防控活动中社会治理能力与治理体系现代化建设。

传染病监测对预防和控制传染病的有效性研究

目的 本研究旨在探索和分析实行传染病监测在预防和控制传染病方面的有效性效果。方法 回顾性分析我区疾控中心在2019、2020、2021三个年度内的传染病暴发情况,基于信息报道系统中传染病报告病例的基础信息,对比不同年度所记录的传染病报告例数及其占比情况,同时观察传染病病例的分布情况。结果 2019年1月至2021年12月报告传染病共计3800例,其中2019年度记录传染病病例1753例,占比为46.13%(1753/3800);2020年度记录传染病病例1388例,占比为36.53%(1388/3800);2021年度记录传染病病例659例,占比为17.34%(659/3800)。由此可见,传染病报告例数呈逐年下降趋势,对比差异显著(P<0.05)。传染病病例的分布情况显示,手足口病(31.16%)和流感(30.76%)的占比相对较高,显著高于肺结核(15.79%)、感染性腹泻(12.29%)及流行性腮腺炎(10.00%),数据差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 对传染性疾病进行监测是预防和控制传染病的一种高效手段,能够很好地促进传染病预防和控制效果的提升。

我国托幼机构儿童传染病防控研究进展

儿童是传染病的高发群体,而托幼机构又是儿童发生传染病传播和流行的主要场所。传染病具有突发性、传染性、流行性和不可预见性等特点,一旦传染病在幼儿园暴发,将严重影响托幼机构的教学秩序,甚至进一步扩大形成某个地区乃至全国或全球的疾病,给孩子、家庭、社会造成较大的影响,成为全国乃至全球性的公共卫生问题。文章通过梳理我国托幼机构儿童传染病的流行现状和研究进展,分别从病原体检测手段、防控法律制度和协同防控体系现状与存在的不足来阐述我国在托幼机构儿童传染病防治研究方面取得的进展,旨在对我国新时期托幼机构儿童传染病防控工作提供参考。

2019—2021年某中医医院传染病报告分析与管理

目的分析某中医医院法定和其他重点监测传染病报告情况,为规范开展医院传染病报告和制定医院传染病报告管理策略提供参考。方法对2019—2021年某中医医院传染病报告数据进行描述性分析。结果2019—2021年某中医医院共报告法定和其他重点监测传染病6865例次,无甲类传染病报告,其中乙类传染病668例次(9.73%),丙类传染病5356例次(78.02%),其他重点监测传染病841例次(12.25%)。排名前5位的传染病分别是流行性感冒、水痘、梅毒、其他感染性腹泻病和肺结核,其中报告病例最多的流行性感冒,在报告时间上每年传染病报告例次数居首位的是第一季度。2019—2021年某中医医院法定和其他重点监测传染病报告例次数呈下降趋势。结论2019—2021年某中医医院法定和其他重点监测传染病报告以呼吸道传染病为主,应根据不同季节、疾病流行趋势,采取有针对性的传染病监测、防控策略。

雾化疫苗研究进展

近年来,随着黏膜疫苗及免疫技术的不断发展,针对呼吸道疾病免疫预防的雾化疫苗及相应雾化吸入免疫技术的报道与应用逐渐增多。雾化疫苗是通过雾化装置将液态和固态免疫原制成雾滴或气溶胶颗粒,以喷雾免疫或气溶胶免疫的形式进入人与动物呼吸道及肺部,并诱导机体产生保护性应答的疫苗。雾化免疫能更好地诱导黏膜免疫应答,同时避免了注射带来的疾病传播风险和疼痛。20世纪50年代鸡新城疫疫苗的喷雾免疫研究拉开了动物呼吸道免疫的序幕,随后开展了鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗的喷雾接种,目前很多禽用疫苗的喷雾免疫已被广泛使用。猪用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究起步较晚,难度也更大。20世纪70年代末以来,逐步在猪瘟疫苗、猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌疫苗及猪支原体肺炎疫苗上开展相应的气溶胶免疫研究。相比动物疫苗,人用疫苗的气溶胶免疫研究报道更多,主要集中在麻疹疫苗、结核疫苗和流感疫苗。2019年以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗的气溶胶免疫快速发展,目前在中国已被批准紧急使用。笔者就动物用及人用雾化疫苗研究现状进行系统陈述,总结分析了各类雾化疫苗的理化参数、安全性、体内趋向性、肺脏局部免疫应答、免疫接种效果,并提出未来在疫苗剂型与组份、雾化发生装置、雾化过程质控、免疫程序与效果评价等方面的研究需求。本综述可为后续相应的呼吸道黏膜疫苗研发提供参考。

基于PPRR理论的精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系构建

目的构建精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标,为提升精神专科医院传染病防控能力建设提供参考依据。方法基于PPRR危机管理理论,综合运用文献法、半结构式访谈法、德尔菲法、层次分析法构建精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系。结果经过2轮专家函询,专家咨询积极系数均为100%,专家平均权威系数为0.88,协调系数较好,构建了一套包括4个一级指标,20个二级指标,85个三级指标的精神专科医院传染病防控能力评价指标体系,经层次法分析各级评价指标均符合一致性检验要求。结论该评价指标体系有一定的科学性和可靠性,为精神专科医院传染病防控提供了可行性标准。

猴痘患者的护理与防控管理

目的总结猴痘患者的护理经验,为临床护理和防护提供参考。方法对31例猴痘患者行对症支持治疗,轻症者以补液、营养支持、皮损护理、口腔护理、镇痛治疗为主,有继发细菌感染者系统给予抗生素治疗。护理上注重观察患者病情变化,对发热、皮疹、疼痛等实施对症护理,预防皮肤继发性感染等并发症,及时关注患者心理状况并给予心理疏导。结果经过治疗与护理,猴痘确诊患者均未出现严重并发症,住院1~17 d,平均7.0 d康复出院。结论在治疗及护理过程中,护理人员应发挥主观能动性,采取个体化、支持性护理措施,及时更新猴痘相关治疗护理知识,熟练掌握相关理论,科学、有效地做好治疗、护理及防控工作。