The Changes in the Awareness of Cervical Cancer Prevention and the Acceptability of HPV Vaccines among Women after Their Introduction in China

Cervical cancer is a form of malignant tumor that seriously threatens women’s health. In China,according to the cancer statistics, 98,900 new cervical cancer cases and 30,500 deaths due to cervical cancer were estimated to have occurred in2015, and the incidence and mortality rates still exhibited an upward trend[1].

我国疫苗可预防性疾病一级预防服务能力分析

目的 分析2019年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和东、中、西部疫苗可预防性疾病(vaccine preventable disease,VPD)一级预防服务能力水平、2004—2019年的变化趋势及其与发病率的关系,为提升预防服务能力,究善VPDs防控工作提供参考。方法 收集31个省(自治区、直辖市)2004—2019年所有涉及VPDs的法律法规和政策等公开文件,基于文本分析方法量化计算一级预防服务能力和变化趋势,并运用相关分析检验其与VPDs发病率的相关性。结果 2019年我国VPDs一级预防服务能力达到57.02%,与2004年相比增长61.44%,但健康教育、疾病和危险因素监测、危险因素控制或行为干预的服务可考核率仅为40.80%、29.98%、18.60%;东、中、西部地区VPDs一级预防服务能力分别为69.09%、52.15%、49.19%,东部服务覆盖程度与可考核程度均超过中、西部;我国层面的VPDs一级预防服务能力与发病率之间呈现负相关(r=-0.693,P<0.01)。结论 2004年以来我国VPDs一级预防服务能力具有提升,但是各地区之间能力存在差异,进一步提升VPDs预防服务能力需要“扩面”与“提质”兼顾。

Tick-borne encephalitis: A review of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management

Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. During the last few decades the incidence of the disease has been increasing and poses a growing health problem in almost all endemic European and Asian countries. Most cases occur during the highest period of tick activity, in Central Europe mainly from April to November. Tickborne encephalitis is more common in adults than in children. Clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalitis with or without paralysis. Rare clinical manifestations are an abortive form of the disease and a chronic progressive form. A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. Clinical course and outcome vary by subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus(the disease caused by the European subtype has milder course and better outcome than the disease caused by Siberian and Far-Easter subtypes), age of patients(increasing age is associated with less favorable outcome), and host genetic factors. Since clinical features and laboratory results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid are nonspecific, the diagnosis must be confirmed by microbiologic findings. The routine laboratory confirmation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus infection is based mainly on the detection of specific Ig M and Ig G antibodies in serum(and cerebrospinal fluid), usually by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas.

Recent advances in synthetic carbohydrate-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccines

An effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is urgently needed to prevent HIV infection and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS). As glycosylation of viral proteins becomes better understood, carbohydrate-based antiviral vaccines against special viruses have attracted much attention. Significant efforts in carbohydrate synthesis and immunogenicity research have resulted in the development of multiple carbohydrate-based HIV vaccines. This review summarizes recent advances in synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines design strategies and the applications of these vaccines in the prevention of HIV.

The prevalence,origin,and prevention of six human coronaviruses

CORONAVIRUSES Coronaviruses（CoVs）are a large group of viruses found in many species of animals around the world,particularly bats and wild birds.CoVs result in various clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic respiratory,hepatic,