Application of water loop variable refrigerant flow air-conditioning system in large-scale buildings in northern China

A water loop variable refrigerant flow（WLVRF）air-conditioning system is designed to be applied in large-scale buildings in northern China.The system is energy saving and it is an integrated system consisting of a variable refrigerant flow（VRF）air-conditioning unit,a water loop and an air source heat pump.The water loop transports energy among different regions in the buildings instead of refrigerant pipes,decreasing the scale of the VRF air-conditioning unit and improving the performance.Previous models for refrigerants and building loads are cited in this investigation.Mathematical models of major equipment and other elements of the system are established using the lumped parameter method based on the DATAFIT software and the MATLAB software.The performance of the WLVRF system is simulated.The initial investments and the running costs are calculated based on the results of market research.Finally,a contrast is carried out between the WLVRF system and the traditional VRF system.The results show that the WLVRF system has a better working condition and lower running costs than the traditional VRF system.

Effects of physical parameter range on dimensionless variable sensitivity in water flooding reservoirs

The similarity criterion for water flooding reservoir flows is concerned with in the present paper. When finding out all the dimensionless variables governing this kind of flow, their physical meanings are subsequently elucidated. Then, a numerical approach of sensitivity analysis is adopted to quantify their corresponding dominance degree among the similarity parameters. In this way, we may finally identify major scaling law in different parameter range and demonstrate the respective effects of viscosity, permeability and injection rate.

A new mathematical model for horizontal wells with variable density perforation completion in bottom water reservoirs

Horizontal wells are commonly used in bottom water reservoirs,which can increase contact area between wellbores and reservoirs.There are many completion methods used to control cresting,among which variable density perforation is an effective one.It is difficult to evaluate well productivity and to analyze inflow profiles of horizontal wells with quantities of unevenly distributed perforations,which are characterized by different parameters.In this paper,fluid flow in each wellbore perforation,as well as the reservoir,was analyzed.A comprehensive model,coupling the fluid flow in the reservoir and the wellbore pressure drawdown,was developed based on potential functions and solved using the numerical discrete method.Then,a bottom water cresting model was established on the basis of the piston-like displacement principle.Finally,bottom water cresting parameters and factors influencing inflow profile were analyzed.A more systematic optimization method was proposed by introducing the concept of cumulative free-water production,which could maintain a balance（or then a balance is achieved）between stabilizing oil production and controlling bottom water cresting.Results show that the inflow profile is affected by the perforation distribution.Wells with denser perforation density at the toe end and thinner density at the heel end may obtain low production,but the water breakthrough time is delayed.Taking cumulative free-water production as a parameter to evaluate perforation strategies is advisable in bottom water reservoirs.

Using Fuzzy Theory and Variable Weights for Water Quality Evaluation in Poyang Lake, China

Achieving water purity in Poyang Lake has become a major concern in recent years, thus appropriate evaluation of spatial and temporal water quality variations has become essential. Variations in 11 water quality parameters from 15 sampling sites in Poyang Lake were investigated from 2009 to 2012. An integrative fuzzy variable evaluation(IFVE) model based on fuzzy theory and variable weights was developed to measure variations in water quality. Results showed that: 1) only chlorophyll-a concentration and Secchi depth differed significantly among the 15 sampling sites(P < 0.01), whereas the 11 water quality parameters under investigation differed significantly throughout the seasons(P < 0.01). The annual variations of all water quality variables except for temperature, electrical conductivity, suspended solids and total phosphorus were considerable(P < 0.05). 2) The IFVE model was reasonable and flexible in evaluating water quality status and any possible ′bucket effect′. The model fully considered the influences of extremely poor indices on overall water quality. 3) A spatial analysis indicated that anthropogenic activities(particularly industrial sewage and dredging) and lake bed topography might directly affect water quality in Poyang Lake. Meanwhile, hydrological status and sewage discharged into the lake might be responsible for seasonal water quality variations.

Risk assessment of floor water inrush in coal mines based on MFIM-TOPSIS variable weight model

Floor water inrush is one of the main types of coal mine water hazards.With the development of deep mining,the prediction and evaluation of floor water inrush is particularly significant.This paper proposes a variable weight model,which combines a multi-factor interaction matrix(MFIM)and the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)to implement the risk assessment of floor water inrush in coal mines.Based on the MFIM,the interaction between seven evaluation indices,including the confined water pressure,water supply condition and aquifer water yield property,floor aquifuge thickness,fault water transmitting ability,fracture development degree,mining depth and thickness and their influence on floor water inrush were considered.After calculating the constant weights,the active degree evaluation was used to assign a variable weight to the indices.The values of the middle layer and final risk level were obtained by TOPSIS.The presented model was successfully applied in the 9901 working face in the Taoyang Mine and four additional coal mines and the results were highly consistent with the engineering situations.Compared with the existing nonlinear evaluation methods,the proposed model had advantages in terms of the weighting,principle explanation,and algorithm structure.

Long-term operation optimization of circulating cooling water systems under fouling conditions

Fouling caused by excess metal ions in hard water can negatively impact the performance of the circulating cooling water system(CCWS)by depositing ions on the heat exchanger's surface.Currently,the operation optimization of CCWS often prioritizes short-term flow velocity optimization for minimizing power consumption,without considering fouling.However,low flow velocity promotes fouling.Therefore,it's crucial to balance fouling and energy/water conservation for optimal CCWS long-term operation.This study proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming(MINLP)model to achieve this goal.The model considers fouling in the pipeline,dynamic concentration cycle,and variable frequency drive to optimize the synergy between heat transfer,pressure drop,and fouling.By optimizing the concentration cycle of the CCWS,water conservation and fouling control can be achieved.The model can obtain the optimal operating parameters for different operation intervals,including the number of pumps,frequency,and valve local resistance coefficient.Sensitivity experiments on cycle and environmental temperature reveal that as the cycle increases,the marginal benefits of energy/water conservation decrease.In periods with minimal impact on fouling rate,energy/water conservation can be achieved by increasing the cycle while maintaining a low fouling rate.Overall,the proposed model has significant energy/water saving effects and can comprehensively optimize the CCWS through its incorporation of fouling and cycle optimization.

Diatom distribution in surface sediments from Chinese inshore waters and the relationship to modern environmental variables

Diatoms are widely used to study past and present changes in the marine environment. Unimodal models are appropriate for exploring the relationship between environmental properties in Chinese inshore waters and fossil diatom species derived from modem surface sediments. The best-fit relationships between two multivariate datasets （diatom species and environmental variables） were identified using canonical correspondence analysis （CCA）, which is a constrained ordination technique. The absolute abundance of diatoms in the Chinese inshore waters ranged from 500 to 48 000 valves/g, and the average absolute abundance of all the 29 sites was l l 300 valves/g. 153 species and varieties of diatoms belonging to 42 genera in all were identified in the Chinese inshore waters. There were 28 dominant diatom species in all. According to the absolute abundance of the dominant species and the spatial distribution of the currents from the Chinese inshore waters, 12 diatom assemblages were distinguished from north to south, which reflected the different oceanographic conditions at the regional scale. Of the eight environmental variables considered, the most important environmental variable is winter sea surface salinity （WSS）, which was also the only environmental variable with statistical significance. Therefore, it may be used to establish a transfer functions for the Chinese inshore waters in future paleoclimate studies.

Optimum control strategy for all-variable speed chiller plant

The optimum control strategy and the saving potential of all variable chiller plant under the conditions of changing building cooling load and cooling water supply temperature were investigated. Based on a simulation model of water source chiller plant established in dynamic transient simulation program (TRNSYS),the four-variable quadratic orthogonal regression experiments were carried out by taking cooling load,cooling water supply temperature,cooling water flow rate and chilled water flow rate as variables,and the fitting formulas expressing the relationships between the total energy consumption of chiller plant with the four selected parameters was obtained. With the SAS statistical software and MATHEMATICA mathematical software,the optimal chilled water flow rate and cooling water flow rate which result in the minimum total energy consumption were determined under continuously varying cooling load and cooling water supply temperature. With regard to a chiller plant serving an office building in Shanghai,the total energy consumptions under different control strategies were computed in terms of the forecasting function of cooling load and water source temperature. The results show that applying the optimal control strategy to the chiller plant can bring a saving of 23.27% in power compared with the corresponding conventional variable speed plant,indicating that the optimal control strategy can improve the energy efficiency of chiller plant.

An Efficient Multiple-Dimensional Finite Element Solution for Water Flow in Variably Saturated Soils

Multiple-dimensional water flow in variably saturated soils plays an important role in ecological systems such as irrigation and water uptake by plant roots; its quantitative description is usually based on the Richards＇ equation. Because of the nonlinearity of the Richards＇ equation and the complexity of natural soils, most practical simulations rely on numerical solutions with the nonlinearity solved by iterations. The commonly used iterations for solving the nonlinearity are Picard and Newton methods with the former converging at first-order rate and the later at second-order rate. A recent theoretical analysis by the authors, however, revealed that for solving the diffusive flow, the classical Picard method is actually a chord-Newton method, converging at a rate faster than first order; its linear convergence rate is due to the treatment of the gravity term. To improve computational efficiency, a similar chord-Newton method as for solving the diffusive term was proposed to solve the gravity term. Testing examples for one-dimensional flow showed significant improvement. The core of this method is to produce a diagonally dominant matrix in the linear system so as to improve the iteration-toiteration stability and hence the convergence. In this paper, we develop a similar method for multiple-dimensional flow and compare its performance with the classical Picard and Newton methods for water flow in soils characterised by a wide range of van Genuchten parameters.

Evolutive Trend of Water Level in the Ebrie Lagoon by Reconstitution of the Tide Gauge Time Series in Front of the Abidjan Coastline (Côte d’Ivoire)

The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report shows that sea-level rise, which has been accelerated since the 19th century resulting to the global warming, threatens coastal areas with high population growth. A Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) assessment highlighted the lack of data in Africa, and in Côte d’Ivoire in particular. In order to estimate the evolutionary trend of sea level along the Ivorian coast, and to draw up preventive plans to protect properties and populations, we digitized 65 years of historical tidegrams recorded in the Ebrie Lagoon, using the “Surfer” and “Nunieau” software, then processed them using “T-Tide” and “U-Tide” software. The average levels were calculated using the Demerliac filter from complete daily (day and night) recordings for providing a usable database of 31 years of hourly lagoon data from 1979 to 2015. Our results show that a mean water level in lagoon is 1.04 m. The evolutionary trend in sea level, estimated in the lagoon via the Vridi canal, during the rainy season is the most significant at 2.93 mm/year. This is followed by the dry season, with a trend of 2.89 mm/year. The flood season trend is 2.78 mm/year. This suggests that marine water inflows dominate continental inflows. Our results highlight the vulnerability of Côte d’Ivoire’s coasts to the risk of marine submersion.

冷水浸泡对青年女足运动员大负荷训练课后心脏自主神经系统功能恢复的影响

目的探讨冷水浸泡(CWI)对青年女足运动员大负荷训练课后心脏自主神经系统(ANS)功能恢复的影响。方法选取2020年7月至8月现役上海市15名18岁以下青年女子足球运动员,采用随机交叉自身对照法,隔周参与两次相同内容的大负荷训练课。依据运动后恢复措施分为CWI组和被动休息(CON)组。比较两组运动负荷。采用POLAR V800心率表,记录运动前(T0)、运动后5 min(T1)、干预后即刻(T2),以及运动后21 h(T3),4个时间点的心率变异性数据[心跳间期标准差(SDNN)、相邻窦性RR间期差值的均方根(RMSSD)、高频标准化(HFnu)、低频标准化(LFnu)和低频与高频比值(LF/HF)]。采用MT-SportsP100足球运动监测分析系统收集训练负荷数据。结果两组跑动距离、平均心率、最大心率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CON组SDNN和RMSSD值在T1时低于T0,T2时高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CWI组SDNN和RMSSD值在T1时低于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),T2、T3时与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T0、T1、T3时两组SDNN值和RMSSD值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CWI组T2时SDNN值和RMSSD值低于CON组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组T1时HFnu值低于T0,LFnu值和LF/HF值高于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组T2、T3时HFnu、LF/HF和LFnu与T0比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论大负荷训练后短时间内进行CWI会抑制副交感神经反弹,可能不利于心脏ANS适应。

南水北调中线冬季冰情变化特征及输水能力提升策略研究

南水北调中线工程冰期输水能力受限已成为制约工程安全运行和社会效益发挥的巨大障碍。认识和辨析通水以来中线干渠冬季水温冰情演变规律及影响机理,是中线干渠冬季输水能力提升亟需解决的关键问题。本文基于2011—2023年中线干渠连续12个冬季的气象、水力、冰情等原型观测资料,分析了中线干渠水温冰情时空分布本底和特征规律,明晰了影响中线干渠冰凌生消的关键因素,针对性提出了冬季输水能力提升的相关应对策略。分析表明:通水以来冰情发生的范围和时间相比理论预想偏小、偏短,冰凌影响区为七里河倒虹吸至北拒马河暗渠段,冰塞风险区为滹沱河倒虹吸至北拒马河暗渠段,多年平均冰厚15 cm,历史极端冰塞厚2.9 m,冰凌壅水最高值0.73 m;干渠冬季水温由南向北递减,依次出现岸冰、流冰和冰盖,日均气温转负后相应的断面平均测量水温在2.5、1.0和0.25℃左右,且沿程水温下降速率与流量和气温呈负相关,即增大输水流量可减缓水温下降速度;影响冰凌生消的关键因素是气温、流量、太阳辐射和风速,典型年如2016年的严重冰情与1月低累计负积温、大输水流量和短时寒潮叠加有关,漕河等渡槽失温快产冰量大与风速密切相关。基于上述分析,未来可考虑结合气象、水情、冰情实时监测和智能预警预报,建立水温-水量-水力协同调控和动态调度技术体系,重点从缩短冰期输水时长、降低冰情影响范围、优化关键控制指标和挖潜渠道防冰塞性能等多方面全面提升南水北调中线工程冬季输水能力。

隧道拱顶渗漏稳态渗流场的解析研究

针对隧道运营中发生拱顶渗漏且无泥沙涌入的稳态渗流情况,结合保角变换法和分离变量法推导出隧道拱顶渗漏稳态渗流场的显式解析解.应用PLAXIS有限元软件建立数值模型,从渗流场分布、衬砌水压力两方面验证所得解的正确性,通过与现有解析解、数值解、试验结果的渗流量对比来验证所得解的准确性.进行参数分析,探究隧道埋深、渗漏宽度对衬砌水压力和渗流量的影响规律.结果表明,衬砌水压力在以渗漏位置为中心±60°范围内明显降低;随着隧道埋深的增大,衬砌最大水压力减小,渗流量先减小后增大,且渗流量最小值对应的隧道埋深随着地表水头的增大而增大;随着渗漏宽度的增大,衬砌最大水压力减小,渗流量增大,当渗漏宽度大于0.05 m时,渗漏宽度变化对水压力和渗流量的影响较小;在渗漏宽度较小时进行渗漏控制的效果明显.

基于集对分析的用水定额评估方法及应用

为深入贯彻落实“四水四定”原则,提升水资源节约集约安全利用水平,建立由覆盖性评估、规范性评估、合理性评估、先进性评估和实用性评估构成的用水定额评估指标体系及分级标准。基于集对分析理论构建用水定额评估模型,采用五元减法集对势识别出较差的单指标。将该方法应用于我国华北缺水地区典型工业行业用水定额评估中,结果表明,山东省医药制造业重点工业产品用水定额总体评估结果为“宽松”,行业类别覆盖比例等7个指标的集对势处于反势或偏反势,可作为用水定额修订需要重点完善的内容。基于集对分析的用水定额评估方法系统实用,克服了评估指标覆盖不全面的缺陷,可以给出用水定额合理客观的评估结论,对于确保用水定额始终满足节水管理的需求具有重要意义。

离心泵变频调速在长距离输水工程中的应用与研究

介绍了南水北调大兴支线工程输水管道系统,特别是在处理水锤现象和保证安全输水方面的应对措施。对整个输水系统建立数学模型,阐述数学模型在供水系统瞬变流数值计算中的应用,对比离心泵启动及停止瞬态过程中工频与变频的变化对整个系统安全运行的影响,并提出了大兴支线输水工程过渡过程计算分析结果。通过建立合理的数学模型和设置边界条件,可有效解决供水系统瞬变流产生的问题,保证输水管道系统的安全稳定运行,为长距离输水工程设计及运行管理提供参考依据。

改良花岗岩残积土的渗透特性研究

针对福建尤溪花岗岩残积土遇水易软化崩解的特性,采用外掺法对其掺入改良剂进行改良,以降低其渗透系数。同时掺入石灰和粉煤灰,灰土质量比(即石灰质量∶粉煤灰质量∶花岗岩残积土质量)分别设置为1∶1∶8,1∶2∶7和1∶3∶6。对福建尤溪花岗岩残积土进行基本土工试验、击实试验和颗粒分析试验,对改良前后的尤溪花岗岩残积土进行变水头渗透试验,试验结果表明:(1)经掺入石灰和粉煤灰改良后的花岗岩残积土,其饱和渗透系数较改良前均有所降低,其抗渗性得到了提高。(2)当灰土质量比为1∶2∶7时,其饱和渗透系数降低幅度最大,改良效果最好。(3)无论重塑土还是改良土,其饱和渗透系数均随孔隙比的增大而增大,随干密度的增大而降低。

大庆油田X7地区低孔渗储层核磁共振测井可变T_(2)截止值确定方法

T_(2)截止值是计算核磁共振测井束缚水孔隙度、可动流体孔隙度和渗透率的关键参数。在岩心压汞资料与核磁共振测井资料的基础上,提出连续计算低孔隙度低渗透率(低孔渗)储层核磁共振测井T_(2)截止值的方法。用岩心对应深度的核磁共振测井T_(2)谱代替核磁共振实验T_(2)谱,用岩心压汞资料中的渗透率贡献确定束缚水所对应的进汞饱和度,此时剩余汞饱和度即为束缚水饱和度,结合T_(2)谱,通过插值算法得出岩心的T_(2)截止值;分析多块岩心T_(2)截止值在T_(2)谱上的分布规律,从而建立根据T_(2)谱形态连续计算可变T_(2)截止值的方法。在X7地区应用此方法实现核磁共振测井连续T_(2)截止值的计算,用计算出的T_(2)截止值进行孔隙度和渗透率等储层参数计算,明显提升了储层参数计算的精度。

1960—2020年南水北调区域极端气象要素变化分析

南水北调工程会引起所涉区域极端气候发生变化,同时极端气候事件对调水工程运行也存在影响。研究以1960—2020年气象观测数据为基础构建极端气象要素指标体系,采用变化范围法(RVA)与集对分析法(SPA)对南水北调影响区极端气象要素的改变程度进行量化计算,揭示了经济发展、气候变化与南水北调工程影响下区域极端气象要素的演变规律。结果表明:在经济发展与气候变化影响下,1960—2020年南水北调影响区极端气象要素指标综合改变度总体为上升趋势,并出现了明显的区域差异性,中线地区极端气候改变度显著大于东线,而两线水源区变化程度低于输水区和受水区;调水前后对比分析表明,工程调水对中线的影响大于东线,且受水区极端气象要素变化程度更为明显;对极端气象要素分析发现,极端蒸发受气候变化与经济发展影响显著,极端气温受调水工程影响变化较大,极端降水受外界扰动变化不明显。

深部煤层气水平井大规模极限体积压裂技术--以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块为例

针对深煤层渗透性差、弹性模量较低、泊松比较高、塑性强、破裂压力高、裂缝扩展难度大、加砂困难等特点,提出缝网改造规模化、缝网扩展均衡化、缝网支撑有效化的压裂设计理念,形成以高排量大规模注入、高强度加砂、等孔径限流射孔、暂堵转向、一体化可变黏滑溜水、多粒径组合支撑剂为核心的深煤层水平井大规模极限体积压裂技术。将该技术应用于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块首口深煤层多级压裂水平井先导性试验,施工排量18 m^(3)/min、加砂强度2.1 m^(3)/m、用液强度16.5 m^(3)/m,压裂后形成了复杂裂缝网络,平均缝长为205 m,储层改造体积为1987×10^(4)m^(3),最高产气量达6×10^(4)m^(3)/d,实现了深部煤层气的高效开发。

Extreme massive hydraulic fracturing in deep coalbed methane horizontal wells:A case study of the Linxing Block,eastern Ordos Basin,NW China

Deep coal seams show low permeability,low elastic modulus,high Poisson’s ratio,strong plasticity,high fracture initiation pressure,difficulty in fracture extension,and difficulty in proppants addition.We proposed the concept of large-scale stimulation by fracture network,balanced propagation and effective support of fracture network in fracturing design and developed the extreme massive hydraulic fracturing technique for deep coalbed methane(CBM)horizontal wells.This technique involves massive injection with high pumping rate+high-intensity proppant injection+perforation with equal apertures and limited flow+temporary plugging and diverting fractures+slick water with integrated variable viscosity+graded proppants with multiple sizes.The technique was applied in the pioneering test of a multi-stage fracturing horizontal well in deep CBM of Linxing Block,eastern margin of the Ordos Basin.The injection flow rate is 18 m^(3)/min,proppant intensity is 2.1 m^(3)/m,and fracturing fluid intensity is 16.5 m^(3)/m.After fracturing,a complex fracture network was formed,with an average fracture length of 205 m.The stimulated reservoir volume was 1987×10^(4)m^(3),and the peak gas production rate reached 6.0×10^(4)m^(3)/d,which achieved efficient development of deep CBM.