Factors controlling N_2O and CH_4 fluxes in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

Using the closed chamber technique, the in situ measurements of N2O and CH4 fluxes was conducted in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountain, China. from June 1994 to october 1995. The relationships between fluxes (N2O and CH4) and some major environmental factors (temperature, soil water content and soil availabIe nitrogen) were studied. A significant positive correlation between Nzo emission and air/soil temperature was observed, but no significant correIation was found between N2O emission and soil water content (SWC). This result showed that temperature was an important controlling factor of N2O flux. There was a significant correlation between CH4 uptake and SWC, but no significant correlation was found between CH4 uptake and temperature. This suggested SWC was an important factor controlling CH4 uptake. The very significant negative correlation between logarithmic N2O flux and soil nitrate concentration, significant negative correlation between CH4 flux and soil ammonium content were also found.

Dynamics of nitrogen nutrition of coexisting dominant trees in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest

Chemical analysis of ammonium, nitrate and total nitrogen in tree leaves and roots and anin-vivo bioassay for nitrate reductase activity (NRA) were used to monitor the seasonal variations in nitrogen assimilation among four coexisting dominant tree species, includingPinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica andAcer mono, in a virgin mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest. The soil study included individual horizons of L+F (0–5 cm), Ah (5–11 cm) and Aw (11–25 cm). All four species had nitrate and ammonium in their roots and leaves, and also NRA in leaves. This indicated that these coexisting species were adapted to ammonium + nitrate nutrition. A negative correlation existed between nitrate use and ammonium use. Ammonium concentration was higher than that of nitrate in tree leaves and roots, and also in soils, which indicated climax woody species had a relative preference for ammonium nutrition. There was a positive relationship between tree nitrogen nutrition use and soil nitrogen nutrient supply. Utilization of ammonium and nitrate as well as the seasonal patterns differed significantly between the species. Peaks of ammonium, nitrate, NRA and total nitrogen in one species were therefore not necessarily synchronous with peaks in other species, and which indicated a species-specific seasonal use of nitrogen. The species-specific temporal differentiation in nitrogen use might reduce the competition between co-existing species and may be an important mechanism promoting stability of virgin mixed broad-leaved//Korean pine forest.

A succession and silviculture model for the broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Changbai Mountain Area

A succession and silviculture model (ZELIG.CBA) for broad-leaved Korean pine forest of Changbai Moutain Area was developed based on the framework of ZELIG model and characteristics of Broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Changbai area. ZELIG.CBA model consists four sub-models: growth model simulating annual increment of individual tree in forest, regeneration model simulating annual establishment of different tree species, mortality model simulating annual agerelated and stress-related morality; and silviculture model simulating the forest response to different silviculture scenario. The validation of the ZELIG.CBA showed that the accuracy of the model for the forest growth was more than 95%. The succession from clear cutting site simulating showed that the ZELIG.CBA model was stable for long term simulation. And selective cutting experiment showed that the optimal scenario for broad-leaved Korean pine forests was removal volume 30% combining with 30a rotation.

NITROGEN NUTRIENT MECHANISM IN SECONDARY SUCCESSION PROCESS OF THE MIXED BROAD-LEAVED/ KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS) FOREST

Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, anunonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those of secondary birch forests those are in succession Stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such as Pinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and also Fraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the anunonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such as Populus davidiava and Betula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especially Pinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana and Betula plaaphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others.In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitroggn nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.

Age structure of Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

Based on a vast of field investigation on stamps in Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northem slope of Changbai Mountain, age structure of some major species were studied in this paper. The results showed that Korean pine population was composed of grouped patches with different ages. There were not strict intervals among the dominated generations,and the curve of age structure often had two or more peaks. The distribution of broad-leaved species in natural Korean pine forest was grouped or scattered, and age distribution was also uneven-aged. There existed close relation between quantity of broad-leaved species and Korean pine. So, it shaped multi-storied and uneven-aged mixed forest. The model of age structure and growth demonstrated their passive correlation, but growth became slow when woods had reached old age.

Recovery of species diversity after disturbance of broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

Recovery of species diversity after catastrophic disturbance was influenced by a few factors, such as intensity of disturbance, availability of propagules, and the environmental conditions, In this paper, we examined pattems of species development after nearly 60a succession in bumed broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest on northem slope of ChangbaiMountain. We aasessed the recovery of plant species diversity in 3 types of forests under the contition with gradient of soil moisture. Results revealed that recovery of plant species (liversity varied greatly under different environmental conditions.Species richness of secondary forests greatly related to the site condition. Secondary birch forest on mesic site had the greatest number of plant species and the following was poplar-birch forest and larch-birch forest.Most of characteristic taxa couldbe found in birch forest after 60a succession. For larch-birch forest on hydra site, most of climax species were still not able to invade, so it had the lowest species diversity.

Canopy gap characteristics and its influence on the regeneration of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountain

With the concem of regcneration, characteristics of canopy gaps in broad-leaved Korean pine forest were studied.The areas of actual gap, expanded gap and maximum gap were analyzed respectively. The species composition, number, origin,decayed class and sizes of gap makers were studied comprehensively. The comparative studies of regencration inside and outside of canopy gap showed that the density of regeneration inside canopy gaps was 30% higher than that outside canopy gaps. The specific species regeneration response to canopy gap varied greatly. Pinus koraiensis, Picea jezoensis Frarinlis nla)ldshurica, JItghI)ls )nalJholu-i`a and Acer mono generally did not response to canopy gap disturbance. The Regeneration Importantce Valuc (RIV) of Abies nephrolepis, Ulmus Japonica increased with canopy gap disturbance. RIV of Tilia amurensis, Acer madshurica and Ulmus laciniata decreased with canopy gap disturbance. Canopy gap disturbance was not strong enough to result in the regeneration of some rpecies of shade intolerance such as Larix olgensis, Betula platyphylla.

Meteorological control on CO_2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountains

The impacts of temperature, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on CO2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains were studied based on eddy covariance and meteorological factors measurements.The results showed that, daytime CO2 flux was mainly controlled by PAR and they fit Michaelis-Menten equation. Meanwhile VPD also had an influence on the daytime flux. Drier air reduced the CO2 assimilation of the ecosystem, the drier the air, the more the reduction of the assimilation. And the forest was more sensitive to VPD in June than that in July and August. The respiration of the ecosystem was mainly controlled by soil temperature and they fit exponential equation. It was found that this relationship was also correlated with seasons; respiration from April to July was higher than that from August to November under the same temperature. Daily net carbon exchange of the ecosystem and the daily mean air temperature fit exponential equation. It was also found that seasonal trend of net carbon exchange was the result of comprehensive impacts of temperature and PAR and so on. These resulted in the biggest CO2 uptake in June and those in July and August were next. Annual carbon uptake of the forest ecosystem in 2003 was -184 gC. m-2.

长白山原始阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林及其次生林细根生物量与垂直分布特征

以我国东北长白山自然保护区内同一海拔梯度的原始阔叶红松林及其次生林——白桦山杨成熟林和白桦山杨幼林为对象,采用土钻取样法对不同演替阶段细根生物量的变化、细根垂直分布规律及其影响因子进行系统地研究。研究结果表明,在原始阔叶红松林的正向演替过程中,林地细根的总生物量逐渐增加,其中主要乔木细根的生物量逐渐增加,而灌木和草本细根的生物量则逐渐降低。在演替过程中,细根的垂直分布逐渐加深。在长白山地区,3块林地中细根生物量的组成分布受林分植被组成的影响;细根的垂直分布与土壤容重、水分含量以及不同土层中C、N含量存在一定的相关性,但与土壤温度则不存在相关关系。

不同森林类型土壤肥力的差异分析

对凉水自然保护区的原始阔叶红松林、次生林和人工红松林的土壤肥力进行了对比研究,探讨了原始林经采伐后天然更新为次生林或营造为红松人工林,其肥力的变化情况。结果表明,原始林的整体肥力水平最高,次生林居中,人工林最低;3种林型下,土壤酶活性差异较显著。

长白山原始阔叶红松林不同演替阶段地下生物量与碳、氮贮量的比较

以我国东北长白山自然保护区内同一海拔水平的原始阔叶红松林及其次生林———白桦山杨成熟林和幼林为对象,对不同演替阶段林地地下生物量与碳、氮贮量进行了研究.结果表明,随着演替的进行,白桦山杨幼林、成熟林和阔叶红松林根系生物量分别为2.437、2.742和4.114kg·m-2,根系碳贮量分别为1.113、1.323和2.023kg·m-2,土壤碳贮量分别为11.911、11.943和12.587kg·m-2,林地地下碳贮量分别为13.024、13.266和14.610kg·m-2.3块林地中根系氮贮量分别为0.035、0.032和0.039kg·m-2,土壤氮贮量分别为1.207、1.222和0.915kg·m-2,林地地下氮贮量分别为1.243、1.254和0.955kg·m-2.在长白山地区次生林演替和恢复过程中林地地下部分是潜在的碳汇,而土壤氮贮量则没有明显的变化规律.

凉水自然保护区原始阔叶红松林土壤微生物的主要生理类群及分布

采用稀释平板培养法分析了小兴安岭凉水自然保护区原始阔叶红松林根际、非根际土壤微生物数量及其主要生理类群分布规律。结果表明：原始阔叶红松林土壤微生物数量具有明显的垂直变化规律，即土壤微生物主要集中在0—20cm处的土层，10cm处数量达到高峰，总菌数最高达432．1×10^6CFUg^-1，且随土层加深，微生物数量逐渐减少。在水平分布上，根际微生物的数量大于非根际。三大类土壤微生物中细菌数量占绝对优势，占总菌数的89％以上；放线菌次之，占总菌数的7％；真菌最少，占总菌数的4％。原始阔叶红松林各主要生理类群中，固氮菌数量最多，纤维素分解菌其次，解磷细菌最少。

红松林天然更新对连续小梯度海拔变化的响应

海拔是影响森林类型分布及其更新的重要生态因子,研究海拔梯度上森林更新的变化,对不同海拔梯度的森林经营与生态保护具有重要意义。以红松母树林群落的天然更新为研究对象,在小兴安岭地区东折棱河林业经营所56号林班,以连续小梯度海拔变化,沿林班内山坡下部、中下部、中部3个坡位,设置12块样地进行调查。结果表明:(1)无人为干扰条件下,随海拔梯度升高,林内针、阔叶树总株数逐增,立木层(红松、臭冷杉、鱼鳞云杉等)针叶树逐渐取代伴生阔叶树(青楷槭、花楷槭、黄桦、白桦等);林冠下层,针、阔叶树更新苗株数总体呈上升趋势,针叶树更新苗数量与阔叶树差距逐渐缩小,在海拔447 m时,针叶树更新数量首次超过阔叶树更新数量。(2)有人为干扰条件下,立木层林木稀疏,林内针、阔叶树更新不良,样地H主要树种更新频度均为0,林窗下以阔叶树更新为主(样地F、I仅有1种更新苗,分别为花楷槭与青楷槭),红松仅有极少幼树存在。(3)随着海拔梯度升高,红松断面积组成与重要值变化趋势基本一致,均保持稳定增长,红松群落优势更加明显。(4)海拔变化对立木层红松分布格局无明显影响,低海拔区红松无更新或更新极少且呈随机分布,中海拔区红松更新良好且多呈聚集分布,在演替过程中,最终以随机分布进入主林层。

长白山原始红松阔叶林及其次生林细根分解动态和氮元素的变化

该文采用网袋分解法对长白山不同演替状态的原始红松阔叶林、白桦山杨成熟林和白桦山杨幼林中优势树种的细根分解动态及其氮元素的变化进行了研究.研究表明:在3块样地中,细根分解初期速率较快,然后趋于缓慢.在原始红松阔叶林中,水曲柳细根的分解最快,红松次之,而紫椴细根的分解最慢.在白桦山杨成熟林和幼林中,山杨的细根分解均比白桦细根快.细根的分解不仅受其本身化学性质的影响,而且也受到周围环境的影响.在原始红松阔叶林的演替过程中,细根分解过程中会释放或富集氮元素.温度较低和降雨较少的春秋季节,细根分解过程中主要表现为释放氮元素,而温度较高和降雨较多的夏季,则表现为富集氮元素.

大小兴安岭过渡区阔叶红松林次生演替阶段群落多样性指数与环境因子关系

为揭示阔叶红松林次生演替阶段群落多样性状况,研究生物多样性指数与环境因子的关系,为该区植被保护、植被恢复提供理论支持。运用物多样性指数、典范对应分析和次生演替的空间序列代替时间序列方法,以大小兴安岭过渡区阔叶红松林不同演替阶段群落为研究对象,设置33个网格样地数据,记录每个样地的物种多度、盖度、频度及土壤环境数据,测定12个环境指标。结果表明:1原始阔叶红松林群落经过顺行演替向逆行演替发展,演替趋势为:原始阔叶红松林→天然次生阔叶林→天然次生针叶林→次生裸地;2保存较好的原始阔叶红松林物种多样性指数最高,物种最丰富,其次是天然次生阔叶林,物种多样性指数最低的是次生裸地,群落结构简单。3物种多样性指数与纬度、土壤含水率、土壤全氮含量相关性最大。

原始红松林退化演替后土壤氮矿化特征变化

土壤氮矿化是氮素生物地理化学循环的重要环节,表征着土壤的供氮潜力,其变化过程会影响森林生态系统生产力。从小兴安岭典型的原始红松林及其退化形成的次生阔叶林样地采集土壤样品,采用好气室内培养法,研究在不同培养温度(4℃、12℃、20℃、28℃和36℃)和湿度(20%、40%、60%、80%和100%饱和持水量,WHC)下,2种林地土壤氮转化速率的变化。结果表明:与原始红松林相比,次生阔叶林表层土(0—20cm)的有机质、全碳、全氮、硝态氮、碳/氮比、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、pH值均显著升高,铵态氮显著降低(P<0.05)。采用方差分析结果表明:原始红松林表层土壤的净矿化速率、净硝化速率均显著低于次生阔叶林,但净氨化速率的变化则相反;培养温度和湿度及两者的交互作用均对土壤氮转化速率影响显著(P<0.001)。原始红松林和次生阔叶林净矿化速率对温度和湿度变化的响应存在一定差异,最适温度和湿度分别为28℃—36℃和60%(WHC)。原始红松林土壤氮矿化温度敏感性指数(Q10)显著高于次生阔叶林(P<0.05),均值分别为2.08和1.80,Q10与基质质量指数(A)呈负相关,与土壤有机质呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。

原始阔叶红松林土壤微生物特征研究

以凉水国家级自然保护区内的云冷杉红松林、枫桦红松林、椴树红松林和蒙古栎红松林土壤为研究对象,分别采用稀释平板法与微平板检测法,研究了4种林型不同土层之间的土壤微生物特征。结果表明:4种林型土壤微生物总菌数变化范围在1.60亿~6.29亿cfu/g之间,且细菌含量的变化差异性最大;各林型间土壤微生物活性的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);ECO微平板在恒温条件下培养的24h内,其平均颜色变化率呈现出随时间的延长而逐渐升高的一致性规律,直至168h上升速度趋于平缓。4种林型土壤微生物各类多样性指数均表现出随土层深度增加而降低的趋势,且相同土层不同林型间的差异显著(P<0.05);各林型土壤微生物均对氨基酸类碳源产生了较强的代谢能力,更加验证了红松的喜铵特性;由主成分分析(PCA)可知,各林型表层和下层土壤微生物对各类碳源的代谢能力在空间上表现出较为显著的差异,与AWCD值和各类多样性指数所得结论一致。