Non-Gaussianity detection of single-mode rotationally symmetric quantum states via cumulant method

The non-Gaussianity of quantum states incarnates an important resource for improving the performance of continuous-variable quantum information protocols.We propose a novel criterion of non-Gaussianity for single-mode rotationally symmetric quantum states via the squared Frobenius norm of higher-order cumulant matrix for the quadrature distribution function.As an application,we study the non-Gaussianities of three classes of single-mode symmetric non-Gaussian states:a mixture of vacuum and Fock states,single-photon added thermal states,and even/odd Schr¨odinger cat states.It is shown that such a criterion is faithful and effective for revealing non-Gaussianity.We further extend this criterion to two cases of symmetric multi-mode non-Gaussian states and non-symmetric single-mode non-Gaussian states.

Calabi-Yau Topology of Primordial Fermions

Quantum field theory creates fermions via abstract operators exciting abstract fields, with a specific field for each type of specific particle. This operator algebra lends itself well to quantum statistics, nevertheless, our physical understanding of this process is nonintuitive at best. In this paper we analyze the creation of fermions from primordial gauge field quantum gravity loops in the context of Calabi-Yau manifold theory. I extend a prior mass-gap treatment based on Yang-Mills gauge theory of higher order self-interaction to include the half-integral spin of fermions.

An improved predictive deconvolution based on maximization of non-Gaussianity

The predictive deconvolution algorithm （PD）, which is based on second-order statistics, assumes that the primaries and the multiples are implicitly orthogonal. However, the seismic data usually do not satisfy this assumption in practice. Since the seismic data （primaries and multiples） have a non-Gaussian distribution, in this paper we present an improved predictive deconvolution algorithm （IPD） by maximizing the non-Gaussianity of the recovered primaries. Applications of the IPD method on synthetic and real seismic datasets show that the proposed method obtains promising results.

Culture of Embryonic Stem Cell by Primordial Germ Cells of Down Producing Goat

[Objective] The paper was to establish embryonic stem cell system of goats. [Method] Numerous primordial germ cell colonies were derived from gonadal ridge and the surrounding tissues in 20 millimeter fetuses of down producing goat. Primordial germ cells and goats embryonic fibroblasts obtained from conceptus of equivaient gestational age were co-cultured. [Result] The colonies showed some characteristics of embryonic stem cells, such as the morphology of nest-like, they continued to be AKP positive and the ability to be continuously passed [Conclusion] These cells were pluripotent and ES-like cells.

Primordial germ cell-mediated transgenesis and genome editing in birds

Transgenesis and genome editing in birds are based on a unique germline transmission system using primordial germ cells(PGCs), which is quite different from the mammalian transgenic and genome editing system. PGCs are progenitor cells of gametes that can deliver genetic information to the next generation. Since avian PGCs were first discovered in nineteenth century, there have been numerous efforts to reveal their origin, specification, and unique migration pattern, and to improve germline transmission efficiency. Recent advances in the isolation and in vitro culture of avian PGCs with genetic manipulation and genome editing tools enable the development of valuable avian models that were unavailable before. However, many challenges remain in the production of transgenic and genome-edited birds,including the precise control of germline transmission, introduction of exogenous genes, and genome editing in PGCs.Therefore, establishing reliable germline-competent PGCs and applying precise genome editing systems are critical current issues in the production of avian models. Here, we introduce a historical overview of avian PGCs and their application, including improved techniques and methodologies in the production of transgenic and genome-edited birds, and we discuss the future potential applications of transgenic and genome-edited birds to provide opportunities and benefits for humans.

Postembryonic Development of Electrophysiological Characteristic of Primordial Hippocampus in Bufo bufo gargarizans

[Objective] The aim was to probe into developing changes of spontaneous electrical activities of primordial hippocampus in Bufo bufo gargarizans in postembryonic phase. [Method] Microelectrode technique was used to record extracellularly spontaneous electrical activities of neurons in primordial hippocampus of B.bufo gargarizans in postembryonic phase. [Result] Single, consecutive single, burst, consecutive burst and anomalous spontaneous firing were recorded in primordial hippocampus, in which four kinds of spontaneous firings were recorded in forepart of postembryonic development except the anomalous spontaneous firing, and the burst spontaneous firing and consecutive burst spontaneous firing were predominant. The five kinds of spontaneous firings mentioned were recorded in anaphase of postembryonic development and the single and burst spontaneous firing were predominant.Following with the development of primordial hippocampus, the amplitudes of action potential of single firing and consecutive firing enhanced gradually, and it reaches the maximum in the metamorphosis phase; the differences of the frequencies of consecutive single firing and consecutive burst firing were not significant. [Conclusion] Following with the development of primordial hippocampus, the neuronal electrical activities showed diversification, the developmental degree of the primordial hippocampus in the metamorphosis phase was close to the subadult and adult.

Effects of 17beta-estradiol on cell migration in male chicks distribution of primordial germ

Aim： To assess whether exogenous estradiol has any effect on migration of primordial germ cells （PGCs） in the chick. Methods： Fertilized eggs were treated with 17beta-estradiol （E2） （80 lag/egg） at stage X （day 0 of incubation）, stages 8-10 （incubation 30 h） and 13-15 （incubation 55 h）. Controls received vehicle （emulsion） only. Changes in PGC number were measured on different days according to developmental stages. Results： In male right gonads, but not in female left gonads, at stages 28-30 （incubation 132 h） significant decreases in the mean number of PGCs aggregating were observed compared with the controls （P 〈 0.05） while the total PGC number in the right and left gonads at each stage did not change （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion： The present study provides evidence that E2 has significant effects on the localization of PGCs in male right, but not female left, gonads of chicken embryos at stages 28-30, compared with controls. （Asian J Andro12008 Mar; 10： 243-248）

Subduction of the primordial crust into the deep mantle

The primordial crust on the Earth formed from the crystallization of the surface magma ocean during the Hadean.However,geological surveys have found no evidence of rocks dating back to more than 4 Ga on the Earth＇s surface,suggesting the Hadean crust was lost due to some processes.We investigated the subduction of one of the possible candidates for the primordial crust,anorthosite and KREEP crust similar to the Moon,which is also considered to have formed from the crystallization of the magma ocean.Similar to the present Earth,the subduction of primordial crust by subduction erosion is expected to be an effective way of eliminating primordial crust from the surface.In this study,the subduction rate of the primordial crust via subduction channels is evaluated by numerical simulations.The subduction channels are located between the subducting slab and the mantle wedge and are comprised of primordial crust materials supplied mainly by subduction erosion.We have found that primordial anorthosite and KREEP crust of up to - 50 km thick at the Earth＇s surface was able to be conveyed to the deep mantle within 0.1-2 Gy by that mechanism.

Targeting lentiviral vectors to primordial germ cells(PGCs):An efficient strategy for generating transgenic chickens

Recent advances in avian transgenic studies highlight the possibility of utilizing lentiviral vectors as tools to generate transgenic chickens. However, low rates of gonadal chimerism and germ line transmission efficiency still limit the broad usage of this method in creating transgenic chickens. In this study, we implemented a simple strategy using modified lentiviral vectors targeted to chicken primordial germ cells(PGCs) to generate transgenic chickens. The lentiviral vectors were pseudotyped with a modified Sindbis virus envelope protein(termed M168) and conjugated with an antibody specific to PGC membrane proteins. We demonstrated that these optimized M168-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors conjugated with SSEA4 antibodies successfully targeted transduction of PGCs in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the control, 50.0%–66.7% of chicken embryos expressed green fluorescent protein(GFP) in gonads transduced by the M168-pseudotyped lentivirus. This improved the targeted transduction efficiency by 30.0%–46.7%. Efficient chimerism of exogenous genes was also observed. This targeting technology could improve the efficiency of germ line transmission and provide greater opportunities for transgenic poultry studies.

Hadean Earth and primordial continents:The cradle of prebiotic life

The Hadean history of Earth is shrouded in mystery and it is considered that the planet was born dry with no water or atmosphere.The Earth-Moon system had many features in common during the birth stage.Solidification of the dry magma ocean at 4.53 Ga generated primordial continents with komatiite.We speculate that the upper crust was composed of fractionated gabbros and the middle felsic crust by anorthosite at ca.21 km depth boundary,underlain by meta-anorthosite（grossular ＋ kyanite 4 quartz）down to 50-60 km in depth.The thickness of the mafic KREEP basalt in the lower crust,separating it from the underlying upper mantle is not well-constrained and might have been up to ca.100-200 km depending on the degree of fractionation and gravitational stability versus surrounding mantle density.The primordial continents must have been composed of the final residue of dry magma ocean and enriched in several critical elements including Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn,P,K,and Cl which were exposed on the surface of the dry Earth.Around 190 million years after the solidification of the magma ocean, ＂ABEL bombardment＂ delivered volatiles including H_2O,CO_2,N_2 as well as silicate components through the addition of icy asteroids.This event continued for 200 Myr with subordinate bombardments until 3.9 Ga,preparing the Earth for the prebiotic chemical evolution and as the cradle of first life.Due to vigorous convection arising from high mantle potential temperatures,the primordial continents disintegrated and were dragged down to the deep mantle,marking the onset of Hadean plate tectonics.

Non-Gaussianity dynamics of two-mode squeezed number states subject to different types of noise based on cumulant theory

We provide a measure to characterize the non-Gaussianity of phase-space function of bosonic quantum states based on the cumulant theory. We study the non-Gaussianity dynamics of two-mode squeezed number states by analyzing the phase-averaged kurtosis for two different models of decoherence： amplitude damping model and phase damping model.For the amplitude damping model, the non-Gaussianity is very fragile and completely vanishes at a finite time. For the phase damping model, such states exhibit rich non-Gaussian characters. In particular, we obtain a transition time that such states can transform from sub-Gaussianity into super-Gaussianity during the evolution. Finally, we compare our measure with the existing measures of non-Gaussianity under the independent dephasing environment.

The Primordial Principle of Self-Interaction

The Standard Model of Particle Physics treats four fields—the gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong fields. These fields are assumed to converge to a single field at the big bang, but the theory has failed to produce this convergence. Our theory proposes one primordial field and analyzes the evolution of this field. The key assumption is that only the primordial field exists—if any change is to occur, it must be based upon self-interaction, as there is nothing other than the field itself to interact with. This can be formalized as the Principle of Self-interaction and the consequences explored. I show that this leads to the linearized Einstein field equations and discuss the key ontological implications of the theory.

Differential transcriptional regulation of the NANOG gene in chicken primordial germ cells and embryonic stem cells

Background:NANOG is a core transcription factor(TF)in embryonic stem cells(ESCs)and primordial germ cells(PGCs).Regulation of the NANOG gene by TFs,epigenetic factors,and autoregulatory factors is well characterized in ESCs,and transcriptional regulation of NANOG is well established in these cells.Although NANOG plays a key role in germ cells,the molecular mechanism underlying its transcriptional regulation in PGCs has not been studied.Therefore,we investigated the mechanism that regulates transcription of the chicken NANOG(cNANOG)gene in PGCs and ESCs.Results:We first identified the transcription start site of cNANOG by 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR analysis.Then,we measured the promoter activity of various 5′flanking regions of cNANOG in chicken PGCs and ESCs using the luciferase reporter assay.cNANOG expression required transcriptional regulatory elements,which were positively regulated by POU5F3(OCT4)and SOX2 and negatively regulated by TP53 in PGCs.The proximal region of the cNANOG promoter contains a positive transcriptional regulatory element(CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein(CEBP)-binding site)in ESCs.Furthermore,small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown demonstrated that POU5F3,SOX2,and CEBP played a role in cell type-specific transcription of cNANOG.Conclusions:We show for the first time that different trans-regulatory elements control transcription of cNANOG in a cell type-specific manner.This finding might help to elucidate the mechanism that regulates cNANOG expression in PGCs and ESCs.

Frontiers in early Earth history and primordial life--PartⅠ

The history of the early Earth is shrouded in mystery, and one of the major outcomes of the Apollo Program, lunar sampling, and the data acquired by subsequent orbiting missions, is that the Moon is an important analogue for the Hadean Earth, which includes primordial planet-forming materials. We assemble two special issues of ＂Geoscience Frontiers＂ with state-of-the-art contributions that provide insights into planetary formation, Earth＇s early history and primordial life. New theories show why the Earth began as a dry planetary system and was later seeded by an ocean-atmosphere system through the bombardment of carbonaceous chondrites. A combination of the information concerning the evolution of Earth, Mars, and the other terrestrial planets is important in understanding the fate of the primordial continental crustal materials and the making of habitable planets.

Non-Gaussianity and decoherence of generalized photon-added coherent state as a Hermite-excited coherent state

Generalized photon-added coherent state （GPACS） is creation and annihilation operations on the coherent state. obtained by repeatedly acting the combination of Bose It is found that GPACS can be regarded as a Hermiteexcited coherent state due to its normalization factor related to a Hermite polynomial. In addition, we adopt the Hilbert-Schmidt distance to quantify the non-Gaussian character of GPACS and discuss the decoherence of GPACS in dissipative channel by studying the loss of nonclassicality in reference of the negativity of Wigner function.

Alternative non-Gaussianity measures for quantum states based on quantum fidelity

We propose three alternative measures for non-Gaussianity of quantum states: sine distance, Bures angle, and Bures distance, which are based on quantum fidelity introduced by Wang [Phys. Lett. A 373 58(2008)]. Using them, we evaluate the non-Gaussianity of some relevant single-mode and two-mode non-Gaussian states and find a good consistency of the three examined measures. In addition, we show that such metrics can exactly quantify the degree of Gaussianity of even Schrödinger-cat-like states of small amplitudes that can not be measured by other known non-Gaussianity measures such as the Hilbert–Schmidt metric and the relative entropy metric. We make a comparative study between all existing nonGaussianity measures according to the metric axioms and point out that the sine distance is the best candidate among them.

Developing improved measures of non-Gaussianity and Gaussianity for quantum states based on normalized Hilbert–Schmidt distance

Non-Gaussianity of quantum states is a very important source for quantum information technology and can be quantified by using the known squared Hilbert–Schmidt distance recently introduced by Genoni et al.(Phys. Rev. A 78 042327(2007)). It is, however, shown that such a measure has many imperfects such as the lack of the swapping symmetry and the ineffectiveness evaluation of even Schr?dinger-cat-like states with small amplitudes. To deal with these difficulties, we propose an improved measure of non-Gaussianity for quantum states and discuss its properties in detail. We then exploit this improved measure to evaluate the non-Gaussianities of some relevant single-mode non-Gaussian states and multi-mode non-Gaussian entangled states. These results show that our measure is reliable. We also introduce a modified measure for Gaussianity following Mandilara and Cerf(Phys. Rev. A 86 030102(R)(2012)) and establish a conservation relation of non-Gaussianity and Gaussianity of a quantum state.

Non-Gaussian quantum states generation and robust quantum non-Gaussianity via squeezing field

Recent studies show that quantum non-Gaussian states or using non-Gaussian operations can improve entanglement distillation, quantum swapping, teleportation, and cloning. In this work, employing a strategy of non-Gaussian operations（namely subtracting and adding a single photon）, we propose a scheme to generate non-Gaussian quantum states named single-photon-added and-subtracted coherent（SPASC） superposition states by implementing Bell measurements, and then investigate the corresponding nonclassical features. By squeezed the input field, we demonstrate that robustness of nonGaussianity can be improved. Controllable phase space distribution offers the possibility to approximately generate a displaced coherent superposition states（DCSS）. The fidelity can reach up to F ≥ 0.98 and F ≥ 0.90 for size of amplitude z = 1.53 and 2.36, respectively.

Non-Gaussianity of Racetrack Inflation Models

In this paper,we use the result in[C.Y.Sun and D.H.Zhang,arXiv:astro-ph/0510709]to calculate thenon-Gaussianity of the racetrack models in[J.J.Blanco-Pillado,et al.,JHEP 0411(2004)063;arXiv:hep-th/0406230]and[J.J.Blanco-Pillado,et al.,arXiv:hep-th/0603129].The two models give different non-Gaussianities.Both of themare reasonable.However,we find that,for multi-field inflationary models with the non-trivial metric of the field space,the condition of the slow-roll cannot guarantee small non-Gaussianities.

α-ketoglutarate promotes the specialization of primordial germ cell-like cells through regulating epigenetic reprogramming

There is growing evidence that cellular metabolism can directly participate in epigenetic dynamics and consequently modulate gene expression.However,the role of metabolites in activating the key gene regulatory network for specialization of germ cell lineage remains largely unknown.Here,we identified some cellular metabolites with significant changes by untargeted metabolomics between mouse epiblast-like cells(EpiLCs)and primordial germ cell-like cells(PGCLCs).More importantly,we found that inhibition of glutaminolysis by bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide(BPTES)impeded PGCLC specialization,but the impediment could be rescued by addition ofα-ketoglutarate(αKG),the intermediate metabolite of oxidative phosphorylation and glutaminolysis.Moreover,adding aKG alone to the PGCLC medium accelerated the PGCLC specialization through promoting H3 K27 me3 demethylation.Thus,our study reveals the importance of metabolite aKG in the germ cell fate determination and highlights the essential role of cellular metabolism in shaping the cell identities through epigenetic events.