Background: human immune virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have been recognized in Botswana for the last three decades, however, combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was only introduced aft...Background: human immune virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have been recognized in Botswana for the last three decades, however, combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was only introduced after 2000. Facility-based historical data of the burden of HIV/AIDS- related conditions pre-cART have so far not been analyzed. Objective: To analyze the burden of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths, and identify the socio-demographic factors associated with HIV/AIDS deaths at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) in the year 2000. Methods: A retrospective review of medical files was carried out between May and June 2014. Nine thousand seven hundred and forty-six (9746) records were analyzed for the year for 2000. Cases were identified as documented HIV/AIDS as per medical notes and/or documentation of any of the conditions listed in sections B20-B24 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10 B20-B24). Outcomes were the percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths out of all admissions and deaths. The in-hospital case fatality rate (CFR) was also calculated. Log-binomial regression models were used to determine the most significant factors associated with HIV-related admission and death. Results: The percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths were 4.1% (403/9746) and 11.3% (80/707), respectively. The in-hospital HIV-CFR was 19.9% (80/403). Adjusted log-binomial models identified the most significant protective factors for HIV-related admission were female sex and cART use while age >15 years old was the most significant risk factor. The se of cART was significant protective factor for HIV-associated death while age older than 15 years was the most significant risk factor. Conclusion: There was a significant burden of HIV-related admissions and deaths in PMH before wide-scale cART use in Botswana. This study highlights the increased risk of hospital admission for HIV-positive patients and underlines the need for cART to prevent deaths. Further studies evaluating the impact of wide-scale cART roll out are needed.展开更多
Snow samples collected from two snow pits (2.5 m and 3.5 m deep) along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese Antarctic Inland Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been analyzed for chemical compo...Snow samples collected from two snow pits (2.5 m and 3.5 m deep) along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese Antarctic Inland Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. Annul accumulation layers can be well identified based on fluctuations of major anions (especially Cl -) and δ 18 O. However, no obvious seasonal variations of cation concentrations were found in the profiles. The results provide a useful tool for dating the snow stratum in this region. High sulfate (SO 2- 4) concentrations found in the two snow pit profiles for the periods of 1992 1995 may be due to the June 1991 Pinatubo (Philippines) volcanic eruption and August 1991 Cerro Hudson eruption in Chile.展开更多
During the 21st century,the contribution of the Antarctic*Ice Sheet(AIS)to sea level rise has been increasing,affecting coastal regions and their large populations and economies(Moore et al.,2018).The ice loss from th...During the 21st century,the contribution of the Antarctic*Ice Sheet(AIS)to sea level rise has been increasing,affecting coastal regions and their large populations and economies(Moore et al.,2018).The ice loss from the AIS is driven primarily by increased melting of ice shelves by warm ocean waters and the subsequent acceleration,retreat and rapid thinning of the major outlet glaciers of the West Antarctic ice sheet(IPCC,2019).However,subglacial conditions(thermodynamics and hydrology)of AIS remain poorly understood,despite recent advances in satellite and ground-based observations,and this makes it difficult to project the amount of future ice loss.To better understand the most compelling scientific issues addressing subglacial conditions,and following several recent technical and operational advances,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)launched a special program named the“Polar Basic Science Frontier”.展开更多
It＇s all about determination and persistence against the odds, befieves Zhang Ke. ＂You can realize your dreams as long as you persist,＂ says the 11-year-old. ＂You see, if the youngest brother had run away like his...It＇s all about determination and persistence against the odds, befieves Zhang Ke. ＂You can realize your dreams as long as you persist,＂ says the 11-year-old. ＂You see, if the youngest brother had run away like his elder brothers on that night, he would never have married the beautiful princess,＂ says the fifth-grader from Run＇an Public School in China＇s eastern Anhui Province.展开更多
Due to the Manchu-Mongolian intermarriage policy implemented during the Qing Dynasty,a substantial number of Manchu,Mongolian and Han Chinese accompanied royal figures,commonly referred to as"princesses",to ...Due to the Manchu-Mongolian intermarriage policy implemented during the Qing Dynasty,a substantial number of Manchu,Mongolian and Han Chinese accompanied royal figures,commonly referred to as"princesses",to Mongolia as dowry households.The dowry household system underwent customization during the Qianlong period,and its temporal and spatial distribution,influenced by policies and various factors,exhibited a gradual decline from east to west.The impact of these dowry households on Inner Mongolian society is predominantly manifested in people's mobility,economic structures,and social organization forms within the Inner Mongolia Region.This article utilizes official archives,historical records,and folk memories to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the communication,interaction and integration between princess"dowry households and ethnic group in Inner Mongolia.展开更多
Snow and firn samples recovered from two snow pits (2.5 and 4.5m deep) and one 50-m firn core along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarc...Snow and firn samples recovered from two snow pits (2.5 and 4.5m deep) and one 50-m firn core along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been measured for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. In the two snow pits, the variations of NO3- are partly in phase with that of δ18O, while the variations of Cl- and Na+ are in inverse phase with that of δ18O.展开更多
文摘Background: human immune virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have been recognized in Botswana for the last three decades, however, combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was only introduced after 2000. Facility-based historical data of the burden of HIV/AIDS- related conditions pre-cART have so far not been analyzed. Objective: To analyze the burden of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths, and identify the socio-demographic factors associated with HIV/AIDS deaths at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) in the year 2000. Methods: A retrospective review of medical files was carried out between May and June 2014. Nine thousand seven hundred and forty-six (9746) records were analyzed for the year for 2000. Cases were identified as documented HIV/AIDS as per medical notes and/or documentation of any of the conditions listed in sections B20-B24 of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10 B20-B24). Outcomes were the percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths out of all admissions and deaths. The in-hospital case fatality rate (CFR) was also calculated. Log-binomial regression models were used to determine the most significant factors associated with HIV-related admission and death. Results: The percentages of HIV-related admissions and HIV-related deaths were 4.1% (403/9746) and 11.3% (80/707), respectively. The in-hospital HIV-CFR was 19.9% (80/403). Adjusted log-binomial models identified the most significant protective factors for HIV-related admission were female sex and cART use while age >15 years old was the most significant risk factor. The se of cART was significant protective factor for HIV-associated death while age older than 15 years was the most significant risk factor. Conclusion: There was a significant burden of HIV-related admissions and deaths in PMH before wide-scale cART use in Botswana. This study highlights the increased risk of hospital admission for HIV-positive patients and underlines the need for cART to prevent deaths. Further studies evaluating the impact of wide-scale cART roll out are needed.
文摘Snow samples collected from two snow pits (2.5 m and 3.5 m deep) along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese Antarctic Inland Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. Annul accumulation layers can be well identified based on fluctuations of major anions (especially Cl -) and δ 18 O. However, no obvious seasonal variations of cation concentrations were found in the profiles. The results provide a useful tool for dating the snow stratum in this region. High sulfate (SO 2- 4) concentrations found in the two snow pit profiles for the periods of 1992 1995 may be due to the June 1991 Pinatubo (Philippines) volcanic eruption and August 1991 Cerro Hudson eruption in Chile.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41941006 and 41876230)National key R&D Program of China(Grant no.2019YFC1509102)。
文摘During the 21st century,the contribution of the Antarctic*Ice Sheet(AIS)to sea level rise has been increasing,affecting coastal regions and their large populations and economies(Moore et al.,2018).The ice loss from the AIS is driven primarily by increased melting of ice shelves by warm ocean waters and the subsequent acceleration,retreat and rapid thinning of the major outlet glaciers of the West Antarctic ice sheet(IPCC,2019).However,subglacial conditions(thermodynamics and hydrology)of AIS remain poorly understood,despite recent advances in satellite and ground-based observations,and this makes it difficult to project the amount of future ice loss.To better understand the most compelling scientific issues addressing subglacial conditions,and following several recent technical and operational advances,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)launched a special program named the“Polar Basic Science Frontier”.
文摘It＇s all about determination and persistence against the odds, befieves Zhang Ke. ＂You can realize your dreams as long as you persist,＂ says the 11-year-old. ＂You see, if the youngest brother had run away like his elder brothers on that night, he would never have married the beautiful princess,＂ says the fifth-grader from Run＇an Public School in China＇s eastern Anhui Province.
基金This paper is a phased achievement of the national"14th Five-Year Plan"major cultural project"Compilation Project of the History of the Chinese Nation's Communication,Interaction and Integration"(Late Qing Dynasty volume)major project of the Ministry of Education base"Study on the Border Governance Model of the Qing Dynasty"(19JJD770010).
文摘Due to the Manchu-Mongolian intermarriage policy implemented during the Qing Dynasty,a substantial number of Manchu,Mongolian and Han Chinese accompanied royal figures,commonly referred to as"princesses",to Mongolia as dowry households.The dowry household system underwent customization during the Qianlong period,and its temporal and spatial distribution,influenced by policies and various factors,exhibited a gradual decline from east to west.The impact of these dowry households on Inner Mongolian society is predominantly manifested in people's mobility,economic structures,and social organization forms within the Inner Mongolia Region.This article utilizes official archives,historical records,and folk memories to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the communication,interaction and integration between princess"dowry households and ethnic group in Inner Mongolia.
文摘Snow and firn samples recovered from two snow pits (2.5 and 4.5m deep) and one 50-m firn core along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been measured for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. In the two snow pits, the variations of NO3- are partly in phase with that of δ18O, while the variations of Cl- and Na+ are in inverse phase with that of δ18O.
