Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

ANALYSIS MODEL ON GRADUAL CHANGE PRINCIPLE OF EFFECT ZONES OF LAYER FACE FOR ROLLED CONTROL CONCRETE DAM

The effect zones of layer face for RCC （rolled control concrete） dam have gradual change characteristics. Based on the analysis thought of complex material, a model was built to analyze above principle of RCC dam by use of series-wound and shunt-wound connection. Some methods were proposed to determine the instantaneous Young＇s modulus, delayed Young＇s modulus and viscosity coefficient of effect zones of layer face. Above models and methods were used to mine the principle of gradual change of key calculation parameters which can response the characteristics of effect zones. The principle of gradual change was described. A model was established to analyze the threedimensional viscoelastic problem of RCC dam. Above programs were developed. The examples show that the proposed models and methods to determine the key calculation parameters of effect zones can reflect the status of RCC dam accurately.

Characteristic Changes Defined via Comparison of the Big-Five Personalities in Japanese University Freshmen from Years 2000 to 2016

Introduction: With the arrival of the 21st century, drastic worldwide changes to natural, economic and social events have occurred. These include the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the global financial crisis. Furthermore, Japan experienced the introduction of a specific education system. In this study, we traced and compared the psychological characters of university freshmen for 16 years (years 2000-2016) using Big-Five personalities inventory (Japanese version). Methods: A total of 1189 physically and mentally healthy university freshmen participated in this study. They were divided into four groups according to the year they entered university. They completed a self-filled questionnaire, Big-Five personalities inventory, which consists of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness and Openness. Result and Discussion: Compared with the year 2008, Extraversion nominally increased in 2012, however, it statistically significantly decreased in 2016. Agreeableness notably decreased from 2000 to 2008, then showed an increase in 2012. Compared to 2000, Neuroticism was statistically significantly lower in 2008 and 2016. Such statistically significant differences were not observed in the other two personalities. The personalities of university freshmen have changed in the last 16 years, which may be been caused by drastic changes. However, further research (e.g., larger-scale studies or studies including other university students) is required to support the current findings.

Multi-Barycenter Mechanics, N-Body Problem and Rotation of Galaxies and Stars

In the present paper, the establishment of a systematic multi-barycenter mechanics is based on the multi-particle mechanics. The new theory perfects the basic theoretical system of classical mechanics, which finds the law of mutual interaction between particle groups, reveals the limitations of Newton’s third law, discovers the principle of the intrinsic relationship between gravity and tidal force, reasonably interprets the origin and change laws for the rotation angular momentum of galaxies and stars and so on. By applying new theory, the multi-body problem can be transformed into a special two-body problem and for which an approximate solution method is proposed, the motion law of each particle can be roughly obtained.

Four-function Principle for Optimization Design of Green High Performance Massive Concrete

A four-function principle was proposed for the optimization design of green high performance massive concrete（GHPMC）based on the theory of value engineering and the adiabatic temperature change control.A set of concrete formulas were designed according to the orthogonal experiment.The experimental results were analyzed by applying the variance analysis method to find out the effects of influential factors and determine the optimum mixture formula.In addition,the four-function principle was successfully applied to optimize the mixture formula in field massive concrete engineering.The practical results show the adiabatic temperature change of massive concrete could be efficiently controlled,and the excellent durability,good workability and high compressive strength could be achieved.

Effects of temperature change on elastic behavior of steel beams with semi-rigid connections

Based on the nonlinear displacement-strain relationship,the virtual work principle method was used to establish the nonlinear equilibrium equations of steel beams with semi-rigid connections under vertical uniform loads and temperature change.Considering the non-uniform temperature distribution across the thickness of beams,the formulas for stresses and vertical displacements were presented.On the basis of a flowchart for analysis of the numerical example,the effect of temperature change on the elastic behavior of steel beams was investigated.It is found that the maximal stress is mainly influenced by axial temperature change,and the maximal vertical displacement is principally affected by temperature gradients.And the effect of temperature gradients on the maximal vertical displacement decreases with the increase of rotational stiffness of joints.Both the maximal stress and vertical displacement decrease with the increase of rotational stiffness of joints.It can be concluded that the effects of temperature changes and rotational stiffness of joints on the elastic behavior of steel beams are significant.However,the influence of rotational stiffness becomes smaller when the rotational stiffness is larger.

Characteristics of Central Southwest Asian Water Budgets and Their Impacts on Regional Climate

Water budgets terms, evapotranspiration (E), precipitation (P), runoff (N), moisture convergence (MC) and both surface as well as atmospheric residual terms have been computed with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (1948-2007) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-40 (1958-2001) reanalysis data sets for Central Southwest Asia (CSWA).The domain of the study is 45° - 75°E & 25° - 40°N. Only the land area has been used in these calculations. It is noted in the comparison of both reanalysis data sets with Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) that all three data sets record different precipitation before 1970. The maximum is from NCEP and the minimum with ERA-40. However, after 1970 all the data sets record almost the same precipitation. ERA-40 computes two phases of MC. Before 1975, the domain acts as a moisture source, whereas after 1975 it behaves as a moisture sink. The region CSWA is divided into six sub areas with rotational principle factor analysis and we distinguish them by different approached weather systems acting on each area. Finally, NCEP yearly precipitation is further divided into seasons;winter (November to April) and summer (May to October) and two phases have been noted. The variation in winter precipitation is more than summer during last 60-year analysis.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

Interpersonal skills and emotion management:Impact of social leadership on job satisfaction of workers

Psychological cognition is an important aspect in human psychology and management. This article is aimed to look at interpersonal emotional management interpersonal emotion management as a theoretical important indicator of job satisfaction. The main discussion is on how to predict employees’ job satisfaction through the implementation of interpersonal emotion management strategies and the main source of research is review of existing literature. This review addresses the gap in the literature by reviewing the role of interpersonal emotional management on followers’ job performance. This review finds the relationship between interpersonal emotional management which consists of four dimensions: circumstance adjustment,attentional placement,cognitive change,modulation of emotional response and job satisfaction. Overall,this literature review contributes to the interpersonal emotion management and job satisfaction literatures by providing meaningful management implications to the organizations.

求解滚齿机挂轮的一种实用方法及Microsoft VisualC++6.0实现

基于差动挂轮计算方法,介绍了一种适合各种型号滚齿机的挂轮选择程序。它可以在最短的时间内实现给定精度下的挂轮组合。由于程序通用性好,修改个别的语句和参数,程序就能完成各种型号滚齿机的挂轮计算。

经济修辞的基本原则

修辞是一种复杂的语言活动。修辞的过程,从本质上说,就是语言资源配置的过程,需要应合特定的题旨情境,朝着既定的修辞目标预期而努力。为此,修辞主体(表达者)在语言资源配置的过程中就必须遵循一定的原则。其中有三项最基本的原则,是修辞主体必须要始终牢记并遵循的,这就是:“增量达标”原则、“减量达标”原则和“调控适变”原则。

比例与预防原则关系理论对气候变化立法的阐释效应

为加快中国气候变化立法步伐,妥善处理比例原则和预防原则在气候风险规制领域的控权与保权问题上存在的抵牾、混用,采取规范分析、比较分析等方法,对二者的适用关系进行立法论和解释论相结合的研究。研究发现,学界对该两项原则的关系存在三种理论主张。其中,取代关系说易引发气候风险的过度预防问题;限制关系说可能会消解预防原则,致使气候风险规制难以有效开展。相较而言,协同关系说更适宜指引中国气候变化立法的建构路径,有助于贯彻《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》等国家政策中的协调式新发展理念,同中国在气候变化应对问题上的国家自主贡献主张理念相吻合。通过进一步的学理、事理和法理阐释发现,气候变化立法有待将“双碳”等议题纳入生态文明建设整体布局和环境法规范体系。协同关系说对中国气候变化立法的指引包括:①坚持总体国家安全观,将适度风险预防原则全面融入气候变化立法,推进气候风险规制的规范解释、气候变化法治原则与制度体系融贯;②促进气候变化减缓性工作的循序渐进、气候变化适应性工作的防微杜渐,优化减缓与适应兼顾并重的气候变化因应制度体系;③推动减污降碳协同增效,构建不同地域、不同行业及央地政府之间“共同但有区别”的气候风险合作治理与责任分工体系;④缓解气候风险规制中自由价值与安全价值间的紧张冲突,强化行政法与环境法的沟通与协调,推动环境法律规制实现由基于确定性的传统秩序行政和福利行政向基于不确定性的风险行政转型,从而促进气候法学的发展。

《民法典合同编通则解释》的理解与适用

原《合同法》及相关司法解释废止后时隔三年,《民法典合同编通则解释》在各界期盼中发布施行。在适用范围上,《民法典合同编通则解释》既适用于合同纠纷案件,也适用于非合同纠纷案件,除非依其性质不能适用;在覆盖内容上,《民法典合同编通则解释》内容丰富、亮点纷呈、形式创新,条文与司法案例配套同步出台,可形成组合效应;在时间效力上,《民法典合同编通则解释》可以溯及既往;在思维方法上,《民法典合同编通则解释》尊重立法原意,不作创新性续造,思路清晰,结构合理,方法科学。此外,为帮助正确理解适用《民法典合同编通则解释》的相关条款,还对譬如从无到有的情势变更条款的前世今生、前因后果及其与不可抗力的区别和联系作了梳理分析,并提出了修改完善《海商法》的立法建议。

情理司法抑或经权司法:立足宋代的理论与实践辨正

情理司法通常被作为传统中国司法的代表性模式来讨论,但这种学术概括存在时空局限和理论缺憾。在时空上,情理司法说主要提炼自明清司法实践,难以融贯解释此前,尤其是宋代的司法模式。在理论上,它难以解释情理司法源于何种理论及其在整个国家司法制度中的功能、作用和旨趣等核心问题,还会带来理论误导和价值遮蔽。追根溯源,情理司法根源于传统经学中的经权理论。传统经权理论在宋代获得了实质性发展,从中可以提炼出义统经权、权即是经、情时而权、圣贤行权等创新性命题。宋代士大夫官僚作为新经权理论的倡导者和推动者,将其引入司法实践,形成了具有时代特色的经权司法模式,并呈现为怀法用权、缘情用权、相时用权三种运行机制。宋代经权司法是在守法的前提下,因个案之情、理、时等因素而行权裁判,目的是补救机械守法裁判之弊,让司法合于中道价值。由于经权司法主要体现为缘情理而行权,所以常被称为情理裁判,进而被概括为情理司法。正本清源而言,宋元明清时期的经权司法是儒家经学影响司法实践的典型形式,与汉唐时期的春秋决狱共同构成了帝制时期传统司法中的救弊型司法,二者均属于特别司法模式。

科研院所项目管理变化及监管重点内容研究

随着国家对科研活动加大支持力度,有关部门增加了经费支持的范围和数量。同时,为了鼓励创新,给科研活动和科研人员松绑,有关部门不断优化完善管理办法,对科研管理管理的原则发生重大变化。作为单位内部科研管理部门,必须按照国家的政策规定,结合单位自身特点,调整优化科研活动监管的重点,最大程度服务科学研究活动。

原因欠缺导致赠与财产返还的原理和规则

赠与合同的原因体现为赠与人负担债务的“决定性动机”,这种“决定性动机”欠缺时,应当否定赠与合同的拘束力。因此,若赠与合同的原因欠缺,即使在赠与人移转赠与财产权利后,仍有否定赠与合同拘束力,认可赠与财产返还的需要。关于否定赠与合同拘束力的具体路径,“附解除条件的赠与”构成建立在对当事人意思的拟制之上,有不当干涉当事人意思自治之嫌,应当区分赠与合同原因欠缺的发生时点,分别采用错误构成和情事变更构成。若原因欠缺自始发生,则原因欠缺可能构成错误,即使该项错误属于狭义的动机错误,也应当允许赠与人主张错误撤销。若原因欠缺嗣后发生,则原因欠缺可能构成赠与合同基础情事的变更,赠与人可依情事变更规则解除赠与合同。原因欠缺导致赠与财产返还的原理亦可用于对彩礼返还规则的解释和对父母出资为已婚子女购置房屋后子女离婚所引发的财产返还问题的解决。

国际体育组织践行体育促进气候行动原则的动因、逻辑和进路——兼议我国体育应对气候变化的举措

全球变暖背景下,国际体育组织践行体育促进气候行动原则以应对气候变化挑战。以国际体育组织践行体育促进气候行动原则的动因为切入点,总结国际体育组织践行原则的行为逻辑,分析践行原则的现实挑战,提出完善进路,并讨论我国体育应对气候变化举措的完善。研究发现:国际体育组织采用软法在组织层面确立气候变化应对责任,通过规范碳足迹计算与分层处理机制的适用以最大限度减少对气候的负面影响,贯彻多元治理理念于气候行动教育、可持续和负责任消费以及倡导气候行动。研究认为:国际体育组织应对气候变化责任原则未明、实现机制弱化、责任规定有待完善、分层处理机制的适用有待规范;可从“自主贡献”责任原则的确立、气候影响评价制度的完善、责任明确的指引、生态保护意识的提升、践行体育促进气候行动原则核证制度的建立层面进行完善。基于国际体育组织对体育促进气候行动原则的践行经验,我国体育应对气候变化应加强宏观调控,“共生”气候变化应对系统,严格权责落实。

光致变色纺织品制备技术的研究进展

光致变色纺织品因迅速的光响应性和反应可逆性等特质,在时尚和智能纺织品领域应用前景广泛。概述光致变色材料的变色原理和分类,探讨光致变色纺织品制备方法(直接接枝、染色及印花、纺丝、层层自组装、微胶囊法)的最新进展,并总结各种方法的优缺点。直接接枝法可精确控制材料用量,但部分方法需要专业技术和设备;染色及印花法简便经济,适用于大规模生产,但染料易褪色且可能污染环境;纺丝法将光致变色物质纺入纤维,但制备过程复杂;层层自组装法可精确控制材料结构,提高稳定性,但制备周期长且繁琐;微胶囊法可有效隔离材料,提高稳定性,具有量产潜力,可用于开发智能纺织品。最后,简要介绍光致变色纺织品在光信息储存和太阳紫外线检测等领域的应用进展。

Doppler Effect: A Look from Biology Aging

The Doppler effect can be defined as the frequency shift suffered by a wave phenomenon, when there is a difference in relative speed between the waves generated and their source. We know that it occurs in the case of mechanical and electromagnetic waves. We propose to generalize the Doppler effect to the case of frequency changes of certain oscillatory variables in biology before and after puberty, starting from the basis that a metabolically accelerated system is equivalent to a mechanically accelerated system. We then established the following objectives: To verify if there is an average difference in heart and respiratory rates, before and after puberty. To verify the association of these frequency differences with the metabolic activity estimated as basal metabolic rate or BMR. We studied heart and respiratory rate data from healthy people of both sexes, verifying the frequency distribution before and after puberty. We also study the relationship of the frequency distribution with the evolution of the basal metabolic rate throughout life. Analysis of the results shows that the highest heart and respiratory rates occur before puberty, while the lowest rates occur after puberty. A high correlation of the evolution of the variables studied with the evolution of the metabolic acceleration of the system throughout life is also evident. Taking into account that a mechanically accelerated system is equivalent to a metabolically accelerated system, we can conclude that the frequency distribution found is the expression of a generalization of the Doppler effect in the case of biological physical systems.