A New Version of Special Relativity Absorbed the Uncertainty Principle: Its Content as Well as Application and Experimental Test

Based on the space spherical symmetry of 3-dimensional and the translational symmetry of time and the uncertainty principle, a 4-dimensional space-time cylinder model of quarks and leptons is established. With this model, equations of the special relativity can be extended more perfectly, thereby achieving a unity of the special relativity and quantum mechanics in deeper level. New equations can not only interpret issues explained by old equations but also solve several important pending problems. For example, a formula to strictly calculate the coefficient ξ of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is derived, to above 4 × 1019 eV UHECR protons the calculated |ξ| -30, although there is the LIV effect it is too weak to change the GZK cutoff, which is consistent with observations of HiRes and Auger;Also, a relation formula between the Hubble constant and several basic constants is derived, thus theoretically calculated H0 = 70.937 km·s-1·Mpc-1, which is well consistent with the final observation result of HST Key Project. In addition, an unusual effect predicted by new equations can be experimentally tested in the electron storage ring;a preliminary experiment result has hinted its signs of existence.

A Solution to the Cosmological Constant Problem Using the Holographic Principle (A Brief Note)

This paper integrates a quantum conception of the Planck epoch early universe with FSC model formulae and the holographic principle, to offer a reasonable explanation and solution of the cosmological constant problem. Such a solution does not appear to be achievable in cosmological models which do not integrate black hole formulae with quantum formulae such as the Stephan-Boltzmann law. As demonstrated herein, assuming a constant value of Lambda over the great span of cosmic time appears to have been a mistake. It appears that Einstein’s assumption of a constant, in terms of vacuum energy density, was not only a mistake for a statically-balanced universe, but also a mistake for a dynamically-expanding universe.

CHARACTERISTIC GRAIN SIZE: PART Ⅱ MEASURING PRINCIPLES

The principles for measuring characteristic grain sizes of materials, such as fully-dense single phase materials, porous materials and materials with isolated second phase particles, are developed on the basis of its definition associated closely with the surface area per unit volume, Sv, of grain. The focus of the measuring principles of the characteristic grain size is put on determining Sv of grains. Unlike the measurement of average grain size commonly used, G, correcting factors such as grain shape and grain size distribution factors, will not be applied to the determination of the characteristic grain size, Gc, due to its unique geometric meaning and the measure precision of Sv being guaranteed by quantitative stereological technique and gas adsorption method. The measurement of Gc can be directly carried out on the polished and etched cross section of materials, similar to the measuremernt of the average grain size using the Heyn intercept method.

Adequate Advance Provided by a Familiar Fluid Dynamic Balance Principle to Tools and Techniques for Water Quality Interpretation: Experienced in Yaoundé(Cameroun) 2^ndSupply Dam

In a fluid (liquid or gas) at rest, the isobars are horizontal surface. This fluid dynamic balance theorem provides adequate advance to tools and techniques for Water Quality Interpretation. We deal in this paper, with an effective way of exploiting the familiar communicating containers’ principle. That formally consists on providing water samples from desired depths of rivers, oceans, retention dams, etc. The prevailing limiting factor to achieve this feat is the length of our sampling pipes named Mbane Bathymetric Tube (MBT) designed for this purpose when rivers or retention dams are very deep. Providing drinking water to urban growing populations is a challenge that no government can escape. Therefore, improving the tools and techniques for water quality interpretation is an adequate advance for drinking water managerial techniques because this allows the recovery of contaminated water which abounds on the earth by acquiring appropriate wastewater treatment stations. The aim of the manuscript is to provide a brief theoretical description of our designed sampling equipment to allow everyone who is going to use it to solve in advance problems brought by Archimedes’ pressure force when experiencing the sampling pipes. Archimedes’ pressure force acts mainly when moving the sampling pipes to water lower levels and then opening its protective cover which allows the communication with the supply dam.

Principles of Shiology——Revealing the Basic Rules of Human Shiance

The objective principles of shiology are mainly reflected in three fields as food acquisition, eaters' health and shiance order. Most of the objective principles in the field of food acquisition have been revealed by agronomy and foodstuff science. This research mainly focuses on 10 principles in the field of eaters' health and shiance order and in addition, there are also five lemmas that extend from the above principles. The 10 principles are the core theory of the shiology knowledge system, which play an important role in the objective principles revealed by human beings and constitute one of the basic principles of human civilization. Compared with the scientific principles of mathematics, physics, chemistry and economics, the principles of shiology have three characteristics as popularity, practicability and survivability. The principles of shiology in the field of eaters' health are all around us, and everyone can understand and master them. Using the principles of shiology can improve the healthy life span of 8 billion people. The principles of shiology in the field of shiance order is an important tool of social governance, which can reduce human social conflicts, reduce social involution, improve overall efficiency of social operation, and maintain the sustainable development of human beings.

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

Tree Network Formation in Poisson Equation Models and the Implications for the Maximum Entropy Production Principle

This paper presents not only practical but also instructive mathematical models to simulate tree network formation using the Poisson equation and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Then, the implications for entropic theories are discussed from the viewpoint of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP). According to the MEP principle, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized when entropy production is maximized, creating dissipative structures with low entropy such as the tree-shaped network. We prepare two simulation models: one is the Poisson equation model that simulates the state far from equilibrium, and the other is the Laplace equation model that simulates the isolated state or the state near thermodynamic equilibrium. The output of these equations is considered to be positively correlated to entropy production of the system. Setting the Poisson equation model so that entropy production is maximized, tree network formation is advanced. We suppose that this is due to the invocation of the MEP principle, that is, entropy of the system is lowered by emitting maximal entropy out of the system. On the other hand, tree network formation is not observed in the Laplace equation model. Our simulation results will offer the persuasive evidence that certifies the effect of the MEP principle.

The Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains for Unsaturated Soils

The principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains for rock and soil has been extended to the field of unsaturated soils.Two new interactions of suction-plastic volumetric strain and pore air pressure-plastic volumetric strain appear in the unsaturated state of a soil except the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains.It is very important to find that the suction possesses a dual property,which is the origin of generating its special functions.Thereby the effect of the suction on volumetric strain includes two opposite aspects.By means of this property of suction,the physical significance of effective stress parameter,effects of suction on volume change and preconsolidation pressure,and the mechanism of collapse upon wetting all can be explained.In addition,it is theoretically proved by application of this principle of interaction that the critical state line for unsaturated soils exists,and is unique and independent of the stress history.

Adaptive Optimal Discrete-Time Output-Feedback Using an Internal Model Principle and Adaptive Dynamic Programming

In order to address the output feedback issue for linear discrete-time systems, this work suggests a brand-new adaptive dynamic programming(ADP) technique based on the internal model principle(IMP). The proposed method, termed as IMP-ADP, does not require complete state feedback-merely the measurement of input and output data. More specifically, based on the IMP, the output control problem can first be converted into a stabilization problem. We then design an observer to reproduce the full state of the system by measuring the inputs and outputs. Moreover, this technique includes both a policy iteration algorithm and a value iteration algorithm to determine the optimal feedback gain without using a dynamic system model. It is important that with this concept one does not need to solve the regulator equation. Finally, this control method was tested on an inverter system of grid-connected LCLs to demonstrate that the proposed method provides the desired performance in terms of both tracking and disturbance rejection.

International law obligations for the disposal of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water under the principles of nuclear safety

The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.

Emergence of Friedmann Equation of Cosmology of a Flat Universe from the Time-Energy Uncertainty Principle

Friedmann equation of cosmology is based on the field equations of general relativity. Its derivation is straight-forward once the Einstein’s field equations are given and the derivation is independent of quantum mechanics. In this paper, it is shown that the Friedmann equation pertinent to a homogeneous, isotropic and flat universe can also be obtained as a consequence of the energy balance in the expanding universe between the positive energy associated with vacuum and matter, and the negative gravitational energy. The results obtained here is a clear consequence of the fact that the surface area of the Hubble sphere is proportional to the total amount of information contained within it.

The Minimum Energy Principle in Description of Nonlinear Properties of Orthotropic Material

In this paper the conception of theoretical determine the relations between material experimental characteristics is presented. On the base of stress-strain relations for nonlinear elastic anisotropic material and geometrical interpretation of deformation state, the general form of strain energy density function was introduced. Using this function and variational methods the relations between material characteristics were achieved. All considerations are illustrated by a short theoretical example.

Critical Analysis of the Origins of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Analysis of the initial stages of the logical process followed by Louis de Broglie in establishing the electron phase wave equation in his 1924 thesis, which triggered the development of Wave Mechanics when Erwin Schrödinger formalized this concept with his vectorial wave equation. This development was soon followed by Quantum Mechanics, when Schrödinger proved that the Matrix Mechanics independently developed by Werner Heisenberg was equivalent to Wave Mechanics, with both theories leaving room for some degree of uncertainty as to the physical localization of the moving electron. This is what led Heisenberg to also formalize the Uncertainty Principle to take this situation into account. This principle was soon regarded as a fundamental axiomatic principle that seemed to make further exploration of the subatomic level of magnitude appear impossible to most researchers. We will analyze in this article the reason why the phase-wave velocity established by de Broglie generated this uncertainty in the localization of the moving electron in light of the current state of knowledge on the behavior of the electron in motion, in view of establishing the relevance of maintaining the Uncertainty Principle in the study of the subatomic level of magnitude.

Connection between the Principles of Thermodynamics and the Conservation Laws: Physical Meaning of the Principles of Thermodynamics

It has been shown that the first principle of thermodynamics follows from the conservation laws for energy and linear momentum. And the second principle of thermodynamics follows from the first principle of thermodynamics under realization of the integrating factor (namely, temperature) and is a conservation law. The significance of the first principle of thermodynamics consists in the fact that it specifies the thermodynamic system state, which depends on interaction between conservation laws and is non-equilibrium due to a non-commutativity of conservation laws. The realization of the second principle of thermodynamics points to a transition of the thermodynamic system state into a locally-equilibrium state. Phase transitions are examples of such transitions.

The Principle of Polysaccharide Gels

For several decades attention has been directed to natural polysaccharide gels and synthesized polymer gels. The structure-function relationships at molecular level in water of polysaccharides, κ-carrageenan, ι-carrageenan, agarose (agar), and gellan family of polysaccharides (gellan, welan, rhamsan, S-657, deacetylated rhamsan and native gellan gum), which are industrially useful polysaccharides extracted from family of red seaweeds and bacteria, in principle are discussed on the view point of rheological aspects. The polysaccharide molecules (0.1% - 1.0%) play a dominant role in the center of the tetrahedral cavities occupied by water molecules (99.0% - 99.9%), and the arrangement is similar to a tetrahedral structure in a gelation process. The cage and hydrophobic effect play thermal dynamically dominant role in gelation process which gives lowest entropy to electrons of sugar residues. Though the chemical structure of these polysaccharides similar each other, their rheological (gelling) characteristics are quite different. Many investigations about the gelling properties of the polysaccharides have been undertaken to elucidate the structure-function relationship, but no other researchers have established mechanism at the molecular level. There is consistency in our investigations. Thus, the rheological analysis is one of significant methods for understanding the structure-function relationship of polysaccharides in aqueous media. The discussion provides many important information not only in academic field, but also in industrial one, such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, drug delivery and tissue industries, and biotechnology.

Novel Features of Classical Electrodynamics and Their Connection to the Elementary Charge, Energy Density of Vacuum and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle—Review and Consolidation

The paper provides a review and conciliation of the results pertinent to the energy and action associated with electromagnetic radiation obtained using classical electrodynamics and published in several journal papers. The results presented in those papers are based on three systems that generate electromagnetic radiation, namely, frequency domain antennas, time domain antennas and decelerating (or accelerating) charged elementary particles. In the case of radiation generated by a frequency domain antenna, the energy dissipated as radiation within half a period, U, satisfies the order of magnitude inequality U ≥ hv → q ≥ e where q is the magnitude of the oscillating charge in the antenna, e is the elementary charge, v is the frequency and h is the Planck constant. In the case of transient radiation fields generated by time domain antennas or the radiation emitted by decelerating (or accelerating) charged elementary particles, the energy dissipated by the system as radiation satisfies the order of magnitude inequality Uτr ≥ h/4π → q ≥ e where U is the energy dissipated as radiation by the system τr, is the duration of the energy emission and q is either the charge in the current pulse in the case of the time domain antenna or the charge of the elementary particle giving rise to the radiation. These results are derived while adhering strictly to the principles of classical electrodynamics alone. These results were interpreted in different papers in different ways using different assumptions. In this paper, we provide a unified interpretation of the results, and combining these results with two simple quantum mechanical concepts, expression for the elementary charge as a function of other natural constants and the energy density of vacuum is derived. The expressions predict the elementary charge to an accuracy higher than about 1%.

A Mean-Field Stochastic Maximum Principle for Optimal Control of Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps via Malliavin Calculus

This paper considers a mean-field type stochastic control problem where the dynamics is governed by a forward and backward stochastic differential equation (SDE) driven by Lévy processes and the information available to the controller is possibly less than the overall information. All the system coefficients and the objective performance functional are allowed to be random, possibly non-Markovian. Malliavin calculus is employed to derive a maximum principle for the optimal control of such a system where the adjoint process is explicitly expressed.

General Optimal Trajectory Planning:Enabling Autonomous Vehicles with the Principle of Least Action

This study presents a general optimal trajectory planning(GOTP)framework for autonomous vehicles(AVs)that can effectively avoid obstacles and guide AVs to complete driving tasks safely and efficiently.Firstly,we employ the fifth-order Bezier curve to generate and smooth the reference path along the road centerline.Cartesian coordinates are then transformed to achieve the curvature continuity of the generated curve.Considering the road constraints and vehicle dynamics,limited polynomial candidate trajectories are generated and smoothed in a curvilinear coordinate system.Furthermore,in selecting the optimal trajectory,we develop a unified and auto-tune objective function based on the principle of least action by employing AVs to simulate drivers’behavior and summarizing their manipulation characteristics of“seeking benefits and avoiding losses.”Finally,by integrating the idea of receding-horizon optimization,the proposed framework is achieved by considering dynamic multi-performance objectives and selecting trajectories that satisfy feasibility,optimality,and adaptability.Extensive simulations and experiments are performed,and the results demonstrate the framework’s feasibility and effectiveness,which avoids both dynamic and static obstacles and applies to various scenarios with multi-source interactive traffic participants.Moreover,we prove that the proposed method can guarantee real-time planning and safety requirements compared to drivers’manipulation.

Design Principles and Mechanistic Understandings of Non-Noble-Metal Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries

Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.