International law obligations for the disposal of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water under the principles of nuclear safety

The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.

Ethical Principles and Governance Technology Development of AI in China

Ethics and governance are vital to the healthy and sustainable development of artificial intelligence(AI).With the long-term goal of keeping AI beneficial to human society,governments,research organizations,and companies in China have published ethical guidelines and principles for AI,and have launched projects to develop AI governance technologies.This paper presents a survey of these efforts and highlights the preliminary outcomes in China.It also describes the major research challenges in AI governance research and discusses future research directions.

The Complementary Effect of Halal Principles and Sustainable Concept

This paper focuses on Malaysian Muslims perspective towards food safety, environment and animal welfare aspects of Halal principles in manufactured foods. Cross-sectional consumer data were collected through a survey. One thousand seven hundreds and sixteen （1,716） Muslim respondents all over Peninsular Malaysia were interviewed randomly via structured questionnaire in 2009 to address the issues on Muslim consumers＇ understanding and perspective of Halal principles and its relation to food safety, environmentally friendly and animal welfare. Descriptive and Chi-square analysis were used to analyze the data collected. The findings revealed that majority of respondent relate Halal principles to food safety because Halal principle not only about slaughtering of animals but must also be Tyoibah or clean. The consumers from East of Peninsular Malaysia, with higher level religiosity and education level are more likely to understand the true meaning of Halal principles, Measuring the extent of consumers＇ understanding of Halal principles is vital, since Halal does not only focus on the Islamic processing but also sustainable concept of hygiene, sanitation and safety.

Towards the Unified Principles for Level 5 Autonomous Vehicles

The rapid advance of autonomous vehicles(AVs)has motivated new perspectives and potential challenges for existing modes of transportation.Currently,driving assistance systems of Level 3 and below have been widely produced,and several applications of Level 4 systems to specific situations have also been gradually developed.By improving the automation level and vehicle intelligence,these systems can be further advanced towards fully autonomous driving.However,general development concepts for Level 5 AVs remain unclear,and the existing methods employed in the development processes of Levels 0-4 have been mainly based on task-driven function development related to specific scenarios.Therefore,it is difficult to identify the problems encountered by high-level AVs.The essential logical and physical mechanisms of vehicles have hindered further progression towards Level 5 systems.By exploring the physical mechanisms behind high-level autonomous driving systems and analyzing the essence of driving,we put forward a coordinated and balanced framework based on the brain-cerebellum-organ concept through reasoning and deduction.Based on a mixed mode relying on the crow inference and parrot imitation approach,we explore the research paradigm of autonomous learning and prior knowledge to realize the characteristics of self-learning,self-adaptation,and self-transcendence for AVs.From a systematic,unified,and balanced point of view and based on least action principles and unified safety field concepts,we aim to provide a novel research concept and develop an effective approach for the research and development of high-level AVs,specifically at Level 5.

Analysis of the Impact of Road Traffic Safety Facilities on Traffic Safety

The development of the national economy is closely tied to infrastructure construction.In recent years,China has seen a significant increase in the number and scale of road construction projects,aimed at facilitating the flow of goods and enabling convenient travel for the masses.However,this surge in road construction also raises concerns about road traffic safety.Road traffic safety facilities play a crucial role in warning and protecting against traffic accidents.To ensure their effective implementation,this paper analyzes the essence of road traffic facilities and their impact on traffic safety.By identifying challenges in the application of traffic safety facilities and adhering to safety facility application principles,suggestions are proposed to enhance traffic safety management.

Personal glucose meters coupled with signal amplification technologies for quantitative detection of non-glucose targets:Recent progress and challenges in food safety hazards analysis

Ensuring food safety is paramount worldwide.Developing effective detection methods to ensure food safety can be challenging owing to trace hazards,long detection time,and resource-poor sites,in addition to the matrix effects of food.Personal glucose meter(PGM),a classic point-of-care testing device,possesses unique application advantages,demonstrating promise in food safety.Currently,many studies have used PGM-based biosensors and signal amplification technologies to achieve sensitive and specific detection of food hazards.Signal amplification technologies have the potential to greatly improve the analytical performance and integration of PGMs with biosensors,which is crucial for solving the challenges associated with the use of PGMs for food safety analysis.This review introduces the basic detection principle of a PGM-based sensing strategy,which consists of three key factors:target recognition,signal transduction,and signal output.Representative studies of existing PGM-based sensing strategies combined with various signal amplification technologies(nanomaterial-loaded multienzyme labeling,nucleic acid reaction,DNAzyme catalysis,responsive nanomaterial encapsulation,and others)in the field of food safety detection are reviewed.Future perspectives and potential opportunities and challenges associated with PGMs in the field of food safety are discussed.Despite the need for complex sample preparation and the lack of standardization in the field,using PGMs in combination with signal amplification technology shows promise as a rapid and cost-effective method for food safety hazard analysis.

Comparison of the Evolution of Genetically Modified Food Safety Policies between the United States and the European Union

With the research on and development of Genetically Modified Food （GMF）, people＇s attitude toward GMF may fall into two divergent categories, typical- ly represented by the United States（US） and the European Union（EU）, respectively. The former follows a ＂sound science principle＂ and firmly objects to the precautionary principle, namely a permissive policy of positive support of and voluntary labelling on GMF; while the latter adopts a cautiously precautionary principle, requiring mandatory labelling and traceability. From the standpoint of regulatory principles, together with corresponding supervisory measures and relevant provisions, this paper compared the execution of directives and provisions on GMF from the initial policies enacted by the US and EU to current situation combined with the track and analysis of latest polic ies issued.

国际食品安全文化建设进展分析及对我国的启示

为探索建设适合我国国情的食品安全文化,本文收集整理全球食品安全倡议(GFSI)、世界卫生组织(WHO)、国际食品法典委员会(CAC)及欧盟、澳新、美国、英国等组织和国家开展的食品安全文化建设工作的资料,从食品安全文化的定义、出台的相关政策、建立食品安全文化的重要性、食品安全文化评价原则、应采取的有效措施和评估时使用的工具等方面进行了分析比较,并基于中国传统文化的积淀、传承、城乡食品安全现状,提出了构建中国特色食品安全文化相关建议,希望为构建符合我国国情的食品安全文化提供参考和借鉴。

Computational uncertainty and optimal grid size and time step of the Lax-Friedrichs scheme for the 1D advection equation

本文对于应用Lax-Friedrichs格式数值求解一维平流方程,研究数值求解过程中产生的截断误差与舍入误差,以及两种误差逐层向高时间层传播的累积,得到新的数值解总误差上界的理论近似公式,以及最优格距和最优时间步长的理论公式.通过数值算例验证了所得公式的可靠性。然后,发现了两种不同机器精度下最优时间步长之比满足的一个仅与机器精度有关的普适关系.最后,理论验证了在网格比固定的情况下,此问题满足数值计算的不确定性原理,以及在机器有限精度下最优时间步长的必然存在。

食品安全法律责任阶梯化的关键问题研究

食品安全法律责任阶梯化是解决食品安全领域法律责任合理化的一种重要途径,可以有效提高食品安全治理水平。当前存在行刑衔接缺失、惩罚性赔偿金额缺乏弹性、刑事责任设置不平等、一味从严设定的法律责任缺乏可操作性等问题。实现食品安全法律责任阶梯化应当遵循法律明确性原则和比例原则。刑事立法应当将危害食品安全犯罪的对象、主体、资格刑与行政法相协调,罚款应当折抵罚金。行政法律应当降低行政处罚的最低限度,实现行政责任梯度清晰化。惩罚性赔偿标准应当增强灵活性,并设置赔偿金额的上限。食品药品监管渎职罪应当增加罪刑阶梯。

Ethical framework for artificial intelligence in healthcare research:A path to integrity

The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)into healthcare research promises unprecedented advancements in medical diagnostics,treatment personalization,and patient care management.However,these innovations also bring forth significant ethical challenges that must be addressed to maintain public trust,ensure patient safety,and uphold data integrity.This article sets out to introduce a detailed framework designed to steer governance and offer a systematic method for assuring that AI applications in healthcare research are developed and executed with integrity and adherence to medical research ethics.

阶段矿房法二步骤采场地压控制研究

在阶段矿房二步骤开采时,为了减小上盘岩移量,常采纳采场中部切槽并向上盘、下盘两侧回采,从而缩短采场暴露时间,以便减小上盘岩移量。当地压达到流变发生的条件后,缩短采场暴露时间并不能有效控制上盘巷道发生岩移破坏。为此,利用三维连续体快速拉格朗日分析数值模拟采场上盘地压,并根据流变理论分析,采纳低松弛预应力大直径钢绞线锚索支护上盘顶板以便减小上盘地压,从而克服发生流变变形的应力条件。结果表明:在上盘岩体上施加支护抗力可减小或消除高地压导致的流变变形;采纳7排7.0 m长的锚索、每排6根支护上盘顶板后大幅度减小了上盘岩移量,但采场第2分层上排锚索及一步骤采场第3分层局部锚索的锚固力超过设计值;采纳8排7.0 m长的锚索、一步骤采场每排7根、二步骤采场每排6根支护上盘顶板后,即使回采底柱,锚索锚固力也不会达到设计值。监测表明,大直径钢绞线锚索支护后上盘岩移量减小到一般不超过6 mm。

基于车速平稳过渡的高速公路出口限速方案

研究能够满足出口车速平稳过渡的逐级限速方案,对出口区域车辆平稳运行及安全提升有重要意义。利用无人机采集高速公路出口车辆运行参数,分析出口车辆运行特征,考虑驾驶员对相邻限速标志的认知反应,构建了连续限速标志设置间距计算模型,建立了高速公路出口不同级别的限速方案,利用驾驶模拟试验对设计的不同限速方案进行分析及评价。模型的计算结果显示,二级限速方案中,限速值为60-40 km/h的限速标志间距为160 m;三级限速方案中,限速值为80-60-40 km/h的限速标志间距分别为300 m和80 m,限速值为90-60-40 km/h的限速标志间距分别为300 m和85 m;四级限速方案中,限速值为100-80-60-40 km/h的限速标志间距分别为295、160、80 m。利用驾驶模拟器对模型结果进行验证,试验结果表明:随着限速级数增加,车辆离散幅度显著降低,表明逐级限速方案对出口车辆运行速度有明显管控效果;逐级限速方案的平均减速度指标小于1.3 m/s^(2),均在驾驶舒适性阈值内;四级限速方案可使在分流鼻端车速标准差、平均减速度、分流鼻运行速度V85分别控制在5.23 km/h、0.52 m/s^(2)、54 km/h左右,极大满足了车速平稳过渡要求。可见,借助模型定量优化的逐级限速方案可以显著提高出口车速过渡的平稳性和安全性。

马克思主义基本原理课“两轮六步”教学模式的探索与实践

为帮助大学生整体把握、切实运用、忠诚信仰马克思主义,马克思主义基本原理课教学团队可采用“两轮六步”教学模式,通过输入型学习和输出型学习相结合的两轮教学,依次奏响课前预习预热、课上师生探究、课下慕课学习、测前串讲复习、随堂测验巩固、团队研究展示的“六步曲”,以此提高教学总体效果。在教学实践中完善这一教学模式,需要通过问题驱动、素材驱动和交互驱动的方式,增强学生课前预习的驱动力;通过甄选和录制影音微课,提高网络教学的吸引力;通过构建课堂实践、校内实践、社会实践“三位一体”实践教学体系,提升实践教学实效性。

尾矿坝位移分级预警阈值研究及规律分析

针对尾矿坝在线监测重建设、轻利用的现状,基于尾矿坝位移在线监测时间序列,通过多步逆向云变换算法(Multi-step Backward Cloud Transformation Algorithm Based on Sampling with Replacement,MBCT-SR)改进云模型,根据“3E_(n)原则”和内外包络曲线确定在线监测位移的正常运行值,从而建立尾矿坝位移分级预警阈值模型,并利用某尾矿坝全球导航卫星(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)技术表面位移在线监测数据进行实例验证。结果表明:该尾矿坝水平方向位移的黄、橙、红预警阈值分别为8.41 mm/d、12.94 mm/d、19.41 mm/d,呈现出坝体中间预警阈值最大、并由中间向两侧减小的空间变化规律;尾矿坝垂直方向位移的黄、橙、红预警阈值分别为16.56 mm/d、25.48 mm/d、38.22 mm/d,且随着子坝的堆积,预警阈值逐渐增大。

适用2000 HSC CODE的高速船特点及总体设计要求

高速船由于其航速高、质量轻、营运特殊等特点,需要适用的规则与常规船型不同。2000年的《国际高速船安全规则》(简称2000 HSC CODE)作为较完备的适用于高速船的规则,被各海事主管机关广泛接受作为高速船的设计依据。文中简要介绍2000 HSC CODE的安全原理,以及该规则对各海事主管机关的适用程度;然后通过国内外高速船事故来分析该类船的事故类型及致因特点,并进一步介绍了适用高速船的风险控制及设计措施,包括营运限制、破舱稳性、防火要求和撤离分析等总体设计要求,以供理解高速船的安全原理并指导其设计。

疏散模拟软件STEPS与Pathfinder对比研究

为了了解两款疏散模拟软件STEPS与Pathfinder的功能差异及适用范围,采用理论研究与实际模拟相结合的方法进行对比分析。研究发现:STEPS软件采用元胞自动机(CA)模型,疏散规则简单,人员智能化程度低,疏散时人员行为特征与现实情况不完全相符,但路径决策系统很好地解决了上述问题,可以真实地模拟常态下人员疏散;Pathfinder软件采用Agent-based模型,人员智能化程度高,个体可以回应环境刺激,人员可以轻松规避障碍物,人群中的个体行为特征丰富且与现实情况十分相符,但在出口选择上存在缺陷,人员只能选择前方的出口而忽略后方的出口,不能模拟常态下的人员疏散。分析得出,Pathfinder模拟结果与真实情况相符程度更高,STEPS更适合模拟常态下人员疏散。

绿色化学导向的一步法贝诺酯合成工艺研究及其体内动态评价

现行教材中贝诺酯的合成基于Schotten-Baumann酯化反应,实验试剂SOCl_(2)会转化生成HCl和SO_(2),环境友好性低,且实验步骤多。本改进实验利用碳二酰亚胺/4-DMAP缩合酯化反应一步合成贝诺酯,通过熔点测定、NMR、HPLC-MS等对产品进行结构表征与纯度测定,并进行基于大鼠血浆和胆汁的体内动态分析。同时验证了药物设计拼合原理,改进后的方法绿色高效,安全性明显提高。

夹杂物诱发晶内针状铁素体及形核聚合的基础研究进展

采用氧化物冶金技术提高钢板的焊接热影响区韧性是当前钢铁冶金领域研究的热点。本文从夹杂物诱导晶内针状铁素体(Intragranular Acicular Ferrite,IAF)形核和复合夹杂物有效形核二方面,综述了容易诱发IAF的夹杂物、夹杂物间的晶体学关系、钢液凝固过程中IAF的形核机理以及复合夹杂物形核聚合的研究。这能为进一步明确氧化物冶金中有益夹杂物的形核和生长演变过程提供思路。

基于改进变权物元可拓模型的地铁车站火灾安全韧性评价

为进一步提升地铁车站火灾安全管理水平,基于韧性理论,提出了地铁车站火灾安全韧性概念。以随着火灾发展阶段依次涌现的韧性吸收能力、抵抗能力、恢复能力和适应能力表征为核心,从“人、机、环、管”4个方面识别影响因素,建立地铁车站火灾安全韧性评价指标体系;运用变权理论对评价指标进行赋权,将贴近度原则和物元可拓模型相结合确定地铁车站火灾安全韧性等级,构建基于改进变权物元可拓的地铁车站火灾安全韧性评价模型,解决了以往韧性评价过程中未考虑模糊性和随机性的问题;最后应用该模型对青岛某地铁车站进行实例分析,结果表明,该地铁车站火灾安全韧性等级为Ⅱ级“较高韧性”,但略有偏向Ⅲ级“一般韧性”的趋势,与实际情况基本相符,并通过对比改进模型与传统物元可拓模型的评价结果,验证了改进模型的有效性。所提出的模型可以为提升地铁运营管理水平提供一定的参考依据。