The Development of Human Rights Protection in Cross-border Personality Rights and Tort Conflict Laws

Personality rights are basic rights related to human dignity in the concept of human rights protection,and respect for personality rights is the basic prerequisite for safeguarding other human rights.Human rights protection exerts a profound impact on the value of legislation and enforcement practices of private international laws in the field of cross-border personality rights infringement in various countries,which is mainly manifested in the integration of substantive justice and the humanistic care concept of protecting the rights of vulnerable groups into formal justice,and expands the development space of human rights protection ideas in cross-border personality rights and tort conflict laws.the diversity of human rights protection values determines that cross-border personality rights infringement may lead to conflicts between personality rights and other basic rights,such as freedom of speech.to reconcile such conflicts,a workable method is to prioritize personality rights protection in accordance with the hierarchy of rights theory in the value judgment of public order reservation or to clarify the limits of the right holder’s tolerance obligation through the limited application of the principle of proportionality.China’s current cross-border personality rights and tort conflict law can optimize the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups by diversifying the options of available legal methods,and establish a balancing mechanism between personality rights and freedom of speech,so as to improve China’s legal protection system for human rights in the field of foreign-related civil and commercial affairs.

Living in a Condominium Regime:Neighborhood Conflicts in Low-Income Housing,Tijuana,Baja California-A Secondary Publication

This paper analyzes neighborhood conflicts arising from the condominium property regime,under which social housing promoted by Mexican government institutions and private developers is acquired.This regime has facilitated access to housing for the salaried population,but it is far from contributing to the attainment of the right to housing.The research takes as case studies housing complexes located in the city of Tijuana,Baja California,Mexico.The analysis included a mixed methodology.Firstly,similar case studies were analyzed;secondly,a review of the Condominium Property Regime Law was carried out in order to understand its implications.In view of the pandemic situation,a virtual survey was applied to the inhabitants of these areas,as well as interviews with presidents of neighborhood committees of these complexes.From the above,it was found that this form of ownership generates conflicts,reflected in the dissatisfaction of the inhabitants with their housing,disagreements and controversies in their organization and coexistence.The inhabitants have to collectively solve the problems they face,related to the maintenance and use of common areas,insecurity,and cleanliness,among others.In addition,there is a lack of support from local authorities.With this,it is concluded that although the inhabitants have a space that solves their housing problem,it does not manage to be a space that adequately guarantees their right to housing.

Conflict and Balance Between the Right to Life and Other Rights

The global COVID-19 pandemic is changing the international order and transforming the lifestyle of the mankind pandemic prevention and control has posed new challenges to the traditional system of basic rights Conflicts between the right to life and other rights, arising from the pandemic prevention and control measures adopted by governments, have triggered academic debates Governments have taken stringent pandemic prevention and control measures to protect the life, health and safety of the public, including restricting their personal freedom, freedom of religious belief as well as freedom in other spheres, with a view to safeguard the right to life In order to prioritize the right to life among the basic rights, its legitimacy basis should be researched on and a reasonable balance should be struck among the right to life, the right to dignity and other freedoms In the post-epidemic era, we should carry forward the human rights culture, optimize the system and mechanism that defend the value of the right to life, and endow the right to life with new connotation and mission.

Integrating Human Rights Conflicts in COVID-19 Pandemic Prevention and Control

In the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, conflicts between the right to life and health and the rights to freedom, economy and equality are inevitable exploring conflicts of human rights and responding solutions will directly influence the success of the battle against the coronavirus From the perspective of human rights’ subjects, the conflicts are between young and elder COVID-19 patients, COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, citizens from epidemic center areas and non-epidemic areas In terms of the content of these rights, the conflict between the right to life and health and the right to econom ic freedom should be resolved based on four principles: priority, the limit of costs, baseline equality, and resto ration of justice on the value side, the relationship between social order and freedoms should be clarified in five aspects: life, market, security, news, and speech to build a good governance model that can stabilize the order of epidemic preven tion & control order and maintain social vitality.

Setting Regional Research Priorities for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Services in Humanitarian Settings

Background: Despite increased recognition of the need for sexual and reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings, evidence focusing on mainstreaming reproductive health services such as maternal, neonatal mortality, human immunodeficiency virus transmission and unsafe abortion still remains inadequate. The ability to understand the magnitude of the needs and highlight existing gaps is supported by improved data which is critical to informing effective policies, programming and funding decisions. The purpose of this report is to present the results of a research prioritization exercise on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings for the WHO Africa region for the next three years. Methods: We adapted the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative method in three phases. Experts from the region participated in an online survey to identify key areas for research in sexual and reproductive health and rights. To identify potential areas for research, the experts ensured answerability, effectiveness, deliverability, equity and potential impact of the questions. The research areas they identified were reviewed by World Health Organization technical team from headquarters. In a meeting of 67 participants, the questions were subjected to further review and analysis. Using a modified for scoring criteria, the questions were scored and ranked to provide the top ten priority questions to address sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings. Results: A list of 21 priority research questions on sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were scored and ranked. Top ten priorities research questions were identified. Those that scored highly by scoring 30 points out of the possible maximum of 30 include: “determining the prevalence and associated factors of unwanted pregnancies and abortions performed in emergency and humanitarian settings”, “evidence on gender-based violence in humanitarian situations and its associated factors” and “defining an optimal model for coordinating sexual and reproductive health and rights interventions and responses in crisis situations”. Conclusions: Top ten research priorities in sexual and reproductive health and rights services in humanitarian settings were identified. The priority research areas have the potential to identify the best areas for programming of services in humanitarian settings. It is our hope that the identified research areas will be prioritized to support programming of services in humanitarian settings based on scientific evidence.

Solutions to Right Conflicts and Integrated Protection of Diverse Interests in Real EstateDevelopment and Operation

In the development and operation of real estate, real estate development enterprises as the principal subject would often establish contractual relationships with subjects of diverse interests including removed households, banks, construction project contractors, and buyers. At times, conflicts of interests might occur among these contractual subjects requesting civil and commercial claims of the same subject matter based on agreements or legal rights. As for the causes of these conflicts and their solutions, a majority of existing researches still stay at the superficial causes from the perspective of civil and commercial law, and the solution of determining the order of priority of compensation of related rights. Due to the lack of research into deep-seated reasons and solutions from the perspective of economic law, the current legislative and judicial approaches to this kind of problems tend to give more protection to the rights of one subject while lack sufficient attention to other subjects. This paper attempts to carry out analyses and research on the causes and solutions to this kind of conflicts from the perspective of economic law, to achieve integrated protection of diverse interests in real estate development and operation so as to better safeguard the order in real estate development and operation and facilitate the healthy and ordered development of the real estate industry.

The Path of Human Rights Development with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era:the Coordinated Promotion of Social Rights Protection and Economic Development

The principle of marxist theory on the dialectical relationship between the economic base and superstructure is an important theoretical basis for recognizing the mutual relationship between social rights protection and economic development China and the West have different practical experience in handling their relations But a proper handling of their relations is conducive to promoting the development of human rights It is one-sided to either emphasize too much on social rights protection or to excessively pursue economic development The in-depth interaction between social rights protection and economic development is that they promote and restrict each other It is the right choice for human rights development with Chinese characteristics in the new era to promote social rights protection and economic development in a coordinated manner We should not only lay a solid material foundation for social rights protection with the high quality and efficiency of economic development, but also take social rights protection as the ultimate goal and strategic means to provide sufficient driving force for economic development And social rights protection and economic development should be synchronized.

基于统计数据的欧洲40年来语言冲突研究

欧洲是一个语言多样性与语言冲突长期并存的地区。本文基于现有欧洲抗议、冲突、犯罪等事件记录数据库,结合国家民族异质化指数等数据,对欧洲1980年以来的语言冲突事件进行了全景式扫描和重点案例分析。在如今45个欧洲国家中,有27个发生过语言方面的冲突,39个发生过语言或民族冲突,涉及41种语言。但此类冲突数量并不突出,绝大多数仅占各国冲突总数的1%~6%,且语言冲突数量远低于民族冲突数量。语言冲突数量前十的国家大部分处于中东欧地区,参与方主要是民众和政党,涉及行政、教育、司法等方面的诉求,冲突方式大都是温和的抗议,在个别地区也会发生暴力冲突。随着欧洲民众和政府对语言超级多样性更为宽容的态度,语言冲突可能会朝着泛化和弱化的方向发展,即大范围、低烈度持续存在,对未来的研究和语言管理提出了新的课题。

民行交叉视域下居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调

为尽可能避免居住权对抵押权实现的不利影响,部分不动产登记机构、住房公积金管理中心等通过行政规范性文件规定居住权的设立前置条件及其消极法律后果。这类规则既缺乏上位法依据,亦难与既有民法体系兼容,甚至已僭越了行政权合理介入物权的权力半径,不具备增设限制性条款的可行性。考虑到抵押权人及行政机关的风险防范与特殊利益,居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调应回归民法的私益对抗范畴,排除与民法规范相悖的绝对限制性规则,允许当事人在相对限制的界限内自主分配各自所应承担的风险并在一定条件下赋予抵押权人防御性救济权,减少抵押权人对居住权的抵触心理。为了发挥当事人之约定应有的对抗性效力,需辅之以不动产登记中心的特殊约定记载义务与风险提示义务,完善住房公积金管理中心、银行等机构的事前风险预警机制,从根本上消解居住权与抵押权的权利冲突状态。

论妊娠女性生育自主权的行使逻辑——基于权利阈值理论的分析

妻子擅自中止妊娠时,丈夫是否享有侵权损害赔偿请求权,在学界一直存在争议。这一问题本质上是夫妻生育权利冲突时妊娠女性生育自主权的行使逻辑问题,应被放置在权利冲突理论下重新审视。权利的阈值理论可以为探究妊娠女性生育自主权的行使逻辑提供融贯性分析框架。该框架包含两个核心问题,即权利的阈值划定问题与被压倒权利的救济问题。根据妊娠女性生育自主权的阈值划定标准,妊娠女性生育自主权压倒男性生育自主权与生育知情权具有道德可允许性。对于男性被压倒权利的救济问题,根据强关联性原则与强威慑性原则,女性不应承担因压倒男性权利而带来的牺牲补偿责任。

“人工智能+”背景下算法正义的解构、检视与实现——以权利衡平为视角

“人工智能+”行动对算法发展提出了要求,也改变了实现算法正义的衡量标准。算法正义与权利具有内在相关性,维护和发展权利是算法正义的内涵要义。算法发展应先行化解算法领域内的权利冲突,权利衡平对算法正义有重要的评判价值。目前算法应用中呈现的破坏平等、违反自由、威胁安全等正义偏离情形,其实质是因权利被剥夺、权利被侵害或侵权救济困难而引发的权利失衡。实现算法正义,应以法律构建权利衡平的规范体系、以伦理确立权利衡平的行为准则、以技术保障权利衡平的具体实施,确立三位一体的系统性算法正义实现进路,以更加契合“人工智能+”的要求。

民法典时代承包地“三权分置”再立法论

承包地“三权分置”的法律表达未严格遵循私法逻辑,导致入法、入典后出现诸多评价矛盾和规范冲突,表现为耕地、林地和草地作为本质不同的承包地难以一体适用“三权分置”规则体系;土地经营权兼具债权属性和物权特征,将其定位为一元化的债权或者物权存在解释限度;土地承包经营权主体在农户和农户家庭成员之间摇摆;土地承包经营权的“身份性”与其可转让性、承包期内不得调整承包地、保护进城落户农民财产权利之间均存在矛盾冲突。应适时重启承包地“三权分置”立法论研究,在《民法典》内外体系约束下,重构承包地“三权分置”权利体系,细致梳理耕地、林地和草地可得适用的规范群,明确土地承包经营权为集体成员的家庭成员所共有,祛除土地承包经营权的身份属性,赋予出租方式设立的土地经营权以部分物权效力,以真正巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,发展新型农村集体经济。

医疗决策中患者自主决定权的困境、冲突与破解

在当前的医疗决策中,患者自主决定权行使依旧存在障碍,梳理其历史源流,造成这一现状的原因主要包括来自家庭主义文化、医事父权主义的影响,行为能力制度和监护制度对其的束缚。在此背景下,对“能够享有决定权的关键是具有理性”的观点予以批判,并呼吁患者自治理念的回归,达成与他人代理决策权、医生特殊干预权的协调,建议通过以医疗决定能力来代替行为能力、要求根据实际评估医疗决定能力、建立预先医疗指示体系、明确医疗特殊干预权边界等措施来建构化解冲突的法律体系。

肖像权财产利益与著作权的冲突与解决

一份肖像作品既存在著作权,又包含肖像权,就难免引发二者财产利益上的冲突。意大利、德国等国于著作权法对肖像作品的肖像权与著作权之间的冲突予以调和。我国《著作权法》未有此类规定,同时《民法典》第993条规定肖像权财产利益的许可使用制度,以此视角观之,肖像作品的肖像权与著作权的财产利益的归属出现模糊地带。肖像权为人格权,应当优先保护,但前提为该肖像具有可识别性。在此前提下,著作权的行使是否构成对肖像财产利益的侵犯,应从是否经过肖像权人许可或超出肖像作品肖像许可的约定、是否以营利为目的进行艺术创作等角度进行判断,以期为肖像权与著作权之间的冲突提供解决方案。

国际语言冲突研究的现状、问题与对策

基于从Web of Science等大规模文献数据库穷尽检索得到的131篇语言冲突研究文献,梳理了国际上对语言冲突的研究概况,包括语言冲突的定义、分类、诱因,语言冲突与语言竞争的区别,以及主要研究方法。纵观现有的国际语言冲突研究,国外学者应用较多的理论框架有4个:语言接触理论、语言安全理论、语言认同理论和语言权利理论。现有研究存在一些缺憾:第一,实证研究居多,缺乏整体意义的理论建构,难以形成有影响力的学派;第二,碎片化的个案研究多,综合性研究少,特别缺乏横向的国别比较研究和纵向的历史比较研究;第三,描述性研究居多,对策性研究缺失。展望未来,应进一步拓宽研究领域,将国际组织层面的语言冲突纳入研究范围;在关注语言权利的同时,重视语言伦理的德治社会效应;优化语言冲突的应对方略,建立预防和治理语言冲突的长久机制。

都铎早期英格兰地权冲突与立法应对——以用益授予为中心的考察

诺曼征服后,英格兰进入封建社会,形成了以封土为纽带的封君封臣关系。封臣需要向封君履行封建义务且不能自由处分土地。到中世纪后期,封臣广泛借助用益授予进行规避,产生并激化了双方之间的地权冲突。都铎早期英格兰处于封建王国向民族国家转变的重要阶段,国王亨利八世在对外摆脱教会控制、对内加强国家控制之时,借助议会之手全面规范用益授予以控制土地流动,获取封建权益,树立国王权威。土地立法进程相当曲折,国王通过分化议员与输送利益的方式推动了《用益法》和《登记法》的颁布,很快又因为普遍不满和国内暴动进行了妥协。尽管土地立法效果未如国王所愿,但用益授予获得了合法地位,用益主体之间的信义关系亦得到承认。

权利束视域下数字藏品的权利配置与冲突解决

数字藏品作为文化数字化的典型应用,发展前景广阔,但其权利解释难题亦亟待回应。数字藏品并不等同于NFT。数字藏品是经过NFT技术认证后的数字文创,其构成既包括作为权益证明的NFT,亦包括其所链接的具有文化创意价值的数字文创,是两者的统一。数字藏品不宜解释为物、网络虚拟财产等传统权利客体,且在单一客体之上存在着多元主体对其享有权利,难以用一种权利客体对其进行恰当解释。“权利范式”的解释路径以确定权利客体属性为核心,存在着严重的路径依赖,对数字藏品此类复杂的权利客体难以进行准确定位。权利束理论不纠结于权利客体属性,而是关注于人与人之间的法律关系,认为客体之上的财产权是由一束依情况而受到限制的权利组成,可以突破传统的权利解释框架以及“权利范式”的客体困境,为数字藏品的权利解释提供新的路径。权利束理论关注于一宗财产之上的权利分配以及当不同权利发生冲突时的权利位阶。基于相关规范以及交易效率与社会效益最大化的理念,可分别为数字藏品产生至销毁过程中所涉及的平台、购买者、发行人以及著作权人等相关主体配置相应权利,并以当事人合意与公权力干预的方式,为数字藏品在不同情景下的权利冲突提供解决路径。由此可以明确相关各主体权责,构建更为全面的权利保护体系,促进数字藏品行业的长远、有序的发展,进一步推动文化数字化战略落地。

数字档案共享与个人信息保护的冲突及其调和

数字档案资源共享与档案个人信息保护均是档案信息化建设中的重要内容,然而在档案工作实践中,二者之间存在冲突,表现为数字档案共享中的个人信息保护存在个人知情不足、内容难以遗忘、保护责任缺位等问题。调和冲突需要从档案个人信息类型和档案机构保护职责两个方面进行:一是在公共利益和个人权益的平衡原则下,根据数字档案中个人信息承载的利益形态将其分类,并让个人基于不同个人信息类型来行使权利;二是在权力本位向责任本位的转变理念下,梳理档案机构的个人信息保护职责,并结合数字档案共享过程进行职责配置。

信号交叉口右转渠化岛区域非机动车过街冲突

为科学评价信号交叉口右转渠化岛设置给非机动车过街带来的交通安全风险,实地采集了南昌市5个信号交叉口的视频,并提取了各交叉口右转渠化岛区域机非冲突数据、交叉口几何设计特征、交叉口渠化方式以及交通流特性等数据;采用改进型距离碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)对交通冲突进行判定,共得到304起冲突事件;基于贝叶斯方法构建了考虑不同交叉口间异质性的随机效应冲突模型,对比了固定效应与随机效应负二项模型的拟合优度并分析了显著影响因素;基于随机效应模型,确定了期望机非冲突数计算公式,绘制了不同交通流情况下信号交叉口渠化岛设置标准曲线并提供了案例说明。研究表明:相比于固定效应模型,随机效应模型对机非冲突有更好的拟合效果;相比于无渠化岛交叉口,软渠化岛和硬渠化岛的设置会导致交通冲突分别增加38%和61.4%;右转机动车交通量、过街非机动车交通量和非机动车违法行驶数量每增加1%,将导致机非冲突分别增加0.85%、0.44%和0.18%;右转机动车平均速度每增加1%,将导致机非冲突减少2.5%。研究成果为定量化分析交通冲突影响要素提供了有效思路,可为右转渠化岛交通设计提供理论支撑。

被记录权和被遗忘权:弱势群体建档的逻辑之争

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