Estimation of Probability of Damage Detection in Offshore Structural Inspection

To characterize the uncertainty and fuzziness in offshore structural inspection, probability of detection (POD) must be determined. This paper presents the expressions for the POD of four different damage forms mainly existing in offshore structures. The fuzzy-set theory is applied to estimate human errors through the definition of inspection quality. Expressions of inspection quality are achieved. To verify the validity and correctness of the expressions, the data from an offshore platform field inspection of evaluation results of human errors affecting inspection quality are used to estimate the parameters of the POD. The results show that the present models can provide basis for further study of ofTshore structural inspection reliability.

Non-contact and non-destructive in-situ inspection for CdSe quantum dot film based on the principle of field-induced photoluminescence quenching

CdSe quantum-dot(QD)film,as the core function layer,plays a key role in various optoelectronic devices.The thickness uniformity of QD films is one of the key factors to determine the overall photoelectric performance.Therefore,it is important to obtain the thickness distribution of large-area QD films.However,it is difficult for traditional methods to quickly get the information related to its thickness distribution without introducing additional damage.In this paper,a non-contact and non-destructive inspection method for in-situ detecting the thickness uniformity of CdSe QD film is proposed.The principle behind this in-situ inspection method is that the photoluminescence quenching phenomenon of the QD film would occur under a high electric field,and the degree of photoluminescence quenching is related to the thickness of the quantum dot films.Photoluminescence images of the same QD film without and with an electric field are recorded by a charge-coupled device camera,respectively.By transforming the brightness distribution of these two images,we can intuitively see the thickness information of the thin film array of QD.The proposed method provides a meaningful inspection for the manufacture of QD based lightemitting display.

Application of Non-Destructive Testing Technology in Quality Testing and Control of Water Conservancy Projects

In view of social development,the demand for water conservancy engineering applications continues to increase.The number and scale of water conservancy projects in China have been in a state of continuous expansion in recent years.As a result,how to achieve efficient testing and effective control of the quality of water conservancy projects has always been a topic of discussion in the field of water conservancy engineering in our country.This paper summarizes the application of non-destructive testing technology in the quality testing and control of water conservancy projects.On the basis of explaining the connotation and application advantages of non-destructive testing technology,the non-destructive testing application strategies for concrete strength,steel corrosion and shallow cracks in water conservancy projects were studied.

Study of ultrasonic phased array inspection imaging technology for NDT

A research about the ultrasonic phased array imaging principle from A-scan signal to B-scan image for non-destructive testing （NDT） was conducted in this paper, the ultrasonic phased array inspection imaging system used in industrial field was developed and the experiment was performed on the steel testing block by the system with 64 elements, 5 MHz phased array transducer. Experimental results show that the flaws could be accurately detected and the flaws size could be estimated from the B-scan images, and the B-scan images could clearly show the location of the flaws, but the quality of B-scan images needs to be enhanced by digital signal processing and controlling dynamic focusing for improving the image resolution.

Laser ultrasonic testing for near-surface defects inspection of 316L stainless steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

The laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)method of additive manufacturing(AM)is increasingly used in various industrial manufacturing fields due to its high material utilization and design freedom of parts.However,the parts produced by L-PBF usually contain such defects as crack and porosity because of the technological characteristics of L-PBF,which affect the quality of the product.Laser ultrasonic testing(LUT)is a potential technology for on-line testing of the L-PBF process.It is a non-contact and non-destructive approach based on signals from abundant waveforms with a wide frequency-band.In this study,a method of LUT for on-line inspection of L-PBF process was proposed,and a system of LUT was established approaching the actual environment of on-line detection to evaluate the method applicability for defects detection of L-PBF parts.The detection results of near-surface defects in L-PBF 316L stainless steel parts show that the crack-type defects with a sub-millimeter level within 0.5 mm depth can be identified,and accordingly,the positions and dimensions information can be acquired.The results were verified by X-ray computed tomography,which indicates that the present method exhibits great potential for on-line inspection of AM processes.

Capacitive Imaging Technique for the Inspection of Composite Sucker Rod

Composite sucker rod has been extensively used due to its high strength, light weight and corrosion resistive nature. However, such composite sucker rod is diffcult for conventional non-destructive evaluation(NDE) techniques to inspect because of its complex material and/or structure. It is thus useful to embark research on developing novel NDE technique to comply the inspection requirement. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using the capacitive imaging(CI) technique for the inspection of composite sucker rod. Finite element(FE) models were constructed in COMSOL to simulate the detection of defects in the glass-fiber layer and on the carbon core surface. An FE Model based inversion method is proposed to obtain the profile of the carbon core. Preliminary CI experimental results are then presented, including the detection of surface wearing defect in the glass-fiber layer, and obtaining the profile of the carbon core. A set of accelerated aging experiments were also carried out and the results indicate that the CI technique is potentially useful in evaluating the ageing status of such composite sucker rod. The CI technique described in this work shows great potential to target some challenging tasks faced in the non-destructive evaluation of composite sucker rod, including quality control, defect detection and ageing assessment.

Inspection interval optimization for aircraft composite structures with dent and delamination damage

The optimization of inspection intervals for composite structures has been proposed,but only one damage type,dent damage,has been addressed so far.The present study focuses on the two main damage types of dent and delamination,and a model for optimizing the inspection interval of composite structures is proposed to minimize the total maintenance cost on the premise that the probability of structure failure will not exceed the acceptable level.In order to analyze the damage characteristics and the residual strength of the composite structure,the frequency,energy,size,and depth of the damage are studied,and the situation of missing detection during the inspection is considered.The structural residual strength and total maintenance cost are quantified corresponding to different inspection intervals.The proposed optimization method relieves the constraints in previous simulation methods,and is more consistent with the actual situation.Finally,the outer wing of aircraft is taken as an example,and with the historical cases and experimental data,the optimization method is verified.The optimal inspection interval is shorter than the actually implemented inspection interval,and the corresponding maintenance cost is reduced by 23.3%.The result shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed optimization method.

Common Type of Damages in Composites and Their Inspections

This paper is a short introduction to the common type of damages in composite structures and different ways of their inspection. Due to the high increase of interest in composite materials in past decades and their usage in different structures, there is a need to discuss the damage types in them along with different ways of inspection. This paper provides a short review of these facts in order to fill out the gap that there is in the literature. Major emphasis is placed on the damage types and their mechanisms and inspection methods, mostly focused on wave propagation based structural health monitoring (SHM).

Kit of Self-Moving Units for Automatic Inspection of Marine Structures and Plants： Low Cost Unit for Inspection of Holds

All vessels and offshore units require regular inspections to prevent structural or functional damages. Periodical inspections are based on classification society＇s requirements and include both visual surveys and non-destructive test interventions, to look for structural damage, pitting, corrosion, thickness measurement, usually documented by measurements or images. Different approaches of inspection can be proposed for underwater and for dry areas, using unmanned vehicles or service robots able to improve traditional inspection methods. Several excellent proposals are today available： nevertheless, reasons of costs, operation complexity and impossibility to cover all types of inspection with a unique autonomous unit limit and conditions the applicability of automatic inspection systems. The paper is the first of a series describing the main results of a wide research activity carried out at DREAMS Lab （Laboratory of Drives and Experimental Automation for Marine Systems） of the University of Genoa. The studies are oriented to the realization of a kit of low cost and unsophisticated self-moving units, devoted to support some recursive inspections in dry areas of ships and on offshore plants as bulkheads, holds, double bottoms and ducts. The paper describes the design and prototyping of a pneumatronic unit oriented to inspection and maintenance of ship holds. Conceived to realize a portable and user-friendly tool which could take part of an ＂inspection kit＂ for the use of inspectors, able to simplify and speed up the inspection visits with and automatic generation of survey reports.

管道内检测腐蚀数据概率分布规律研究及应用

腐蚀伴随着管道整个生命周期,管道腐蚀速率评估是管道剩余寿命评估的重要部分,为了提高管道剩余寿命评价的准确性,为制定合理的检测维修周期提供支撑,以某条管道连续两轮漏磁内检测腐蚀数据为基础,并采用最大似然估计法将腐蚀速率与几种常见的概率分布模型进行拟合,通过K-S检验和p-p散点图方法的比较分析,深入研究了该管道径向和轴向腐蚀速率的概率分布规律,发现该管道径向和轴向腐蚀速率的最优分布规律为广义极值分布规律。在此基础上建立了基于概率分布规律的管道剩余寿命评估模型,选取该概率分布模型95%分位数的腐蚀速率作为管道剩余寿命的评估腐蚀速率。分析采用局部腐蚀速率评价方法、最大腐蚀速率评价方法、概率分布腐蚀速率评价方法时5年内需要维修点的数量,结果表明:采用概率分布腐蚀速率评价方法需维修点数量介于局部腐蚀速率评价法和最大腐蚀速率评价法之间,可在一定程度上避免过度维修和维修不及时。

考虑员工疲劳度和休假的退化系统可靠性建模与检测策略研究

在退化系统检测维修策略的研究中,很少考虑人为因素对检测正确率的影响。事实上,考虑员工疲劳度水平和其工作状态可以更精确地评估和优化维修检测策略,帮助企业降低运维成本。本文考虑维修工的工作状态对检测结果的影响,通过建立疲劳度和检测正确率的函数关系,构建检测维修模型,以最小化维修成本为目标,优化员工工作时间安排、休假时间安排以及检测时间间隔;最后进行算例分析,针对各成本参数做敏感度分析,讨论参数变化时最优休假策略和维修策略的变化规律,从而寻找更广泛的优化适用性。结果表明检测出错成本大的系统,决策者应提高员工休假时间,降低检测频率;预防性维修成本高的系统,决策者应适当提高员工在岗时间并降低检测频率;停机机会成本更高的系统应提高员工在岗时间,同时提高检测频率。

基于全卷积神经网络的无人机巡检图像边缘检测方法

由于无人机巡检图像边缘检测的距离误差大、图像清晰度低,提出基于全卷积神经网络的无人机巡检图像边缘检测方法。采用水平集量化特征分解方法,提取无人机巡检所采集图像的多尺度边缘特征;采用全卷积神经网络构建图像边缘检测模型结构,优化损失函数,完成模型的局部和整体训练,并将多尺度边缘特征输入深度学习网络;采用二阶导数计算像素边缘概率,检测图像的弱边缘并生成边缘信息概率图,计算无人机巡检图像弱边缘对象的概率值,实现图像边缘细化。实验结果表明,所提方法能有效获取图像中目标对象的边缘特征,距离误差均小于0.25,图像清晰度均在24以上,能够完整、可靠获取图像中不同位置、物体等目标的边缘结果,且边缘检测结果更为精细。

A New Probability of Detection Model for Updating Crack Distribution of Offshore Structures

There exists model uncertainty of probability of detection for inspecting ship structures with nondestructive inspection techniques. Based on a comparison of several existing probability of detection (POD) models, a new probability of detection model is proposed for the updating of crack size distribution. Furthermore, the theoretical derivation shows that most existing probability of detection models are special cases of the new probability of detection model. The least square method is adopted for determining the values of parameters in the new POD model. This new model is also compared with other existing probability of detection models. The results indicate that the new probability of detection model can fit the inspection data better. This new probability of detection model is then applied to the analysis of the problem of crack size updating for offshore structures. The Bayesian updating method is used to analyze the effect of probability of detection models on the posterior distribution of a crack size. The results show that different probabilities of detection models generate different posterior distributions of a crack size for offshore structures.

地下水封洞库围岩块体稳定性与支护可靠性分析

结构面的几何参数和力学参数随机分布导致岩体工程的稳定性具有高度不确定性.以我国某地下水封石油储备库项目为背景,把结构面倾向、倾角、黏聚力及内摩擦角作为随机变量,运用可靠度理论,在数值模拟的基础上,研究了围岩块体稳定性和支护系统可靠性,并对支护参数进行检验与优化.结果表明:Ⅰ~Ⅳ级围岩块体稳定性可靠度指标分别为4.23,1.68,0.65和-0.07;对Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级围岩块体采取支护措施后,可靠度指标分别为3.3,3.0和2.0;并对其支护间排距进行优化,推荐值分别为2.8,2.0和1.6 m.

超高压变电站智慧消防系统设计

【目的】为了提高超高压变电站火灾预警及消防能力,实现变电站由传统消防向智慧消防的转变。【方法】本研究通过现代通信技术和智能算法与传统消防设备的结合,为智慧消防信息共享与协调消防提供平台支持。然后通过构建不同区域的风险概率矩阵,为监测、灭火力量的合理布局及灭火算法的制定提供依据。最后对典型区域的监测数据处理算法及智能运算过程进行研究,实现消防监测、判断、执行的多级协调、信息融合,构建分级智慧防控的自动化消防系统。【结果】通过对系统进行评估,结果表明,智慧消防系统初级火情处置时间在10 s级,判断准确率达100%。【结结论论】智慧消防系统对火灾隐患预警能力、隐患及时处置能力及预警准确度都有显著的提升。

基于多目标优化克隆算法的巡检机器人导航误差概率分析系统

为解决传统方法存在的计算精度低、概率分析准确率低和效率低的问题,设计了基于多目标优化克隆算法的巡检机器人导航误差概率分析系统。该系统整体框架由网络通信部分、数据处理与误差概率分析部分和环境感知部分构成。设计嵌入式数据处理板和网络通信结构,建立巡检机器人导航误差概率分析模型,采用多目标优化克隆算法对模型进行求解,实现巡检机器人导航误差概率的分析。实验结果表明,该系统的计算精度、误差概率分析准确率和效率均较高。

海上平台承压设备失效可能性分析

海上平台承压设备工作环境恶劣,腐蚀环境复杂,其腐蚀失效是海上平台安全运行的重要隐患,因此有必要对腐蚀机理进行分析和识别。本文分析了海上平台承压设备典型腐蚀机理的识别过程,基于VB语言开发腐蚀机理识别软件。结合RBI定量风险评估中失效可能性的方法,在完成腐蚀机理识别的基础上,提出了损伤因子计算方法,进一步建立了海上平台承压设备失效可能性的计算方法,并基于VB语言开发失效可能性计算软件。从而可以实现软件内识别设备腐蚀机理并进行失效可能性计算。将本文开发的软件应用于某海上平台一级分离器表明,软件能够根据容器内介质、操作条件等数据识别腐蚀机理,并能够在此基础上计算被评价单元的失效可能性。

基于风险的检测(RBI)中以剩余寿命为基准的失效概率评价方法

在中国三十余套石化装置开展基于风险的检测(RBI)实践经验积累的基础上,针对中国部分承压设备缺陷严重与长期服役的特点,分析了标准API 581中不考虑原始缺陷及以设计寿命为基准来计算失效概率的局限性,结合中国承压设备使用状况,提出了以剩余寿命为基准来计算评价失效概率的概念与方法,使得RBI的方法更为合理,尤其是当设备的损伤退化机理与时间相关且与超标缺陷共存时,提高了RBI分析结果的安全性。

测量不确定度引起的批量产品检验误判风险评估

为在产品检验前合理预估测量不确定度对批量产品检验结果的影响,分别面向全数检验和抽样检验方法,以误判率为指标,量化表示产品供求双方风险;基于绝对概率和条件概率,建立全数检验误判风险模型,在此基础上,推导抽样检验误判率计算公式。实例分析结果表明,提出模型可综合反映测量不确定度引起的误判风险;基于绝对概率模型的误判率计算结果,可作为产品检验测量方案选择的依据;基于条件概率模型的误判率计算结果,可更直观地反映产品供求双方风险,促使检验人员更为慎重地进行合格性判定。

考虑检验错误的集团抽样检验接收概率函数

本文给出存在集团检验误差时的集团抽样检验接受概率计算公式,该公式可用于设计抽样方案、分析集团检验错误对抽样方案的影响.采用计算机模拟抽样检验的方法对给出的公式加以验证,证明了该所给公式的正确性.同时通过对集团检验错误存在与否的抽样检验特征(OC)曲线的比较,指出:以往的集团抽样检验方案设计,都是在假设无检验误差前提下设计的,在抽样检验中,若存在检验错误,会严重影响抽样检验的接收概率,使抽样检验结果不能客观地反映检验批的质量.