Effects of synthesis temperature and raw materials composition on preparation of β-Sialon based composites from fly ash

β-Sialon based composites were successfully prepared from fly ash and carbon black under nitrogen atmosphere by carbothermal reduction-nitridation process. Effects of heating temperature and raw materials composition on synthesis process were investigated, and the formation process of the composites was also discussed. The phase composition and microstructure of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy. The results show that increasing heating temperature or mass ratio of carbon black to fly ash can promote the formation of β-Sialon. The β-Sialon based composites can be synthesized at 1723 K for 6 h while heating the sample with mass ratio of carbon black to fly ash of 0.56. The as-received β-Sialon in the composites exists as granular with an average particle size of 2-3 μm. The preparation process of β-Sialon based composites includes the formation of O′-Sialon, X-Sialon and β-Sialon as well as the conversion processes of O′-Sialon and X-Sialon to β-Sialon.

Analysis of Raw Materials Components of Dry Composite Mixes for Production Food Concentrates

Background:The simplest and most convenient food technology is the using of dry composite mixtures.They have a lot of advantages.Dry composite mixtures,which would completely be the basis for the production of personalized food concentrates,are not represented.The development of such dry composite mixtures is actual and of scientific and practical interest.The purpose of this research is the selection and justification of local import-substituting raw materials components for dry composite mixtures used as the basis for the production of food concentrates.As the objects of research,the raw materials components of the starch,fruit and vegetable,industry were selected.The work uses currently accepted standard research methods for organoleptic and physic-chemical parameters of raw materials components.The research was carried out within of the project“Theoretical Substantiation of Production Technology and the Development of Import-Substituting Food Products of Functional Purpose Based on Dry Composite Mixtures”,funded by the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Basic Research.Based on the researches,it was found out that in the composition of dry composite mixtures for the production of food concentrates it is expedient to use the following raw materials:potato starch,extruded corn starch,dried carrots,dried beets,dried topinambur and dried apples in chopped form.

Quality Management Research on the Purchasing of Food Processing Enterprises

In order to improve the purchased goods quality management level of food processing enterprises, the causes of quality management problems were ana- lyzed, which were classified into four categories, namely, natural toxins in raw ma- terials, quality problems in planting and breeding, quality problems in transportation, quality problems in delivery acceptance. Then, based on the causes, eight measures to improve goods purchasing management were put forward, and graphs were used to illustrate the corresponding countermeasure to each cause. This study is of theo- retical significance for the food processing enterprises to improve the quality man- agement of purchased goods through formulating improvement measures based on their operating states.

Preparation and Physical Properties of Ceramsite Filter Media for Water Treatment Obtained from Municipal Solid Wastes

Sludge,solid waste of sewage treatment plants,poses a threat as a secondary pollution if it is not handled properly.In this study,artifical ceramsite filter material(ACFM)for water treatment,was obtained from sludge by high-temperature sintering process,and then it’s physical properties,leaching toxicity and sintering mechanisms were investigated.The results showed that the preferred conditions for the preparation of ACFM were that the mass ratio of sludge,river sediment and fly ash was 5∶4∶1,preheated at 400℃for 20 min and sintered at 1 150℃for 5 min.After the optimal sintering conditions treatment,the physical properties of the rate of breaking and wear,solubility in hydrochloric acid,silt carrying capacity,void fraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)specific surface area of ACFM were 0.2%,0.01%,0.2%,71.1%and 0.75×104cm2/g,respectively.The results confirmed that the ACFM’s physical properties were totally aligned to the requirements of China’s industry standard(CJ/T 299—2008).The leaching toxicity results indicated that the leaching contents of heavy metals,such as Cr,Zn and Cu,were much lower than the thresholds of China’s national standards(GB 5085.3—2007 and GB 8978—1996).

基于Profibus总线的薄板坯连铸用耐火材料的原料加工控制系统

结合薄板坯连铸用耐火材料原料加工生产线的应用实例,介绍了Profibus总线的硬件配置、系统组态等。基于Profibus总线的原料加工控制系统投入运行后,有效地解决了薄板坯连铸用耐火材料生产线的连续化、一致化、智能调节等问题,极大地提高了生产效率,保证了混料的稳定性。

A novel chemical composition estimation model for cement raw material blending process

Raw material blending process is an essential part of the cement production process. The main purpose of the process is to guarantee a certain oxide composition for the raw meal at the outlet of the mill by regulating the four raw materials. But the chemical compositions of raw materials vary from time to time, resulting in difficulties to control the oxide compositions to a predefined value. Therefore, a novel algorithm to estimate the chemical compositions of the raw materials is developed. The paper mainly consists of two parts. In model construction part, a novel constrained least square model is proposed to overcome the deviation introduced by long-term drift of the material components, and the model parameters are estimated with an online strategy. And in validation part, the approach is implemented to two examples including datasets from simulation model and the actual industrial process. The final results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Relationship between Ham Quality and Body Weight of Fragrance Pig

[ Objective ] The paper was to determine the weight range of fragrance pigs suitable for processing small ham. [ Method ] In terms of differences in sensory state and physical and chemical indicators of hams produced by fragrance pigs with different weights, 29 fragrance pigs at five weight grades were chosen and processed in accordance with Chinese ham processing methods. The products were evaluated by sense, and their salt and moisture contents were also measured. [Result] The fragTance pigs less than 30 kg were not suitable for making Chinese ham, while the fragrance pigs weighed 32 -45 kg could be made into the ham with prominent flavor, beautiful appearance, good color, moderate taste, and suitable moisture content, of which the pigs weighed 40 -45 kg were the best materials for processing small ham. [ Conclusion] The study provided scientific basis for industrial development of fragrance pig.

Features of Usage of Electromagnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency for the Storage of Agricultural Products

The way of increase of storage period of agricultural raw materials under the influence of low frequency electromagnetic field (EMF LF) has been considered in the article. Existing developments of the EMF LF usage on the base of patents have been examined. The results of EMF LF processing of wood, wine, seeds, vegetative, fish and meat products have been presented.

驼酸奶发酵工艺影响因素及优化策略

驼酸奶是一种以驼奶为原料经过发酵而制成的乳制品,营养价值较高。微生物种群、发酵温度和时间、原料处理、发酵环境等因素会影响驼酸奶的风味、质地和营养成分等。选择适宜的菌株,合理控制发酵时间与温度,优化原料处理,保证发酵环境清洁、卫生等,能够显著提升驼酸奶的风味和营养价值。未来,随着技术的不断进步,驼酸奶发酵工艺将得到进一步优化,从而为其大规模生产和市场推广奠定坚实基础。

畜产品加工中的常见问题及解决对策

畜产品加工在保障食品安全和提升产品质量方面面临诸多挑战。本文通过分析畜产品在加工过程中存在的原料质量控制不足、加工工艺参数优化不当及卫生安全管理体系缺陷等常见问题,提出相应的解决措施,旨在提高畜产品加工的整体水平,确保食品安全,促进行业的可持续发展。

预制菜食品微生物潜在风险点分布及其原因探究

病原微生物污染是引发预制菜食品质量安全问题的重要因素,从原料到消费终端,每个环节都有可能出现微生物的污染。所以,探究预制菜每个环节的微生物风险点是非常必要的。本文针对预制菜原料生产、加工环节、仓储运输、消费环节潜在的微生物污染因素,进行系统分析总结,分析形成微生物污染的原因,讨论相关检测方法,以期为预制菜食品安全可持续发展提供参考。

菠萝果脯原料的优化选择

为获得优质的菠萝果脯,对菠萝原料进行选择。本实验以西双版纳不同成熟度的菠萝为原料,根据外观、颜色、香气、果实硬度区分菠萝成熟度之后,进行感官评价,同时测定水分、糖、酸、蛋白质等指标,然后进行菠萝原料与菠萝果脯的相关性分析,根据菠萝原料的关键指标和感官品评评价果脯的品质。结果表明,根据菠萝的口感、颜色、香气、果肉硬度将菠萝成熟度划分为轻熟、中熟、全熟,在菠萝鲜果的感官评价体系中中熟菠萝色泽、口感、香气、果肉硬度四项指标得分均为最高,且综合得分也高于轻熟菠萝和全熟菠萝,因此最终确定中熟的菠萝鲜果最适宜作为果脯原料。在对不同采样期中熟菠萝指标进行分析时发现,不同采样期菠萝含糖量变化波动较大,与气候状况有直接关系;酸含量伴随菠萝成熟过程先升高再降低,最后略微升高;水分则与采样期天气状况密切相关;蛋白质随着采样期延长营养物质积累而升高。由菠萝原料与菠萝果脯的相关性可知,菠萝原料的糖、酸、蛋白质含量会给菠萝果脯的品质带来影响。菠萝原料的糖、酸、水分、蛋白质与菠萝果脯品质具有密切关系,由此可根据菠萝原料的相关指标对菠萝果脯品质进行预测,也能筛选出适合制作菠萝果脯的原料,为制作优质菠萝果脯提供依据,并可进一步改善菠萝果脯的综合品质。

辐照技术在保健食品产业中的应用及相关标准分析

辐照技术因具有杀虫灭菌或降低产品微生物水平、延长货架期的优势而被保健食品产业广泛采用。保健食品的辐照加工主要以原料辐照为主,较少涉及成品辐照。虽然国家主管部门发布了各类规定和标准,但是仍无法满足监管需求。本研究分析了辐照技术在我国保健食品产业的应用现状、应用依据、监管政策,并从标准化的角度提出了存在的主要问题和工作建议,可为后续开展食品安全国家标准制修订和标准体系建设提供参考。

无麸质食品的研究现状与风险管理

随着全球范围内乳糜泻和麸质过敏发生率逐年上升,无麸质食品受到越来越多消费者的关注。然而,相较于全麸质食品,无麸质食品价格高昂,且感官品质和营养价值较差,难以完全满足患者的膳食和健康需求。文章综述了无麸质食品领域的研究进展,包括无麸质食品种类与来源、加工方式、缺点与潜在风险;在此基础上,深入探讨了无麸质食品研究的瓶颈与相应解决策略,以期为乳糜泻或食物过敏的预防与控制,无麸质食品的改良与创新,以及保障食品安全提供参考和借鉴。

手工竹纸发展历程与研究现状

手工竹纸是我国传统手工纸的重要组成部分,其历史悠久,品类繁多,它的出现开创了以植物茎秆纤维造纸的新局面。2006年竹纸制作技艺被列为我国第1批国家级非物质文化遗产。为了探究竹纸的发展情况,进一步总结分析竹纸研究现状,更好地对竹纸进行保护和发展,文章归纳总结了手工竹纸的发展历程和制作工艺,并从竹纸制作工艺、竹纸保护修复和竹纸性能3个方面综述了手工竹纸的研究进展。分析发现,手工竹纸制作工艺的保护和传承问题越来越被重视,在其历史文化、生产工艺、现状及传承等方面已取得一定的研究进展;在竹纸性能分析方面,原料和制作工艺对纸张性能的内在影响已更加清晰,关于竹纸老化方向的研究明显增多,这与我国现存大量的竹纸类文物密不可分,但对于竹纸造纸原料方面的研究相对较为局限,对于造纸原料化学成分的分析有待进一步拓展。

不同花生品种水煮加工适宜性评价方法与指标

目前,市场上水煮花生品种杂乱、评价标准模糊,且不同品种的水煮花生品质差异大,亟需进行不同花生品种水煮加工适宜性评价,建立相应评价方法和指标,为水煮花生加工适宜性评价提供参考依据,助力水煮花生产业高质量发展。本研究充分评价23个鲜食花生基本营养物质组成和水煮花生品质指标,利用层次聚类分析、相关性分析和逻辑回归模型建立了水煮花生加工适宜性评价方法与指标,筛选出适宜水煮的加工专用品种。确定水煮花生品质一级标准:水煮花生荚果长29.13~36.37 mm、荚果宽15.38~15.87 mm、硬度3137.35~3363.29 g、蛋白质含量23.01~24.14 g/100 g、蔗糖含量3.55~5.19 g/100 g。筛选确定了5个显著相关变量:脂肪、蛋白质、蔗糖、粗纤维、精氨酸含量,P<0.05。利用逻辑回归建立水煮花生适宜性评价模型,内部验证准确率为91.30%;建立水煮花生加工适宜性评价方法与指标,筛选出适宜加工水煮花生的专用品种6个(1,7,8,9,10,19)。

烧结法合成莫来石研究进展

莫来石是一种铝硅酸盐矿物,具有较高的熔点,较低的热膨胀系数,良好的高温强度、抗热震性和抗蠕变性等性能,被广泛用作制备耐火材料、陶瓷等的原料。由于天然莫来石比较稀少,工业用莫来石主要是由人工合成的。目前,工业领域广泛使用的莫来石主要采用烧结法合成。简述了烧结法合成莫来石的原料种类,铝源和硅源可以通过不同的原料种类引入,包括化工原料、天然矿物、工农业固体废弃物等;介绍了不同原料合成莫来石的特点;概述了原料中杂质、添加烧结助剂、制备工艺等对合成莫来石的影响;展望了烧结法合成莫来石的重要研究方向。

微区X射线荧光光谱成像法分析历史文物建筑混凝土材料成分及工艺

历史文物建筑修复与保护的首要步骤是对建材构件进行成分解析。但成型的混凝土构件成分复杂,传统技术难以直接分析。微区X射线荧光光谱具有速度快、无需前处理、可获得大面积高分辨的元素成像等优势,可用于此类混合物的原位分析。采用束斑为20μm的微区X射线荧光光谱仪,扫描成型混凝土构件以获得混合成分的元素分布图,结合基本参数定量法,对典型历史建筑混凝土构件进行元素定量。分析结果有效地解析了混凝土构建中骨料和凝胶材料的成分和含量,鉴别了涂层成分,解析了拌混工艺,鉴别了局部污染元素和致劣元素并分析致劣原因,为历史建筑修复材料选配、拌混工艺选择、除污及保护性预防劣化提供了科学的数据支撑。