Mapping Climate Services for Disaster Risk Management: A Systematic Review and Research Gaps from a Policy Process Perspective

Climate services (CS) are crucial for mitigating and managing the impacts and risks associated with climate-induced disasters. While evidence over the past decade underscores their effectiveness across various domains, particularly agriculture, to maximize their potential, it is crucial to identify emerging priority areas and existing research gaps for future research agendas. As a contribution to this effort, this paper employs the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to review the state-of-the-art in the field of climate services for disaster risk management. A comprehensive search across five literature databases combined with a snowball search method using ResearchRabbit was conducted and yielded 242 peer-reviewed articles, book sections, and reports over 2013-2023 after the screening process. The analysis revealed flood, drought, and food insecurity as major climate-related disasters addressed in the reviewed literature. Major climate services addressed included early warning systems, (sub)seasonal forecasts and impact-based warnings. Grounded in the policy processes’ theoretical perspective, the main focus identified and discussed three prevailing policy-oriented priority areas: 1) development of climate services, 2) use-adoption-uptake, and 3) evaluation of climate services. In response to the limitations of the prevalent supply-driven and top-down approach to climate services promotion, co-production emerges as a cross-cutting critical aspect of the identified priority areas. Despite the extensive research in the field, more attention is needed, particularly pronounced in the science-policy interface perspective, which in practice bridges scientific knowledge and policy decisions for effective policy processes. This perspective offers a valuable analytical lens as an entry point for further investigation. Hence, future research agendas would generate insightful evidence by scrutinizing this critical aspect given its importance to institutions and climate services capacity, to better understand intricate facets of the development and the integration of climate services into disaster risk management.

Development Situation and Strategy Analysis of Waxy Corn Processing Industry in Chongqing Municipality

With the development of society and economy and increasing awareness of people's diet and health care,the demand for waxy corn and its processed products has been rising. At present,the planting of waxy corn in Chongqing is taking shape,but the waxy corn processing is still in the initial stage with smaller enterprise scale and fewer processing product variety. Based on the analysis of the development advantages and disadvantages of waxy corn processing industry in Chongqing,this paper brings forward the development ideas and strategies of Chongqing waxy corn processing industry from three aspects of production,processing and policy.

A generalized geometric process based repairable system model with bivariate policy

The maintenance model of simple repairable system is studied.We assume that there are two types of failure,namely type Ⅰ failure(repairable failure)and type Ⅱ failure(irrepairable failure).As long as the type Ⅰ failure occurs,the system will be repaired immediately,which is failure repair(FR).Between the(n-1)th and the nth FR,the system is supposed to be preventively repaired(PR)as the consecutive working time of the system reaches λ^(n-1) T,where λ and T are specified values.Further,we assume that the system will go on working when the repair is finished and will be replaced at the occurrence of the Nth type Ⅰ failure or the occurrence of the first type Ⅱ failure,whichever occurs first.In practice,the system will degrade with the increasing number of repairs.That is,the consecutive working time of the system forms a decreasing generalized geometric process(GGP)whereas the successive repair time forms an increasing GGP.A simple bivariate policy(T,N)repairable model is introduced based on GGP.The alternative searching method is used to minimize the cost rate function C(N,T),and the optimal(T,N)^(*) is obtained.Finally,numerical cases are applied to demonstrate the reasonability of this model.

Security Policy Management Process within Six Sigma Framework

This paper presents a management process for creating adaptive, real-time security policies within the Six Sigma (6σ) framework. A key challenge for the creation of a management process is the integration with models of known Industrial processes. One of the most used industrial process models is Six Sigma which is a business management model wherein customer centric needs are put in perspective with business data to create an efficient system. The security policy creation and management process proposed in this paper is based on the Six Sigma model and presents a method to adapt security goals and risk management of a computing service. By formalizing a security policy management process within an industrial process model, the adaptability of this model to existing industrial tools is seamless and offers a clear risk based policy decision framework. In particular, this paper presents the necessary tools and procedures to map Six Sigma DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) methodology to security policy management.

A GDPR Compliant Approach to Assign Risk Levels to Privacy Policies

Data privacy laws require service providers to inform their customers on how user data is gathered,used,protected,and shared.The General Data ProtectionRegulation(GDPR)is a legal framework that provides guidelines for collecting and processing personal information from individuals.Service providers use privacy policies to outline the ways an organization captures,retains,analyzes,and shares customers’data with other parties.These policies are complex and written using legal jargon;therefore,users rarely read them before accepting them.There exist a number of approaches to automating the task of summarizing privacy policies and assigning risk levels.Most of the existing approaches are not GDPR compliant and use manual annotation/labeling of the privacy text to assign risk level,which is time-consuming and costly.We present a framework that helps users see not only data practice policy compliance with GDPR but also the risk levels to privacy associated with accepting that policy.The main contribution of our approach is eliminating the overhead cost of manual annotation by using the most frequent words in each category to create word-bags,which are used with Regular Expressions and Pointwise Mutual Information scores to assign risk levels that comply with the GDPR guidelines for data protection.We have also developed a web-based application to graphically display risk level reports for any given online privacy policy.Results show that our approach is not only consistent with GDPR but performs better than existing approaches by successfully assigning risk levels with 95.1%accuracy after assigning data practice categories with an accuracy rate of 79%.

高校课程建设政策的演进逻辑与理性选择

新中国成立以来,我国高校课程建设政策经历了以恢复国家建设和学习苏联为中心的初建阶段、以适应社会变革为切入点的规范发展阶段、以提升教育质量为动力的深入发展阶段;遵循着以人才培养为目标的政策动力机制、以学生需求为重心的政策价值取向、以政策工具为托底的政策实施过程保障、以经济学为主导的政策话语规则的演变逻辑。未来,我国高校课程建设政策应该要构建以协调政策主体利益为基点的动力机制、渗透以多元价值为依归的目标价值取向、强化以政策工具为支柱的政策实施过程保障、强化以民众参与为根本的政策话语规则。

地方特色发展政策动员、情境式行动及效能评价——N市S镇“万亩良田整治工程”过程分析

政策动员对于提升地方治理能力具有重要作用。本文追踪N市S镇“万亩良田整治工程”推进特色发展政策落地、空间重构到模式示范的过程,依据“过程-情境”叙事范式,建构“调适-稳定”的分析框架,阐释地方政府政策动员的过程机制和演变逻辑。研究发现,地方政府实施政策动员需依据行政、市场和社会三重逻辑,推进议题协商,构建实践共同体,完成地方情境化的政策调适和议题改造,达成政策框架内多重组织行动系统的稳定态势。政策动员需以制度创新和整合社会资源为载体,迎合“有效”与“合法”双重逻辑,运用调适策略构建稳定的政策共生机制,推动区域性集体行动的达成,实现基层治理效能提升。此外,本文进一步揭示了政策动员在地方特色产业发展框架下的现实策略和典型模式,完善了地方治理政策实践建构的过程性理论研究。

地方政府如何提高农村厕所改造政策执行成效?——基于政策执行系统理论的实证分析

地方政府政策执行过程因政策差异而呈现出动态性和复杂性特征。分析典型政策的执行过程,总结政策执行过程的影响因素,对于深刻认识公共政策执行过程的复杂性,改进政策执行过程、增强政策执行效果具有积极意义。农村厕所改造政策是当前中国各地正在推行的典型政策,通过问卷调查获取数据,借鉴政策执行系统模型分析发现:政策执行资源、机构特性、系统环境以及政策执行者的价值偏好等因素,是我国地方政府政策执行过程的主要影响因素,对农村厕所改造政策执行成效的影响更为显著。自主性政策执行、曲解性政策执行以及象征性政策执行现象,导致地方政府政策执行偏差问题突出。据此,提出了矫正地方政府政策执行偏差、增强政策执行效果的政策建议。

网络隐私权视域下的众筹平台隐私政策评价

对不同类型众筹平台的隐私政策进行科学评价,据此改善平台对用户网络隐私权的保障措施具有积极意义。文章基于国内外相关政策构建众筹平台隐私政策评价体系,利用层次分析-熵值定权法对指标进行赋权,并选取主流众筹平台开展实证研究。研究结果显示:我国众筹平台的用户网络隐私权保障情况整体不容乐观,个体差异巨大、保障水平参差不齐,对安全请求权和隐私利用权的保障效果优于对隐私知情权和隐私控制权的保障,需从规范隐私监管机制、建立分类隐私保护措施和优化隐私保护政策等层面进行优化。

社会建构、反馈效应与延迟退休年龄政策停滞

党的十八届三中全会以来,我国屡次提出研究和制定“渐进式延迟退休年龄政策”的方针策略,然时至今日,全国性的延迟退休政策尚未出台。以社会建构与政策设计理论为理论基础与分析框架,以1951—2021年54份中央政府文件为样本,考察目标群体的社会建构如何通过反馈效应影响延迟退休年龄政策进程,研究发现:干部和高级专业技术人员被正面建构且因政策受益,产生正反馈,政策长期仅适用于该群体,普通劳动者被正面建构但因政策受损,产生负反馈,以致全国性政策无法出台,政策陷入停滞;而正反馈效应长期积累促使社会建构转向,社会环境因素改变政策认知,进而推动政策进程。因此,政策制定者坚定决心,不断优化政策设计,回应目标群体的社会建构转向;党和中央政府以积极应对人口老龄化战略吸纳延迟退休年龄政策,塑造公众政策认知;地方政府积极开展政策试验,总结经验教训,这些措施都有助于加快政策进程。

黑龙江省农产品加工产业发展与现状分析

农产品加工业是农业现代化的标志,但黑龙江省农产品加工产业仍以传统初加工模式为主,精深加工领域发展落后。本文在对黑龙江省农产品加工产业现状、农产品加工产业发展的重要性,及农产品加工产业发展的制约因素等方面开展系统阐述的基础上,提出黑龙江省农产品加工产业良性快速发展的可行性建议,即建设科企互作平台、形成行业发展合力,创新技术更新产品、加强技术装备配套,扭转地域劣势、扬长避短加强宣传,加强平台建设、引领良性循环。

我国医保谈判药品“双通道”管理政策执行困境及推进策略

目的为我国医保谈判药品“双通道”管理政策的顺利实施落地提供参考。方法基于史密斯政策执行过程模型,从实施细则与监管体系、药品遴选、药品配备和质量控制、医保基金运行状况和信息化能力4个方面对医保谈判药品“双通道”政策的执行困境进行分析,并提出相应推进策略。结果与结论我国医保谈判药品“双通道”政策可能存在政策实施细则和全流程监管体系不够明确,部分医保谈判药品纳入“双通道”管理的适宜性和可操作性有待斟酌,药品配备和质量控制方面存在难点,各地医保基金管理和运行状况存在差异以及信息化能力不足等执行困境。对此,本研究认为可通过完善“双通道”政策实施细则、提高“双通道”药品目录合理性、建立“双通道”药店动态退出机制、推行专业化配送服务、完善电子处方流转平台等措施来推动“双通道”政策的实施落地。

“双减”政策执行中的偏差行为研究——基于史密斯政策执行过程模型

为探究“双减”政策执行过程中的政策执行偏差行为,基于史密斯政策执行过程模型,从理想化政策、执行机构、目标群体及环境因素四个层面采用个案研究法对G省L县“双减”政策执行过程中出现的象征性执行、选择性执行、替代性执行等偏差行为进行成因分析,发现政策话语的模糊性和政策适应性的欠缺、目标群体利益基点下的理性选择、执行机构间的博弈及传统文化观念和教育生态环境的桎梏均对“双减”政策的执行效果产生叠加影响。基于此,提出如下纠偏对策:优化宏观设计,完善政策内容;革新教育理念,减少工具理性;完善利益协调机制,助力政策执行;突破文化桎梏,构建良好生态,以期为改进“双减”政策执行偏差问题并有效执行政策提供参考。

政策结构推动政策发展的作用机制研究——以中国碳交易政策为例

政策发展是一个循环反复不断再生产的互动过程,政策结构包括制度结构、主体结构、资源结构三个主要维度。以结构化理论为基础,借用结构二重性观点,构建分析框架解释政策结构推动政策发展的作用机制,具有重要现实意义。以我国碳交易政策为例,对2011—2023年间66份中央政府和试点省市发布的政策文本、官方网站的新闻报道、交易平台的数据资料进行分析,结合对相关行动主体的访谈发现,政策结构既是政策行动的中介,又是它的结果。作为行动中介,制度结构是开展政策行动的重要依据,主体结构是执行政策行动的重要依托,资源结构是完成政策行动的重要保障。作为行动结果,制度结构得以创制、更新、提升效力,主体结构被赋予全新角色、扩大主体范围、充实队伍结构,资源结构变得日益丰富且多元。这种同时作为行动中介和行动结果的特性便是结构二重性,政策结构不同维度的二重性作用表现,反映了政策结构推动政策发展的作用机制。

我国基本医疗保险定点零售药店改革政策的量化分析

目的梳理我国基本医疗保险定点零售药店(简称“定点零售药店”)改革政策,为门诊共济背景下该政策的完善提供参考。方法收集1998年12月至2023年6月来自国务院部委及其直属机构颁布的定点零售药店政策文本,采用内容分析法与社会网络分析法,构建基于政策主体、政策工具与政策过程的三维分析框架,对定点零售药店改革政策进行量化分析。结果与结论定点零售药店改革政策可大致分为萌芽起步、探索发展以及深化推进3个阶段。政策工具的使用以环境型工具为主,政策主体合作网络呈现“头-身-尾”链式结构。随着政策改革的推进,政策主体数量呈先下降后增长的趋势,政策发文数量呈现上升趋势,更强调药师体系建设、处方流转、医保支付以及“双通道”“门诊统筹”管理等工具的使用。建议在政策制定上,各政策主体应坚持顶层设计,重视不同发展阶段的特点,因地、因时调整政策工具的使用;并应加强部门间的合作交流,提高政策制定效率,实现政策协同,不断完善定点零售药店政策。

Android应用敏感行为与隐私政策一致性分析

隐私政策文档声明了应用程序需要获取的隐私信息,但不能保证清晰且完全披露应用获取的隐私信息类型,目前对应用实际敏感行为与隐私政策一致性分析的研究仍存在不足。针对上述问题,提出一种Android应用敏感行为与隐私政策一致性分析方法。在隐私政策分析阶段,基于Bi-GRU-CRF(Bi-directional Gated Recurrent Unit Conditional Random Field)神经网络,通过添加自定义标注库对模型进行增量训练,实现对隐私政策声明中的关键信息的提取;在敏感行为分析阶段,通过对敏感应用程序接口(API)调用进行分类、对输入敏感源列表中已分析过的敏感API调用进行删除,以及对已提取过的敏感路径进行标记的方法来优化IFDS(Interprocedural,Finite,Distributive,Subset)算法,使敏感行为分析结果与隐私政策描述的语言粒度相匹配,并且降低分析结果的冗余,提高分析效率;在一致性分析阶段,将本体之间的语义关系分为等价关系、从属关系和近似关系,并据此定义敏感行为与隐私政策一致性形式化模型,将敏感行为与隐私政策一致的情况分为清晰的表述和模糊的表述,将不一致的情况分为省略的表述、不正确的表述和有歧义的表述,最后根据所提基于语义相似度的一致性分析算法对敏感行为与隐私政策进行一致性分析。实验结果表明,对928个应用程序进行分析,在隐私政策分析正确率为97.34%的情况下,51.4%的Android应用程序存在应用实际敏感行为与隐私政策声明不一致的情况。

区域政务服务“跨省通办”政策执行为何受阻——基于长三角地区的案例研究

作为辖区内“一网通办”的延伸与扩展,政务服务“跨省通办”政策执行呈现出较为明显且错综复杂的网络结构。当前,我国“跨省通办”政策执行不仅面临体制性束缚,还遭遇技术性难题。同时,执行过程中各执行主体、执行网络之间的互动以及重要事件都会对政策执行产生影响。因此,推进政务服务“跨省通办”政策的顺利执行,应在加强顶层设计、打破网络边界、坚持网络治理等方面采取措施。

基于近端策略优化模板更新的实时目标跟踪方法

基于孪生网络的目标跟踪算法往往采用第一帧的外观特征作为固定模板,难以应对目标外观剧烈变化等问题。为此,所提算法在孪生网络的基础上,引入深度强化学习,将模板更新问题建模为马尔可夫决策过程,采用近端策略优化算法进行优化,减少因目标外观变化带来的误差积累。针对孪生网络跟踪算法搜索域太小,无法全局搜索目标的问题,引入全局检测算法,找回丢失的目标。所提跟踪算法能够自适应更新模板和全局检测丢失的目标,在OTB数据集和GOT-10k数据集上进行测试,实验结果表明,该方法较代表性方法,具有实时性强和准确率高的优点,能够很好应对目标外观形变以及目标丢失。