Objective To analyze the impact of the centralized drug procurement policy on pharmaceutical enterprises,and put forward some suggestions for improving China’s centralized drug procurement policy.Methods Through lite...Objective To analyze the impact of the centralized drug procurement policy on pharmaceutical enterprises,and put forward some suggestions for improving China’s centralized drug procurement policy.Methods Through literature analysis and comparative research,the relevant policies and implementation effects from the“4+7”drug procurement pilot to the seventh batch of volume procurement were sorted out,and the impact of the procurement policy on pharmaceutical enterprises was analyzed.Results and Conclusion The centralized drug procurement policy has continuously improved the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in bidding,and the consistency evaluation work has been carried out well.However,there are also some problems,such as the reduction of enterprise profits,the difficulty of enterprise operation,the decline in the quality of winning drugs,and the insufficient innovation ability and the supply capacity of enterprises.In this regard,enterprises should reasonably control the cost of drugs to ensure the stable supply of winning drugs.Besides,enterprises should create brand effect for their timely transformation and development.While strengthening pharmaceutical innovation,they can change from low-level generic drug production to R&D innovation.The government should pay close attention to the impact of centralized procurement on the quality and efficiency of enterprise drugs.For instance,the government should improve the pricing rules for drug procurement and increase supervision of drug quality and supply.At the same time,it should give certain policy and financial support to enterprises’technological innovation and talent introduction.展开更多
In order to combat illegal logging and associated trade and promote sustainable forest management, major developed countries, including France, have implemented green procurement policy for forest products. This paper...In order to combat illegal logging and associated trade and promote sustainable forest management, major developed countries, including France, have implemented green procurement policy for forest products. This paper described the background of why France implements green procurement policy for forest products, analyzed the basic content of the policy, and made a comprehensive assessment of the impact of green procurement policy on suppliers, processors, eco-environment and competitiveness of forest products. Finally, with the experiences from French implementation of the green procurement policy for forest products, the paper put forward policy recommendations for China to implement green procurement policy for forest products.展开更多
In this paper, the optimal policy is considered when the buyer faces two supply sources： one is the contract supplier from which the buyer orders over a specific contract period （say, a year） at a pre-agreed price,...In this paper, the optimal policy is considered when the buyer faces two supply sources： one is the contract supplier from which the buyer orders over a specific contract period （say, a year） at a pre-agreed price, and the other is the spot market. However, when ordering from the contract supplier, the buyer must fulfill a pre-determined total order quantity, or the so-called definite total order quantity commitment, over the whole contract period. In other words, the commitment secures the buyer a fixed price but obliges him/her a total order quantity over the contract period. Although the spot market gives the buyer more flexibility in terms of order quantities, its prices are volatile. Such a combination of contract and spot procurements is often observed in practice. Within the contract period, there are multiple sub-periods, during each of which the buyer reviews the inventory, issues an individual order, and uses the on-hand inventory to meet the random demand. Thus, in each （ordering） period, the buyer will weigh between the current known spot price （by procuring from the spot market） and a lower future price （by waiting while consuming the remaining commitment）. An optimal dual ordering policy is characterized for each period, depending on the on-hand inventory level, the spot price, and the remaining commitment quantity. The optimal policy in each period is also shown to be independent of the contract price. Through a numerical study, the inventory cost is demonstrated to be （1） insensitive to the contract price when the total commitment quantity is lower than the total expected demand over the contract period and （2） non-increasing in the variability of spot prices.展开更多
基金Research on the Technical System for Monitoring Adverse Drug Reactions/Events(Regulatory Technology System Research)(2019-0-4-040).
文摘Objective To analyze the impact of the centralized drug procurement policy on pharmaceutical enterprises,and put forward some suggestions for improving China’s centralized drug procurement policy.Methods Through literature analysis and comparative research,the relevant policies and implementation effects from the“4+7”drug procurement pilot to the seventh batch of volume procurement were sorted out,and the impact of the procurement policy on pharmaceutical enterprises was analyzed.Results and Conclusion The centralized drug procurement policy has continuously improved the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in bidding,and the consistency evaluation work has been carried out well.However,there are also some problems,such as the reduction of enterprise profits,the difficulty of enterprise operation,the decline in the quality of winning drugs,and the insufficient innovation ability and the supply capacity of enterprises.In this regard,enterprises should reasonably control the cost of drugs to ensure the stable supply of winning drugs.Besides,enterprises should create brand effect for their timely transformation and development.While strengthening pharmaceutical innovation,they can change from low-level generic drug production to R&D innovation.The government should pay close attention to the impact of centralized procurement on the quality and efficiency of enterprise drugs.For instance,the government should improve the pricing rules for drug procurement and increase supervision of drug quality and supply.At the same time,it should give certain policy and financial support to enterprises’technological innovation and talent introduction.
基金Research Project on Public-Service-Based Forestry Sector (200904005)National Soft Scientific Research Plan (2009GXS5B081)
文摘In order to combat illegal logging and associated trade and promote sustainable forest management, major developed countries, including France, have implemented green procurement policy for forest products. This paper described the background of why France implements green procurement policy for forest products, analyzed the basic content of the policy, and made a comprehensive assessment of the impact of green procurement policy on suppliers, processors, eco-environment and competitiveness of forest products. Finally, with the experiences from French implementation of the green procurement policy for forest products, the paper put forward policy recommendations for China to implement green procurement policy for forest products.
基金support from Hong Kong RGC Grant No: 2150518/410907support from NSFC projects under Grant Nos. 70725001,70821001 and 71090401/71090400
文摘In this paper, the optimal policy is considered when the buyer faces two supply sources： one is the contract supplier from which the buyer orders over a specific contract period （say, a year） at a pre-agreed price, and the other is the spot market. However, when ordering from the contract supplier, the buyer must fulfill a pre-determined total order quantity, or the so-called definite total order quantity commitment, over the whole contract period. In other words, the commitment secures the buyer a fixed price but obliges him/her a total order quantity over the contract period. Although the spot market gives the buyer more flexibility in terms of order quantities, its prices are volatile. Such a combination of contract and spot procurements is often observed in practice. Within the contract period, there are multiple sub-periods, during each of which the buyer reviews the inventory, issues an individual order, and uses the on-hand inventory to meet the random demand. Thus, in each （ordering） period, the buyer will weigh between the current known spot price （by procuring from the spot market） and a lower future price （by waiting while consuming the remaining commitment）. An optimal dual ordering policy is characterized for each period, depending on the on-hand inventory level, the spot price, and the remaining commitment quantity. The optimal policy in each period is also shown to be independent of the contract price. Through a numerical study, the inventory cost is demonstrated to be （1） insensitive to the contract price when the total commitment quantity is lower than the total expected demand over the contract period and （2） non-increasing in the variability of spot prices.
