Current Situation and Trend of the Technology Development of China’s Oral Care Products

This paper details the latest situation and features of the technology development in terms of China’s oral care products industry and proposes the following development direction in this sector. Meanwhile, the paper analyzes the popular products in the international market of oral care products and also predicts the trend of the product future in China’s market.

Dryland agriculture and rangeland restoration priorities in Afghanistan

Afghanistan is threatened by rangeland degradation.A quantitative visual analysis of Google Earth Imagery was used to systematically locate,characterize and quantify the current extent of rangelands in Afghanistan degraded as a consequence of dryland agriculture.Climate data were used in conjunction with dryland agriculture locations to establish a climate envelope comprised by temperature and mean annual precipitation to create a geographical mask known to contain dryland agriculture.Within this mask we created a grid of 100 km2 cells that we analyzed individually to access dryland agriculture extent.Climatic limits to sustainable dryland agriculture and areas of high restoration priority were also assessed as was the distribution of rain-fed agriculture with respect to the location of traditional migration routes for extensive livestock producers.The extents of agriculture in Afghanistan,at both upper and lower elevations,correlated most closely with mean annual temperature（MAT） at the upper elevation limits,and with mean annual precipitation（MAP） at the lower elevation limits.In total,dryland agriculture comprised 38,980 km2 of former native rangeland.Conversion was highest in the northwestern,northern and northeastern provinces of Herat,Badghis,Faryab,Jawzjan,Sar-e-Pul,Samangan,Balkh,Baghlan,Kunduz,Takhar and Badakhshan,with the highest percentage of conversion occurring in Takhar.An MAP value of 〈400 mm is perceived by farmers as the current climatic limit to sustainable dryland agriculture across the northern regions of the country.Uder this MAP value,approximately 27,677 km2 of converted rangeland met the need for restoration priority.Climate projections indicate that Afghanistan will become warmer and drier in the coming decades.One consequence of this trend is that the MAP threshold of 〈400 mm to sustainable dryland agriculture will become obsolete in the coming decades.Restoration of currently converted rangelands is needed to restore critical grazing areas as is the adoption of prudent range management policies to prevent further land degradation and support a vital livestock industry.Food security is at stake as the conversion of rangelands to unsustainable rain-fed agriculture may leave large tracks of land unusable for either agriculture or livestock production.

Role of Buffalo in International Trade

The study analyzed the foreign trade performance of buffalo products using several indicators. These are the foreign trade structure by product and by Geographic distribution, time trend, instability, the free on board or freight on board （FOB） price ratio of buffalo to cattle revealed comparative advantage of tradable buffalo products. Thailand has the highest buffalo exports of live animals and hides. India exports the highest share of buffalo meat. Buffalo dairy products exports are rare due to lack of expanded dairy processing industries of buffalo milk and lacking of awareness towards the buffalo milk quality, which limits the demand for buffalo dairy products and shortage in supply beyond the domestic consumption. While buffalo stock all over the world represents 12% of the world bovine stock, its share in buffalo exports of meat is around 27% of the world bovine exports measured in tons in 2007. Such share shrinkages to 13.2% when measured in dollars. This shrinkage is due to lower prices of buffalo products than cattle products. The ratio of annual average ＂FOB price＂ of buffalo meat to bovine price was about one-half and for hides was about 40%, and for live buffalo was 14%. Reasons of the apparent lower FOB price of buffalo Exported Products than cattle are the low carcass weight of buffalo exported mainly for processing, low quality and limited demand for buffalo hides, and commonly, exporting live buffalo as weaned calves. Expansion in exports of buffalo products requires expansion in supply, through the potentiality of higher productivity, rather than stock size, to reach in balance with available feeds.