Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services in Yutian County along the Keriya River Basin,Northwest China

The Keriya River Basin is located in an extremely arid climate zone on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin of Northwest China,exhibiting typical mountain-oasis-desert distribution characteristics.In recent decades,climate change and human activities have exerted significant impacts on the service functions of watershed ecosystems.However,the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services(ESs)have not been thoroughly examined.This study aims to reveal the spatiotemporal changes in ESs within the Keriya River Basin from 1995 to 2020 as well as the trade-offs and synergies between ESs.Leveraging the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)and Revised Wind Erosion Equation(RWEQ)using land use/land cover(LULC),climate,vegetation,soil,and hydrological data,we quantified the spatiotemporal changes in the five principal ESs(carbon storage,water yield,food production,wind and sand prevention,and habitat quality)of the watershed from 1995 to 2020.Spearman correlation coefficients were used to analyze the trade-offs and synergies between ES pairs.The findings reveal that water yield,carbon storage,and habitat quality exhibited relatively high levels in the upstream,while food production and wind and sand prevention dominated the midstream and downstream,respectively.Furthermore,carbon storage,food production,wind and sand prevention,and habitat quality demonstrated an increase at the watershed scale while water yield exhibited a decline from 1995 to 2020.Specifically,carbon storage,wind and sand prevention,and habitat quality presented an upward trend in the upstream but downward trend in the midstream and downstream.Food production in the midstream showed a continuously increasing trend during the study period.Trade-off relationships were identified between water yield and wind and sand prevention,water yield and carbon storage,food production and water yield,and habitat quality and wind and sand prevention.Prominent temporal and spatial synergistic relationships were observed between different ESs,notably between carbon storage and habitat quality,carbon storage and food production,food production and wind and sand prevention,and food production and habitat quality.Water resources emerged as a decisive factor for the sustainable development of the basin,thus highlighting the intricate trade-offs and synergies between water yield and the other four services,particularly the relationship with food production,which warrants further attention.This research is of great significance for the protection and sustainable development of river basins in arid areas.

Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services and driving factors in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve of Xinjiang,China

Nature reserves play a significant role in providing ecosystem services and are key sites for biodiversity conservation.The Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve(TBPNR),located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,is an important ecological barrier area in the temperate arid zone.The evaluation of its important ecosystem services is of great significance to improve the management level and ecological protection efficiency of the reserve.In the present study,we assessed the spatiotemporal variations of four ecosystem services(including net primary productivity(NPP),water yield,soil conservation,and habitat quality)in the TBPNR from 2000 to 2020 based on the environmental and social data using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.In addition,the coldspot and hotspot areas of ecosystem services were identified by hotspot analysis,and the trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services were analyzed using factor analysis in a geographic detector.During the study period,NPP and soil conservation values in the reserve increased by 48.20%and 25.56%,respectively;conversely,water yield decreased by 16.56%,and there was no significant change in habitat quality.Spatially,both NPP and habitat quality values were higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part,whereas water yield showed an opposite trend.Correlation analysis revealed that NPP showed a synergistic relationship with habitat quality and soil conservation,and exhibited a trade-off relationship with water yield.Water yield and habitat quality also had a trade-off relationship.NPP and habitat quality were affected by annual average temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),respectively,while water yield and soil conservation were more affected by digital elevation model(DEM).Therefore,attention should be paid to the spatial distribution and dynamics of trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services in future ecological management.The findings of the present study provide a reference that could facilitate the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services in the typical fragile areas of Northwest China.

Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem services in Central Asia

Land use/land cover(LULC)change and climate change are two major factors affecting the provision of ecosystem services which are closely related to human well-being.However,a clear understanding of the relationships between these two factors and ecosystem services in Central Asia is still lacking.This study aimed to comprehensively assess ecosystem services in Central Asia and analyze how they are impacted by changes in LULC and climate.The spatiotemporal patterns of three ecosystem services during the period of 2000-2015,namely the net primary productivity(NPP),water yield,and soil retention,were quantified and mapped by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)model,Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model,and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE).Scenarios were used to determine the relative importance and combined effect of LULC change and climate change on ecosystem services.Then,the relationships between climate factors(precipitation and temperature)and ecosystem services,as well as between LULC change and ecosystem services,were further discussed.The results showed that the high values of ecosystem services appeared in the southeast of Central Asia.Among the six biomes(alpine forest region(AFR),alpine meadow region(AMR),typical steppe region(TSR),desert steppe region(DSR),desert region(DR),and lake region(LR)),the values of ecosystem services followed the order of AFR>AMR>TSR>DSR>DR>LR.In addition,the values of ecosystem services fluctuated during the period of 2000-2015,with the most significant decreases observed in the southeast mountainous area and northwest of Central Asia.LULC change had a greater impact on the NPP,while climate change had a stronger influence on the water yield and soil retention.The combined LULC change and climate change exhibited a significant synergistic effect on ecosystem services in most of Central Asia.Moreover,ecosystem services were more strongly and positively correlated with precipitation than with temperature.The greening of desert areas and forest land expansion could improve ecosystem services,but unreasonable development of cropland and urbanization have had an adverse impact on ecosystem services.According to the results,ecological stability in Central Asia can be achieved through the natural vegetation protection,reasonable urbanization,and ecological agriculture development.

基于模糊MACBETH和生态位理论的PSS方案评价方法

针对多属性决策方法与生态位理论结合的PSS评价方法权重确定过程中一致性检验繁琐、权重计算过程复杂和未考虑评价语义的模糊性的问题,模糊MACBETH用于确定客户价值的权重和客户体验阶段提供客户价值的重要性系数;该方法无须复杂的计算过程,利用三角模糊数处理语义的模糊性且依托软件系统自动检验一致性,提高了评价效率和准确度。针对生态位优势仅适用于完全竞争状态的优势计算,将生态位重叠与生态位优势结合,提出的竞争优势公式可以体现方案间竞争程度和生态位优势表示方案间的竞争优势的优点,反映方案间真实的竞争状态。最后以某新能源汽车制造企业PSS方案评价问题为例验证了所提方法的有效性。

GB/T 20986-2023在PSS民航旅客服务系统业务场景下的应用实践

围绕PSS(Passengers Services System)民航旅客服务系统在需求、设计、编码、测试、部署、应急预案及应急演练等软件开发生命周期的需求,遵循GB/T 20986—2023《信息安全技术网络安全事件分类分级指南》国家标准,通过将标准核心内容应用于业务场景进行实践,有效支撑了网络安全相关法律法规政策标准的落地实施,促进了企业内部各相关方达成共识,统一了对网络安全事件的认知,提升了软件开发生命周期各环节的安全合规能力,提高了软件安全能力和应急处理效率。

Characterization of Small-Scale Farmers and Assessment of Their Access to Crop Production Information in Selected Counties of Kenya

Small-scale farming accounts for 78% of total agricultural production in Kenya and contributes to 23.5% of the country’s GDP. Their crop production activities are mostly rainfed subsistence with any surplus being sold to bring in some income. Timely decisions on farm practices such as farm preparation and planting are critical determinants of the seasonal outcomes. In Kenya, most small-scale farmers have no reliable source of information that would help them make timely and accurate decisions. County governments have extension officers who are mandated with giving farmers advisory services to farmers but they are not able to reach most farmers due to facilitation constraints. The mode and format of sharing information is also critical since it’s important to ensure that it’s timely, well-understood and usable. This study sought to assess access to geospatial derived and other crop production information by farmers in four selected counties of Kenya. Specific objectives were to determine the profile of small-scale farmers in terms of age, education and farm size;to determine the type of information that is made available to them by County and Sub-County extension officers including the format and mode of provision;and to determine if the information provided was useful in terms of accuracy, timeliness and adequacy. The results indicated that over 80% of the farmers were over 35 years of age and over 56% were male. Majority had attained primary education (34%) or secondary education (29%) and most farmers in all the counties grew maize (71%). Notably, fellow farmers were a source of information (71%) with the frequency of sharing information being mostly seasonal (37%) and when information was available (43%). Over 66% of interviewed farmers indicating that they faced challenges while using provided information. The results from the study are insightful and helpful in determining effective ways of providing farmers with useful information to ensure maximum benefits.

Quantification of Ecosystem Services Provided by <i>Pterocarpus lucens</i>Lepr. Ex Guill. and Perrott.: Forage Production, Timber and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere Reserve of Ferlo (Northern Senegal)

This study aims at quantifying the most important ecosystem services: forage production, timber production and carbon sequestration provided by Pterocarpus lucens to local communities of Ferlo Biosphere Reserve. The results suggested that the ecological structure of Pterocarpus lucens revealed a bell-shaped form with left dissymmetric distribution indicating a predominance of individuals with small circumference and height. A regression using the software Minitab 16, with circumference and the height as explanatory variables, has allowed a development of predictive models for the estimation of the produced forage and the quantification of the timber supplied by one of the most used plant species in Sahelian pastures. Forage production of Pterocarpus lucens was estimated at 178 kg DM/ha. This large value of forage showed the predominance of this species in animal feed in the Sahel. The quantity of wood produced was 545 kg DM/ha while the quantity of above ground sequestered carbon was 325.35 kg of C/ha. Those estimations are interesting in the implementation context of the Ferlo Biosphere Reserve which aims at matching the productive capacity of ecosystems with the needs of local communities.

Analysis of the Characteristics and Development Direction of Services Trade in Shandong Province of China

Shandong is a significant province for foreign trade in China;however,it still faces shortcomings in the development of its service trade,as outlined below.Firstly,the scale of service trade is limited.Shandong’s service trade volume ranked sixth in China in 2022,lagging considerably behind Shanghai,Guangdong,Beijing,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu.Secondly,the proportion of service trade in Shandong compared to the overall national services trade volume falls below the national average,with the per capita scale even lower than the national average.Thirdly,Shandong’s service trade accounts for less than 10% of the province’s foreign trade,which is 3 percentage points below the national average.The insufficient development of Shandong’s service trade is mainly attributed to the weak performance of its own service industry and the limited scale of attracting foreign services investment.Accelerating the development of producer services in Shandong,promoting the intelligent upgrading of consumer services,and continuously promoting reform and opening up in the service sector will be conducive to achieving high-quality development of services trade in Shandong.

Circulation Service System for the Agricultural Products in Shandong

The construction and improvement of agricultural product circulation is one of the important solutions to the issues of agriculture. Although great achievements have been made in the construction of agricultural product, many problems still exist in the basis, principal role and service contents of service system. It needs the great improvement on infrastructure, service modes and management of service system to prompt the economic development in rural areas.

Modeling optimal oil production paths under risk service contracts

Due to the rigorous fiscal terms and huge potential risk of risk service contracts,optimizing oil production paths is one of the main challenges in designing oilfield development plans.In this paper,an oil production path optimization model is developed to maximize economic benefits within constraints of technology factors and oil contracts.This analysis describes the effects of risk service contract terms on parameters of inputs and outputs and quantifies the relationships between production and production time,revenues,investment and costs.An oil service development and production project is illustrated in which the optimal production path under its own geological conditions and contract terms is calculated.The influences of oil price,service fees per barrel and operating costs on the optimal production have been examined by sensitivity analysis.The results show that the oil price has the largest impact on the optimal production,which is negatively related to oil price and positively related to service fees per barrel and operating costs.

基于用户生活方式的运动健康PSS设计策略

立足用户体验,对运动健康生活方式下产品服务系统进行分析与归纳,提出设计策略,助力运动健康生活方式的形成。调查目前运动健康领域下产品服务的相关内容,根据产品服务系统成本效率分类法结合实际案例对现存运动健康产品服务进行分析归纳,发掘潜在用户与产品服务需求。在理论研究和案例解读的基础上,根据生活方式设计方法构建运动健康生活方式EPS设计策略模型。该模型包括运动健康生活方式的期许建立(Exception)、用户运动健康进程的干预(Progression)和实现用户运动健康生活方式的自我创造(Self-creation)3个阶段,针对该模型展开设计实践,挖掘产品机会。生活方式设计策略能够为运动健康产品服务系统的探索提供依据,助力体医融合趋势下相关运动健康产品的成果转化与产业升级。

Web-services-based Integration Design of PDM and DNC Systems

In a networked manufacturing environment, product data integration is the foundation of collaborative manufacturing among manufacturing enterprises. It is very important to build an effective integration mechanism for product data sharing of manufacturing enterprises in geographically dispersed, heterogeneous system platform. In order to integrate enterprise level product data management (PDM) system and shop floor level distributed numerical control (DNC) system, based on the description of Web services technology, a Web-services-based integration approach is presented for facilitating seamless sharing of product data between PDM and DNC systems in a networked manufacturing environment. In order to verify the validity of the proposed approach, an example-based integration development has been implemented with Java 2 Software Development Kit and Java Web Services Developer Pack in Windows 2000 Professional environment.

Design and Application of Integrated Meteorological Service System in the Yangtze River Basin

The overall design and system functions of the meteorological service integrated service system of the Yangtze River Basin are introduced. The system is based on CIMISS (National Integrated Meteorological Information Sharing Platform) for expansion and construction, integrating key correction forecasts, weather model comparisons, flood predictions, etc. The forecasting technology, starting from the flood control and drought relief of the service basin and the comprehensive dispatch of the reservoir, has realized the monitoring of water and rain conditions, the production of key business products, the production and distribution of integrated service products, and the quality tracking assessment. The application shows that the system can make the forecaster effectively grasp the service focus, improve the timeliness and pertinence of the service, and have a good promotion and application prospect in the basin meteorological service.

Multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation of complex product change plan considering service performance

Design change is an inevitable part of the product development process.This study proposes an improved binary multi‐objective PSO algorithm guided by problem char-acteristics(P‐BMOPSO)to solve the optimisation problem of complex product change plan considering service performance.Firstly,a complex product multi‐layer network with service performance is established for the first time to reveal the impact of change effect propagation on the product service performance.Secondly,the concept of service performance impact(SPI)is defined by decoupling the impact of strongly associated nodes on the service performance in the process of change affect propagation.Then,a triple‐objective selection model of change nodes is established,which includes the three indicators:SPI degree,change cost,and change time.Furthermore,an integer multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm guided by problem characteristics is developed to solve the model above.Experimental results on the design change problem of a certain type of Skyworth TV verify the effectiveness of the established optimisation model and the proposed P‐BMOPSO algorithm.

Functionally assessing the sustainability of regional ecosystem services:a case study of Hohhot City

"The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital" by R.Costanza et al.in 1997 is generally regarded as a monument to the research of valuing ecosystem services.However,the classification of ecosystem services,the method of various services summation,and the purpose for static global value had many criticisms.Based on a summary of these criticisms and suggestions,further study direction—on the sustainability of ecosystem services—is presented.The two basis indicators in ecology—productivity and biodiversity,respectively characterize the ability of producing and self-organizing—not only represent the internal function of ecosystem,but also can be proportioned to its external function of supporting and providing for human life.Theoretically,the two indicators combined could physically assess the sustainability of ecosystem services based on the traditional procedure of Costanza’s.The case study of Hohhot City in 1995-2005 shows that the new model reflects the changes of ecosystem services at spatial and temporal scale,and the functionally adjusted assessment shows the sustainability of Hohhot City became gradually stronger during the study decade.But due to the enormous value per unit of water ecosystem,the minimal loss of water area leads to the final result being opposite to the processing analysis,which gives a clue to the further experimental testing research.

Spatial and temporal changes of paddy rice ecosystem services in China during the period 1980–2014

The ecological systems services or multi-functionality of paddy rice cultivation are critical to the functioning of the Earth’s life-support system.We estimated the ecosystem services value(ESV)of paddy rice during 1980-2014 across China.The results indicated that the ESV of the paddy field in China showed an upward trend during this period.The share of ESV on CO_(2)sequestration was the highest,followed by ESV on temperature cooling and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission.The yield-scaled ESVs of ZonesⅡ(southern rice-upland crops rotation regions)andⅢ(southern double rice production regions)were similar and significantly higher than the ESVs of ZonesⅠ(northeastern single rice production regions)and IV(Southwest rice-upland crops rotation regions).Between 1980 and 2014,the ESV of each region increased to varying degrees,except for the ESVs of Guangxi,Zhejiang,Fujian,and Guangdong.Such effects suggest the existence of a significant spatial-temporal variation in the total amount,structure,and density of ESV of paddy fields in China,which can further guide the development of future options for the adaptation of healthy rice production in China.

Value Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Da Hinggan Mountains, China

This study examined regional differences in ecosystem services for the Da Hinggan Mountains(DHM),China.A correction index was constructed based on ten-year average net primary productivity(NPP)data.A new equivalent factor table that was suitable for the assessment of wetlands in the DHM was formed by using the expert weight determination method(EWDM).An evaluation model was established for evaluating the ecosystem service value(ESV)of wetlands in the DHM.The results show that in 2020,the total ESV of wetlands reached 93361×10^(6) USD,with the forest swamp and marsh ecosystems contributing the most.From the perspective of value composition,regulating services and supporting services are the main service functions of wetlands in the DHM.From 2010 to2020,ESV provided by wetlands increased by 4337×10^(6) USD/yr in the DHM.The value of forest swamp and peatland ecosystems increased by 18.6%and 12.7%,respectively,whereas the value of swamp,shrub swamp,and marsh decreased.The research results are of significance for contributing to local government performance evaluation and determining financial compensation for the provision of wetland ecosystem services.

Ecosystem Services Evaluation of Karst New Urban Areas Based on Net Primary Productivity of Guanshanhu District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the basis of the material and energy transport calculation in ecosystem studies. NPP directly reflects the production capacity of plant communities under natural conditions. Ecosystem services are hot topics in the field of ecology. Many studies calculate ecosystem service value based on NPP. Taking Guanshanhu District of Guiyang City, Guizhou Province as the research object, using TM, ETM+, Gaofen2 and MOD17A3HGF.006 as data sources, this paper analyzed the change of ecosystem service value based on NPP in 2000, 2010 and 2020. The results showed that the area of forest ecosystem increased during 2000-2010 and decreased during 2010-2020. The artificial surface grew rapidly from 1146.82 hm2 to 7544.29 hm2 during 2000-2020. The farmland ecosystem decreased from 13308.29 hm2 to 6342.33 hm2 during 2000-2020. With the dynamic changes in ecosystem spatial distribution and component structure, the total NPP in 2000, 2010 and 2020 was 12.58 × 104 t, 11.90 × 104 t and 11.78 × 104 t, respectively, showing a decreasing trend. The total value of natural and semi-natural ecosystems services based on NPP showed an increasing trend, which was ￥ 6.938 × 108 in 2000, ￥ 8.052 × 108 in 2010 and ￥ 10.306 × 108 in 2020 respectively. The ecosystem contributed the most to the ecological service value in 2000 was farmland, but in 2010 and 2020, it was the forest ecosystem. The ecological service value of grassland and wetland was relatively small, while the ratio of the wetland ecological service value displayed a decreasing trend. In the future, it is necessary to establish a strict pretrial system for land use, so as to effectively protect the natural and semi-natural ecosystems and fulfill the growing ecological demands of residents.

Mangrove Ecosystem Services: Indus Delta (PQA), Sindh

Mangroves of the Indus Delta are the world’s fifth largest assemblage, and the largest in the arid zone. Mangroves of Indus delta (PQA) provide immense benefits, products and unrecognized regulatory services. Products of Direct Economic Value: Fish, Minerals and food. There are Products of Natural System (intangible) supplies of rich nutrients to support productivity. Coastal communities benefit in a multitude of ways from Mangrove ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services. The ecological role of mangrove ecosystems in the Indus Deltaic area of Port Qasim Authority (PQA) is, economically and socially significant. The Mangroves are well known for their high biological productivity and their consequent importance provided to the coastal community in terms of services and products of direct and indirect value to the adjacent coastal waters. Mangrove Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of food and services and the decomposition of organic wastes. They export organic matter, mainly in detritus form of leaf litter to the marine environment, thus providing a highly nutritious food source for themselves and for the Benthic and terrestrial animals found in the mangrove areas, as well as for those in neighboring estuarine and marine ecosystems. Apart from nutrient export, mangroves also contribute to offshore fisheries by acting as nurseries and shelters for many species of commercially important finfish and crustaceans. Degradation of Indus Deltaic mangrove in PQA would destabilize the economic potential and the livelihood of communities’ which include services and benefits offered by the mangrove ecosystem. Rehabilitation and conservation of mangroves ecosystem in PQA is essential for sustained biological productivity in the region.

新质生产力的演化:维度、结构及路径

新质生产力体现为全方位、系统性、持续性的变革过程,其不仅能优化经济基础的应用场景和能力层级,而且能推进产业协同升级和整体跃迁,其发展进程呈现动态性和加速性,可对已有高质量发展范式、路径进行破坏性创新、爆发性升级、动态性更迭。新质生产力是“制度型生产力→干预型生产力→跨越式生产力→信息化生产力→新质生产力”和“结构型生产力→市场型生产力→可持续生产力→信息化生产力→新质生产力”的有机统一。新质生产力是对信息化生产力的继承和发展,是一种更为先进的生产力形态,具有更新颖的数智技术革命背景、更复杂的内在运作机理、更前瞻性的经济系统以及更深邃的演化路径,也更能代表生产力的最新发展趋势。