Large-scale physical simulation of injection and production of hot dry rock in Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Based on the independently developed true triaxial multi-physical field large-scale physical simulation system of in-situ injection and production,we conducted physical simulation of long-term multi-well injection and production in the hot dry rocks of the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,NW China.Through multi-well connectivity experiments,the spatial distribution characteristics of the natural fracture system in the rock samples and the connectivity between fracture and wellbore were clarified.The injection and production wells were selected to conduct the experiments,namely one injection well and two production wells,one injection well and one production well.The variation of several physical parameters in the production well was analyzed,such as flow rate,temperature,heat recovery rate and fluid recovery.The results show that under the combination of thermal shock and injection pressure,the fracture conductivity was enhanced,and the production temperature showed a downward trend.The larger the flow rate,the faster the decrease.When the local closed area of the fracture was gradually activated,new heat transfer areas were generated,resulting in a lower rate of increase or decrease in the mining temperature.The heat recovery rate was mainly controlled by the extraction flow rate and the temperature difference between injection and production fluid.As the conductivity of the leak-off channel increased,the fluid recovery of the production well rapidly decreased.The influence mechanisms of dominant channels and fluid leak-off on thermal recovery performance are different.The former limits the heat exchange area,while the latter affects the flow rate of the produced fluid.Both of them are important factors affecting the long-term and efficient development of hot dry rock.

Numerical simulation of operation performance on production and injection of a double well geothermal system in Kailu Basin, Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia is abundant in geothermal resources,but the development and utilization of medium-depth geothermal resources for clean heating in winter is still in the preliminary stage compared with the neighboring provinces.In this paper,a recently developed geothermal heating system using the Mesozoic sandstone reservoirs in Baokang of Kailu Basin,Eastern Inner Mongolia was investigated,a threedimensional geological model of a pair of production and injection well was established,and numerical simulations on the long term operation performance were conducted and verified by pumping test and water level recovery test data.The effects of flow rates,the direction of wells,injection temperature and ratios on the flow field and water level in the thermal reservoir were analyzed.The results show that considering a 30-year operation period and a production rate from 90 m^(3)/h to 110 m^(3)/h,the optimum well spacing can be increased from 225 m to 245 m,with an average value of 235 m.With the decrease of the injection temperature,the cold front of the injection water has an increasing influence on the temperature in the production well.A complete injection or the principle of production according to injection is recommended in order to maintain the long-term operation stability.In addition,the location of the injection well should be arranged in the downstream of the natural flow field.The present results can provide a useful guide for the optimum design and performance prediction of geothermal wells,thus maintaining the production and injection balance and promoting the sustainable development and utilization of medium-depth and deep geothermal resources.

Stress sensitivity of formation during multi-cycle gas injection and production in an underground gas storage rebuilt from gas reservoirs

Permeability sensitivity to stress experiments were conducted on standard core samples taken from Wen 23 Gas Storage at multi-cycle injection and production conditions of the gas storage to study the change pattern of stress sensitivity of permeability.A method for calculating permeability under overburden pressure in the multi-cycle injection and production process was proposed,and the effect of stress sensitivity of reservoir permeability on gas well injectivity and productivity in UGS was analyzed.Retention rate of permeability decreased sharply first and then slowly with the increase of the UGS cycles.The stress sensitivity index of permeability decreased with the increase of cycle number of net stress variations in the increase process of net stress.The stress sensitivity index of permeability hardly changed with the increase of cycle number of net stress variations in the decrease process of net stress.With the increase of cycle number of net stress variation,the stress sensitivity index of permeability in the increase process of net stress approached that in the decrease process of net stress.The lower the reservoir permeability,the greater the irreversible permeability loss rate,the stronger the cyclic stress sensitivity,and the higher the stress sensitivity index of the reservoir,the stronger the reservoir stress sensitivity.The gas zones with permeability lower than 0.3’10-3 mm2 are not suitable as gas storage regions.Stress sensitivity of reservoir permeability has strong impact on gas well injectivity and productivity and mainly in the first few cycles.

Stable Production Technology for Horizontal Well Development in Shallow Water Delta Oilfield of Bohai Bay, China

BZ Oilfield is a medium-sized oilfield with shallow delta facies deposits in Bohai Bay of China,compared with fluvial and delta facies oilfields,there is no mature experience for reference of reservoir configuration,well pattern arrangement and development model in offshore oilfields in China.In view of the difficulty in describing the reservoir configuration of shallow water delta,the single distributary sand dam in shallow water delta is characterized by well-seismic combination and multi-attribute constraints.The mathematical mechanism model of pinch-out position of sand body is established,fine characterization of BZ shallow water delta reservoir is put forward.The horizontal well pattern arrangement type for shallow water delta reservoir is proposed and the method of well pattern optimization based on vertical displacement theory is put forward.A method of inversion of reservoir connectivity using production dynamic data by numerical well testing is proposed and a new method for optimizing water injection rate in water injection wells is proposed aiming at the difficulty of recognizing injection-production connectivity of shallow water delta reservoirs.The fine configuration of BZ shallow water delta reservoir based on distributary sand dam is proposed,which guides the recognition of remaining oil distribution law.By deploying adjustment wells,the water flooding coincidence degree of actual drilling is 86% compared with that of pre-drilling prediction,which indicates that the research results of reservoir configuration can effectively guide the understanding of oilfield geology.Through the theoretical well arrangement type of vertical displacement of single sand body in horizontal wells of shallow water delta reservoir,a high water flooding recovery rate of 35% is achieved in primary well pattern.The connectivity coefficients of injection-production boundary of shallow water delta reservoir configuration are calculated,and the water injection distribution coefficients are obtained by normalizing the directional coefficients.This paper presents a configuration method based on multi-attribute fusion under the constraints of sedimentary process.In this paper,a shallow water delta reservoir configuration method based on multi-attribute fusion constrained by sedimentary process is proposed,and the injection-production connectivity coefficient and injection well distribution coefficient of the configuration boundary are calculated.

Geothermal extraction performance in fractured granite from Gonghe Basin,Qinghai province,China:Long-term injection and production experiment

The efficient exploitation of geothermal energy through enhanced geothermal systems(EGS)has been a relevant topic for hot dry rock(HDR)geothermal resources.When cryogenic fluid is injected into a thermal reservoir,improving heat exchange efficiency is key to achieving the optimal exploitation of HDR.In this paper,granite outcrops from Gonghe Basin were used as the testing sample.The natural fractures in the granite samples were relatively well developed.To simulate long-term injection and production from multi-wells in situ,physical ex-periments were performed in a newly-developed,in-house large-scale true triaxial experimental system.Geothermal extraction performance of an HDR was simulated for long-term injection and production operations.Simultaneously,the mode of one-injection and multiple-production wells was represented.In the paper,the ef-fects of the production-injection well spacing,the number of production wells and the injection rate on the production temperature and flow rate are discussed.The results show that,during long-term injection and pro-duction,there are two stages of production temperature variation,namely stabilization and attenuation.When the number of the production wells is increased,the heat extraction efficiency is accelerated.Moreover,competitive diversion of fluid among fractures occurred due to different conductivities.Furthermore,under different pro-duction modes,the production flow rate contributed differently to the heat extraction.Finally,the effect of the production-injection wells spacing on the heat exchange performance was analyzed;this is mainly reflected in the change of the effective heat exchange area between the rock and the injected fluid.The results emphasize the importance of designing an appropriate production mode and optimizing the injection-production parameters to ensure efficient HDR exploitation.

Steam Flooding after Steam Soak in Heavy Oil Reservoirs through Extended-reach Horizontal Wells

This paper presents a new development scheme of simultaneous injection and production in a single horizontal well drilled for developing small block reservoirs or offshore reservoirs. It is possible to set special packers within the long completion horizontal interval to establish an injection zone and a production zone. This method can also be used in steam flooding after steam soak through a horizontal well. Simulation results showed that it was desirable to start steam flooding after six steam soaking cycles and at this time the oil/steam ratio was 0.25 and oil recovery efficiency was 23.48%. Steam flooding performance was affected by separation interval and steam injection rate. Reservoir numerical simulation indicated that maximum oil recovery would be achieved at a separation section of 40-50 m at steam injection rate of 100-180 t/d; and the larger the steam injection rate, the greater the water cut and pressure difference between injection zone and production zone. A steam injection rate of 120 t/d was suitable for steam flooding under practical injection-production conditions. All the results could be useful for the guidance of steam flooding projects.

Deployment and Exploration of a Gas Storage Well Pattern Based on the Threshold Radius

To tackle the problem that wells that are deployed in a specific pattern based on the requirements of gas reservoir development are not suitable for gas storage,we have conducted concentrically circular injection and production simulation experiments for gas storage,discovered the existence of a threshold radius,denoted by Rt,and derived the expression for Rt.Based on the analysis and discussion results,we propose a strategy for deploying gas storage wells in specific patterns.The expression for Rt shows that it is affected by factors such as the gas storage gas production/injection time,the upper pressure limit,the lower pressure limit,the bottomhole flow pressure at the ends of injection and production,the and permeability.The analysis and discussion results show that the Rt of a gas storage facility is much smaller than the Rt for gas reservoir development.In the gas storage facilities in China,the Rt for gas production is less than the Rt for the gas injection,and Rt increases with the difference in the operating pressure and with permeability K.Based on the characteristics of Rt,we propose three suggestions for gas storage well pattern deployment:(1)calculate Rt according to the designed functions of the gas storage facility and deploy the well pattern according to Rt;(2)deploy sparser,large-wellbore patterns in high-permeability areas and denser,small-wellbore patterns in high-permeability areas;and(3)achieve the gas injection well pattern by new drilling,and the gas production well pattern through a combination of the gas injection well pattern and old wells.By assessing a gas storage facility with a perfect well pattern after a number of adjustments,we found that the Rt of the 12 wells calculated in this paper is basically close to the corresponding actual radius,which validates our method.The results of this study provide a methodological basis for well pattern deployment in new gas storage construction.

基于Ansoft Maxwell的电磁阀驱动优化

电磁阀是决定柴油机电控燃油喷射系统性能的关键部件,其快速响应特性是燃油喷射系统供油稳定性的重要保证,其中驱动电压的大小是电磁阀响应时间长短的主要影响因素。通过AnsoftMaxwell进行磁场的仿真可以计算得出线圈匝数、驱动电压、驱动电流与电磁力、响应时间的关系,从而优化选出线圈匝数与驱动电流和驱动电压的最佳组合。

Lag times in toe-to-heel air injection(THAI)operations explain underlying heavy oil production mechanisms

From a time value of revenue point of view,it is preferred that the time between reservoir stimulation and oil production response is small.Heavy oil combustion processes have a lag time between air injection and liquid production,but the common practice in production data analysis uses simultaneous injection and production data when seeking a relationship between them.In this research,the time scales of production for the Kerrobert toe-to-heel air injection(THAI)heavy oil project in Saskatchewan,Canada,is analyzed by using cross correlation analysis,i.e.time delay analysis between air injection and oil production.The results reveal two time scales with respect to production response with two distinctive recovery mechanisms:(1)a short time scale response(nearly instantaneous)where oil production peaks right after air injection(directly after opening production well)reflecting cold heavy oil production mechanisms,and(2)a longer time scale(of order of 100-300 days)response where peak production occurs associated with the collective phenomena of air injection,heat generating reactions,heat transfer,and finally,heated mobilized heavy oil drainage to the production well.This understanding of the two time scales and associated production mechanisms provides a basis for improving the performance of THAI.

An analysis method of injection and production dynamic transient flow in a gas field storage facility

A dynamic transient flow analysis method considering complex factors such as the cyclic injection and production history in a gas field storage facility was established in view of the limitations of the existing methods for transient flow analysis and the characteristics of the injection-production operation of strongly heterogeneous gas reservoirs, and the corresponding theoretical charts were drawn. In addition, an injection-production dynamic transient flow analysis model named "three points and two stages" suitable for an underground gas storage(UGS) well with alternate working conditions was proposed. The "three points" refer to three time points during cyclic injection and production, namely, the starting point of gas injection for UGS construction, the beginning and ending points of the injection-production analysis stage;and the "two stages" refer to historical flow stage and injection-production analysis stage. The study shows that the dimensionless pseudo-pressure and dimensionless pseudo-pressure integral curves of UGS well flex downward in the early stage of the injection and production process, and the dimensionless pseudo-pressure integral derivative curve is convex during the gas production period and concave during the gas injection period, and the curves under different flow histories have atypical features. The new method present in this paper can analyze transient flow of UGS accurately. The application of this method to typical wells in Hutubi gas storage shows that the new method can fit the pressure history accurately, and obtain reliable parameters and results.

Injection-production parameters optimization research SAGD production stage

Steam assisted gravity drainage （SAGD） technology has been industrialized popularization and application in our country, according to the characteristics of Xing group I SAGD experimental zone in liaohe oilfield, SAGD production stage injection-production parameters such as the operating pressure, Sub - Cool control, steam injection rate, steam dryness, production factor are studied and selected.

Study on Injection-Production System Adjustment of Fault Block Reservoir Based on Equilibrium Displacement

This paper proposed a method of injection-production system adjustment to solve the problem that the water flooding effect was restricted because of the horizontal and vertical contradictions during the development process of fault block reservoirs. Considering the heterogeneity of reservoir, the Buckley-Leverett water flooding theory was applied to establish the relationship between the recovery and cumulative water injection. In order to achieve the goal of vertically balanced recovery of each section, the calculation method of vertical sectional injection allocation was proposed. The planar triangular seepage unit was assumed and sweep coefficients of different oil-water distribution patterns were characterized using multi-flow tube method. In order to balance and maximize the plane sweep coefficient, the calculation method of plane production system optimization was obtained. Then the injection-production system stereoscopic adjustment method based on equilibrium displacement was proposed with vertical sectional injection allocation and plane production system optimization. This method was applied to injection and production adjustment of BZ oilfield in southern Bohai. The effect of water control and oil increase was obvious. This method can greatly improve the effect of water flooding of offshore fault block reservoirs with the adjustment of injection-production system.

Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

榆树林油田CCUS采油工程方案优化设计与实践

大庆榆树林油田扶杨油层属低孔、特低渗透储层,针对以往开发过程中存在注水困难、压裂有效期短、水驱开发难以有效动用的问题,开展CO_(2)驱油技术现场试验。从经济性、技术适应性、配套工艺成熟性等角度对采油工程方案进行综合评价,优选出单、双管分层注入工艺、高气液比举升工艺、注采两端个性化防腐工艺及物理化学组合解冻堵工艺等CCUS采油工程技术。结果表明:试验区投产初期及目前生产情况均达到了油藏预测指标;采出井平均泵效及检泵周期与外围油田平均水平相持平,注气井与采出井腐蚀速率小于行业指标;实现CO_(2)有效埋存108.9×10^(4) t,比水驱预测采出程度提高采收率4.39百分点,取得较好的驱油开发效果。研究成果为CCUS示范区的高效建设提供了技术支撑,开辟了大庆油田外围难采储量有效动用的新途径。

基于IAOA-KELM的储气库注采管柱内腐蚀速率预测

针对储气库注采管柱的内腐蚀速率预测问题,建立了基于阿基米德优化算法(Archimedes Optimization Algorithm,AOA)与核极限学习机(Kernel Extreme Learning Machine,KELM)相结合的模型提高腐蚀速率预测精度。通过引入佳点集、改进密度降低因子、采用黄金正弦算法缩小搜索空间,提高局部开发能力,利用改进阿基米德优化算法(Improved Archimedes Optimization Algorithm,IAOA)优化KELM正则化系数(C)和核函数参数(γ),进而建立IAOA-KELM储气库注采管柱内腐蚀速率预测模型;使用MATLAB软件运用该模型对某注采管柱内腐蚀数据集进行学习与预测,将IAOA-KELM模型与KELM、粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)-KELM、AOA-KELM结果进行预测误差对比。结果表明,IAOA-KELM模型的预测值与实际值较为拟合,其E RMSE为0.65%,E MAE为0.39%,R 2为99.83%,均优于其他模型。研究表明,IAOA-KELM模型能够更为准确地预测储气库注采管柱内腐蚀速率,为储气库注采管柱的运维及储气库的健康管理提供参考。

模内装饰技术在汽车外饰件上的应用

模内装饰技术已经在注射模中得到了很好的应用,而在模内装饰技术上融合电子电路是一项新工艺创新。对模内装饰与模内注射成型应用进行了介绍,以汽车侧门面板外饰件为案例阐述了嵌件加工工艺流程,着重介绍了导电银浆定义与导电银浆怎样做到嵌件上加工过程,及注射工艺情况。导电银浆应用于电子线路,电子线路并在模内装饰技术中应用,为拓展汽车外饰件功能的应用奠定了较好地基础。

高速注采储气库井套管螺纹密封性研究

套管螺纹密封性是影响周期性高速注采作业的储库气井安全性的关键因素,因此保证储气库井的密封性完整极其重要。需要重点研究储气库井注采过程中对其套管柱密封性的影响,特别是循环注采过程中产生的交变载荷对储气库套管柱特殊螺纹接头密封结构性能的影响。基于有限元法理论,针对中国北部某储气库井所选用的特殊螺纹接头,结合储气库井实际工况和现场数据,建立套管接头螺纹有限元计算模型,研究了循环注采条件下,温度、注采压力、轴向载荷及点蚀对储气库套管螺纹密封状态的影响。结果表明,温度对套管螺纹接头的结构完整性和密封完整性影响较小,注采压力、轴向载荷和点蚀对其影响较大,需控制在一个较低值。研究可为储气库井套管柱密封失效判定及其套管柱设计提供参考。

水侵气藏型储气库全周期高效建设微观模拟实验

借助微观可视化模型与微流控技术,开展了水侵气藏型储气库初期建库阶段注气驱水及循环储采阶段采气底水上侵、储气排驱水体的模拟实验,分析气液界面稳定机制、气液渗流与赋存规律,探索储气库全周期高效运行的优化调控方式。研究表明:储气库初期建库阶段应调控注气速度,充分发挥重力作用保证气液界面宏观稳定运移,大幅度提高气体的波及能力,为储气库后续循环储采阶段提供更大的储气孔隙空间。储气库循环储采阶段,恒定的储采气速度导致孔隙空间利用率低,逐渐提高储采气速度,从“小吞小吐”逐渐过渡到“大吞大吐”,可以持续打破孔喉内流体的平衡受力状态,扩大储气孔隙空间与流动通道,有利于储气库扩容增效和调峰保供。

延长油田H区块剩余油分布规律及开发技术研究

为了更好的明确延长油田H区域剩余油的分布特征、开发潜力,以及有效的开发策略,运用油藏工程、动态监测、数值模拟相结合的方法,认识剩余油分布规律及主控因素,进一步揭示剩余油分布特征,为下一步注水开发提供理论基础。依据油藏工程及数值模拟精细描述成果,提出了能够提高采收率的合理注采比及地层压力保持水平,优选出中高含水阶段密井网下合理的开发技术,为研究区高效注水开发提供可靠的技术支撑。

图像文化视角下南梁红色文创产品设计之“转向”研究

目的为南梁红色文创产品设计提供一种“图像文化”的研究视角,以及“转向”的研究思路,丰富南梁红色文化的理论内涵与实践意义,拓宽艺术设计的研究领域,进而在艺术设计实践中设计一些兼具文化内涵、审美与艺术价值的文创产品。方法运用事实与事理、理论与实践相结合的方法,以艺术设计创新的实践经验为依据,通过对南梁红色文化资源及其文创产品设计现状的分析,结合实例,探讨图像文化视角下南梁红色文创产品设计“转向”的相关问题。结果提出南梁红色文创产品设计的视觉形象之具象与抽象的提炼、视觉心理学的应用、审美性与实用性的契合、红色精神向应用场景拓展等四个“转向”策略。结论有利于南梁精神的图像呈现,能够促进红色文创产品的精准定位与多元发展,有利于中华民族造物设计地位的提升。