Status and Prospect of the Beauty and Personal Care Market in China

The Chinese beauty and personal care market has been mainly dominated by big foreign brands such as L＇Oreal and Maybelline, due to their good product reputation, high quality and other advantages. On the back of ＂Korean Wave＂ in China, the Korean cosmetics are expanding their presence in the Chinese market. Local companies must upgrade their brand image and enhance the competitiveness of their brands in the high-end market. In the future, with the increase of people＇s purchasing power, and the demand for high-end cosmetics, the competition in the Chinese cosmetic market will become fiercer.

Method Optimization and Application Extension of Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay

This paper systematically summarizes the improvements in bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay(BCOP),an alternative method of eye irritation test,further explores the usage mode of combinatorial methods with BCOP at the core module,introduces the application of each single method and their combination in the assessment of pesticides,plant extracts,medical devices and medicines.By optimizing traditional methods,the alternative method is more scientific and individually applicable.

Fabrication of the TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) loaded ceramic membrane targeting for photocatalytic degradation of PPCPs:ciprofloxacin,tetracycline,and ibuprofen

Photocatalytic membranes offer an effective strategy to overcome the difficulties of solid-liquid separation and secondary contamination of powdered photocatalysts.MXene is a 2D material of layered Ti_(3)C_(2),which is considered to limit electron-hole separation and contribute to photocatalysis.In this work,the etched Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene was loaded on the surface of ceramic membranes using polydopamine(PDA)as a binder,followed by one-step calcination to produce TiO_(2) nanoparticles(NPs)in situ.The characterizations supported that the TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) ceramic membranes had high mechanical strength while retaining the layered structure of Ti_(3)C_(2),which was conducive to the inhibition of electron and hole complexation,improving the photocatalytic performance.Degradation experiments revealed that the material showed enhanced degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)such as ciprofloxacin(CIP),tetracycline(TCN)and ibuprofen(IBP).The LC-MS and toxicity prediction models indicated that the developmental toxicity of CIP degradation products decreased with prolonged photocatalytic reaction,exhibiting no acute toxicity to fish.The MT650 exhibited significantly enhanced water flux properties(320 L/(m^(2)·h).The TiO_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2) ceramic membranes explored in this work are expected to target the treatment of PPCPs with excellent engineering promise.

Clean,but not green:Emission assessment,forecast modelling and policy solutions for plastic microbeads from personal care products in India

Intentionally added plastic microbeads in personal care products(PCP)are an underestimated source of microplastics.These microbeads are added as fillers,to increase product volume or aesthetics and allegedly have the purpose of cleansing and exfoliation.To assess and forecast microbead emissions in India,this study analysed 45 items from four different categories of personal care products:face wash,face scrub,shower gel and body scrub available in the Indian market and determined microbead abundance,size,colour,shape and polymer composition.Also,an emission estimation and time-seriesbased forecast for 2030 was done using ARIMA(0,2,0)for individual categories and overall.The results indicate that 45.00%of the products contained irregular or smooth microplastics,with Polyethylene being the dominant polymer,followed by Polypropylene,Polystyrene,Polyurethane and Polycaprolactone.A significant number of products(23.33%)contained cellulose microbeads,with ambiguity regarding their biodegradability.The identified microbeads were mainly irregular in shape and granular in texture,especially scrubs.White/transparent colour dominated the identified microbeads,followed by blue,pink,yellow,red and green.Approximately 1.34%of the total product contained plastic microbeads,with 5.04%and 0.04%being the highest and lowest percentages quantified.The average size of microbeads was found to be 640.74 mm,452.45 mm,556.66 mm and 606.30 mm in different categories.The overall annual emission estimation was 3.51×10^(19)(highest),2.14×10^(18)(lowest)and 1.37×10^(19)(average)in 2021 and forecasted to be 4.12×10^(19)(highest),2.52×10^(18)(lowest)and 1.611019(average)in 2030.This exorbitantly high value is due to India's significant population,globalisation,inefficient wastewater efficiency,growing economy and disposable income.A lack of policies and adequate regulations further add to this.This study emphasises and recommends the development of stringent policies and other well-tailored mitigation measures for intentionally added microbeads in PCP in India.The study recommends some policy measures to curb this threat.

Industry 4.0： a way from mass customization to mass personalization production

Although mass customization, which utilizes modularization to simultaneously increase product variety and maintain mass production （MP） efficiency, has become a trend in recent times, there are some limitations to mass customization. Firstly, customers do not participate wholeheartedly in the design phase. Secondly, potential combinations are predetermined by designers. Thirdly, the concept of mass customization is not necessary to satisfy individual requirements and is not capable of providing personalized services and goods. Industry 4.0 is a collec- tive term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization. Based on the technological concepts of radio frequency identification, cyber-physical system, the Inter- net of things, Internet of service, and data mining, Industry 4.0 will enable novel forms of personalization. Direct customer input to design will enable companies to increasingly produce customized products with shorter cycle-times and lower costs than those associated with standardization and MP. The producer and the customer will share in the new value created. To overcome the gaps between mass customization and mass personalization, this paper presents a framework for mass personalization production based on the concepts of Industry 4.0. Several industrial practices and a lab demonstration show how we can realize mass personalization.

Enhanced antibiotic degradation performance of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6) S-scheme photocatalyst by carbon dot modification

S-scheme heterojunction engineering is an effective strategy to attain distinctive photocatalysts.Herein,a carbon dots modulated S-scheme hetero-structured photocatalyst of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S nanoparticles/Bi_(2)MoO_(6) microspheres/carbon dots (CZCBM),aiming to conquer the photo-corrosion and strengthen the photocatalytic property of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S,was developed via a facile solvothermal route.Under visible light,the optimal CZCBM-2 affords a 1.8-,1.5-,or 0.6-time reinforcement in the oxytetracycline degradation rate constant compared to Bi_(2)MoO_(6),Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S or Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/Bi_(2)MoO_(6),which is credited to the strengthened visible-light response,increased reactive sites,and efficient dissolution of photo-carriers with optimal redox capacity because of the co-effect of carbon dots and S-scheme heterostructure.Significantly,the photo-corrosion of Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S is significantly suppressed and CZCBM-2 affords superior stability and reusability during cycling tests.Besides,CZCBM-2 can be well adapted to various environments.The toxicology appraisement unravels the decreased eco-toxicity of most intermediates compared to oxytetracycline.Lastly,an S-scheme charge transfer mechanism with carbon dots as electron reservoir in CZCBM is deduced,which uncloses that •O_(2)− and h+ dominantly account for oxytetracycline eradication and detoxification.This study demonstrates the design of unique carbon dots favored S-scheme heterostructures as an effective “Two Birds with One Stone” strategy to achieve high anti-photo-corrosion performance and reinforced photocatalytic performance of sulfides.

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity.They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients(K_(ow))and different ionization constants(pK_(a))resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency.A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances.This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years:from sampling to instrumental methods.Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation.A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required.Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_(ow)(-7.53 to 10.80)were summed up.High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products,which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution.Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail.The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review,including sample matrix,target compounds characteristics,extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent.This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.

An efficient resin for solid-phase extraction and determination by UPLCMS/MS of 44 pharmaceutical personal care products in environmental waters

In this study,a hydrophilic resin named GCHM was fabricated based on poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-codivinylbenzene),characterized,and applied as a solid-phase extraction(SPE)material.Up to 44 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)belonging to 10 classes were recovered in environmental water samples.Different variables affecting extraction,such as adsorbent amount,sample pH,and loading speed,were optimized.Under optimal conditions,the average absolute recovgy of 44 PPCPs was 75.6%using GCHM,indicating a better performance than the commercial Oasis^HLB.SPE with home-made hydrophilic polymeric sorbent followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was validated,and the method achieved good linearity(r2>0.991,for all analytes).In addition,the method detection limits of target compounds ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 ng/L.The developed method was applied to determine PPCPs in 10 environmental water samples taken from the Yangtze River,Huaihe River,and Taihu Lake,1 groundwater sample from Changzhou in Jiangsu Province,1 wastewater sample from Xiamen and 2 seawater samples from the Jiulong River in Fujian Province,China.In these samples,22 compounds were determined at levels ranging from 0.5 to 1590 ng/L.

Occurrence, sources and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the groundwater: A review

The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.

Pay special attention to the transformation products of PPCPs in environment

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)have received increasing attention.However,their transformation products(TPs)and metabolites,sometimes even with environmental concentration and/or toxicity higher than their parent compounds,received attention far from enough.This study gives useful insight on the occurrence,fate and toxicity of PPCP TPs or metabolites in WWTPs,surface water and even drinking water,highlighting the necessity of studying the PPCP TPs formation,occurrence,toxicity and environment risk,and further evaluating the environmental risk caused by PPCPs comprehensively.

Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water,Aquaculture Ponds and Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the Taige Canal Basin

Emerging contaminants(ECs)have aroused great concerns due to their widespread presence as well as their potential health and ecological risks.Currently monitoring data about ECs in Chinese rural areas are still limited.In this study,Taige Canal basin was selected as a typical rural area for a pilot study.The occurrence of ECs,including pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),pesticides,plasticizers and flame retardants,in surface water and aquaculture ponds,as well as in wastewater treatment facilities,was comprehensively investigated.The effectiveness of rural decentralized wastewater treatment facilities and centralized wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)in removing ECs was also analyzed.Among 126 commonly used pesticides for target analysis,25 compounds were detected in surface water with high frequency of>80%.Besides,55 PPCPs,21 pesticides and 18 other industrial products were identified by non-target analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS).Totally 18 compounds were detected in surface water with a frequency of>60%and 6 of them were found in all samples,including irbesartan,valsartan,propazine,buprofezin,bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)and tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCPP),with mean concentrations of 3022,195,125,218,3738 and 545 ng/L,respectively.There are 29 compounds(11 PPCPs,8 pesticides and 10 other industrial products)detected in water samples from the aquaculture ponds,of which 13 compounds were found in all three ponds.The removal efficiencies of ECs in wastewater treatment facilities are generally limited,except valsartan(82%–86%),nobiletin(100%)and diisodecylphthalate(100%)were found to be significantly removed.

Occurrence,seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water,groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State,Nigeria

The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.

The role of emerging organic contaminants in the development of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)threatens human and ecological health worldwide.Unless major changes occur across the human,animal and environmental sectors,the problem will continue to expand.An important component of AMR that deserves greater attention is the influence of emerging organic contaminants(EOCs)e ubiquitous compounds found,amongst others,in pharmaceuticals,personal care products,food,industrial and agricultural products,plastics and building materials.EOCs are widely used and can accumulate in the environment from varied sources,predominantly via waste streams.EOCs can interact with microbial communities potentially leading to the emergence and spread of AMR.Biocides and pharmaceuticals have been demonstrated to promote AMR development.Antimicrobial resistance is a multi-faceted problem that requires input from all sectors,with robust strategies and policies needed to make headway with solving the issues of this important threat.

Occurrence and discharge of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in dewatered sludge from WWTPs in Beijing and Shenzhen

This study mainly focused on the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in sewage dewatered sludge and their discharges through sludge disposal from wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The data were obtained and calculated from seven PPCPs in dewatered sludge collected from 12WWTPs in two typical cities,Beijing and Shenzhen in China.Four of seven PPCPs,diclofenac acid,carbamazepine,mefenamic acid and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide were detectable in dewatered sludge from Beijing and Shenzhen with concentration up to 4240,11,060,92 and 219μg/kg respectively.While,the other three compounds,trimethoprim,chloramphenicol and bezafibrate were not detected in collected samples from these two cities.The highest discharge of diclofenac acid and carbamazepine were 1023 g/d and 494 g/d respectively.In addition,the total discharge of these four detected PPCPs from each plant ranged from 5 to 1092 g/d in Beijing and 4e497 g/d in Shenzhen.Thus,PPCP discharge through sludge disposal cannot be neglected,and further research on transfer of PPCPs during sludge disposal onto agriculture land and influence of sludge application is required and essential.

DBP formation from degradation of DEET and ibuprofen by UV/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination

The formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs） from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide（DEET） and ibuprofen（IBP） by the ultraviolet irradiation（UV）/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H_2O_2 process.The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times higher than those by the UV/H_2O_2 process, respectively, under the tested conditions. This was due to the significant contributions of both reactive chlorine species U（RCS） and hydroxyl radicals（HO） in the UV/chlorine process. Trichloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone and dichloroacetic acid were the major known DBPs formed after 90% of both DEET and IBP that were degraded by the UV/chlorine process. Their yields increased by over 50%after subsequent 1-day post-chlorination. The detected DBPs after the degradation of DEET and IBP comprised 13.5% and 19.8% of total organic chlorine（TOCl）, respectively, and the proportions increased to 19.8% and 33.9% after subsequent chlorination, respectively. In comparison to the UV/H_2O_2 process accompanied with post-chlorination, the formation of DBPs and TOCl in the UV/chlorine process together with post-chlorination was 5%–63% higher,Ulikely due to the generation of more DBP precursors from the attack of RCS, in addition to HO.

Bidirectional role of synthetic musk tonalide as photosensitizer and activator on amino acids:Formation of sensitizer imine at aqueous chemistry interface of skin

Personal care products(PCPs)inevitably come into contact with the skin in people’s daily life,potentially causing adverse effects on human health.The adverse effects can be exacerbated under UV irradiation but are rarely studied.In this study,to clearly understand the damage of representative PCPs to human skin and their photochemical transformation behaviors,fragrance tonalide(AHTN)was measured in the presence of amino acids as a basic building block of human tissue.The results showed that amino acids could decelerate the photochemical transformation rate of AHTN,increasing the likelihood of AHNT persisting on the skin surface and the health risk to the human being.Further,the interaction between amino acids and AHTN was investigated.AHTN could play bidirectional roles in damaging amino acids:the photosensitizer and reactive activator.As a photosensitizer,the ^(1)O_(2) generated from the AHTN photosensitization was partly employed to oxidative damage amino acids.Furthermore,by combining experiments with quantum chemical computation,the carbonyl group of the activator AHTN was found to be the active site to activate the N-containing group of amino acids.The activation mechanism was the electron transfer between AHTN and amino acids.Imines formed during the photochemical transformation of AHTN with histidine/glycine were the molecular initiating event for potential skin sensitization.This study reported for the first time that skin photosensitizer formation threatens human health during the photochemical transformation of AHTN.

Discharge inventory of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Beijing,China

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are emerging environmental contaminants,whose potential risk for the ecological environment has caused wide attention in recent years.In China,quite a large amount of PPCPs were annually emitted into the environment.Their existence in different matrix has been reported frequently,including river water,sediment and soil.However,the contribution from different sources was seldom reported and still unclear in China.Wastewater treatment plant(WWTP)was usually considered to be the main source to the urban river,but livestock and aquaculture farms were also reported as significant pollution sources of PPCPs due to poor environmental management in China.This study summarized environmental discharges of different PPCPs from various sources and obtained the discharge data through different environment media in Beijing,the statistical source of PPCPs was analyzed in detail.The sources comprised WWTPs,excess sludge,hospital wastewater,municipal untreated wastewater,aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate.This article helps understand the general situation and the potential risk of PPCPs in Beijing.

Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in wastewater and receiving waters in South Africa using LC-Orbitrap™MS

There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants(ECs)in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)to assess their potential impact when released into the environment.The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in WWTP influents and effluents and receiving river waters in Pretoria,South Africa.Targeted screening and identification of PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography(LC)coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)Orbitrap™HRMS,after clean-up and preconcentration with Waters Oasis®hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced(HLB)solid phase extraction(SPE)cartridges.Of the 156 target analytes screened in the study,120 could be satisfactorily determined under the study conditions,with 71 and 73 compounds being detected and quantified in the influent and effluent samples,respectively.Concentrations in the influents ranged from<ILOQ-14.2 mgL^-1and those in the effluent from<ILOQ-2.45 mgL^-1.It was found that 84%of the quantified compounds belonged to various classes of pharmaceuticals.Ibuprofen,caffeine,paracetamol and estradiol were the major individual contaminants in influent samples with average concentrations of 14.2,8.68,4.79 and 1.02 mgL^-1,respectively.In the effluent samples,the highest concentrations were recorded for estradiol(2.45 mgL^-1),ibuprofen(1.03 mgL^-1)and efavirenz(0.58 mgL^-1).The highest mean concentrations(above 0.5 mgL^-1)recorded in the river water samples were for ibuprofen,(4.14 mgL^-1downstream;3.19 mgL^-1upstream),caffeine(2.98 mgL^-1downstream;1.42 mgL^-1upstream),paraxanthine(1.22 mgL^-1downstream;0.798 mgL^-1upstream).Analysis of river water samples also revealed that PPCP contamination in the river system cannot be solely attributed to the WWTP effluents.Twenty-four compounds presented in this study are reported for the first time in South African surface waters.

OPTIMAL PRICING OF A PERSONALIZED PRODUCT

This paper deals with optimal pricing of a personalized product such as a personal portrait or photo. A new model of the pricing structure inspired by two real-life cases is introduced to the literature and solved to obtain optimal photo sitting fees and the final product price. A sensitivity analysis with respect to the problem parameters is performed.