高温老化和可靠性试验对Pt薄膜微型温度传感器的性能影响

设计了一种铂(Pt)薄膜热电阻微型温度传感器,采用磁控溅射方法制备传感器薄膜,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)等手段对老化前后的Pt薄膜组织进行了系统表征;采用温度标定法对Pt薄膜电阻的温度-电阻特性进行了研究;通过振动、冲击、温度冲击等试验研究了温度传感器的环境可靠性。结果表明,老化处理增加了Pt薄膜组织结晶度,减少了组织中的杂质元素、降低了Pt薄膜电阻;线性拟合得出Pt薄膜温度-电阻线性度为0.999 93,具有良好的线性关系;可靠性试验后Pt薄膜电阻上升,测温精度一定程度上受到影响,但误差不大于0.205 K,满足高精度传感器的要求。

Introduction of creep-rupture testing capability and proficiency at Baosteel

To characterize the long-term service performance and predict the lifetime of heat-resistant steel applications,more than 300 test pieces can be loaded simultaneously at Baosteel to determine the relationship between stress and rupture duration at specific temperatures. In addition, versatile testing methods have been established that evaluate creep-rupture, stress-relaxation, and creep-fatigue, as well as state-of-the-art tensile testing at hyper-high temperatures exceeding 2 100 ~2. Based on the Larson-Miller method, according to API 530, the accumulation of large volumes of data with respect to stress, temperature, and rupture time of actually tested steels ensures the reliability of predicting the allowable working stress over 100 000 h at any given temperature. For examples ,the stress tendencies against rupture time of T/P91 and T/P92 steel tubes, as obtained by Baosteel, are consistent with those from NIMS and ECCC. As an accredited provider of the Proficiency Testing schemes in ISO/ IEC 17025 and ISO/IEC 17043, Baosteel has periodically organized national proficiency testing with respect to creep and rupture, thereby providing an efficient way for all parties to assess their technical competence when performing uniaxial creep testing by the methods in ISO 204 and ASTM E139.

Importance of Proficiency Testing in Water Quality Monitoring

The monitoring data is undoubtedly important to the water quality monitor- ing department. The proficiency testing is an important way to improve the monitor- ing capacity and enhance the quality management of laboratories. It plays an impor- tant role in ensuring the accuracy, integrity and comparability of monitoring data. In this paper, the positive role of proficiency testing in the water quality monitoring was analyzed. In addition, how to improve the water quality monitoring capacity and the quality management level of laboratories through the proficiency testing was also discussed.

DEVELOPMENT OF PT PUMP AND INJECTOR TEST STANDS FOR CUMMINS ENGINE

The type PT-821 PT Pump test stand and type PT-881 injector test stand are a set of special test stands for calibration of PT Pumps and injectors of Cummins engines. Both test stands may be used in conjunction with any model of Bosch injection pump test benches for PT Pumps and injector calibration. During PT Pump calibration, the type PT-821 test stand should be used in conjunction with a Bosch injection pump lest bench. The PT Pump to be tested is installed on the Bosch injection pump test bench through a mounting bracket and is driven by the bench shaft. When calibrating PT injectors, both the PT-881 injector test stand and the PT-821 PT Pump test stand should be used in conjunction with a Bosch injection pump test bench, with the PT-881 injector test stand installed on Bosch test bench. The injector to be tested is driven by the Bosch injection pump test bench through a coupling. This paper describes the structure and function of the PT-821 PT Pump test stand and PT-881 injector test stand. Some technical problems arc described in detail.

高精度无损质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极Pt载量与分布测试方法

随着质子交换膜燃料电池商业化的推进,为提高膜电极制造的可重现性,保障膜电极制造工艺的产品控制,需要Pt载量和分布无损高精度在线检测提供技术支撑。根据欧姆定律与焦耳定律,利用质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极在直流激励电压下产生的电流密度和热分布信号可以对膜电极电阻进行分析,通过膜电极Pt载量与其电阻的关系就可以实现膜电极Pt载量和空间分布分析。通过不同直流激励电压下电流测试,证明了膜电极电阻与Pt载量反相关,Pt载量定量表征精度为0.0008~0.0025 mg/cm2;利用红外热成像法对直流激励电压下膜电极热分布信息的采集成功实现了Pt载量分布的定性分析;最后,通过直流激励前后膜电极性能的对比证明了该方法对膜电极性能是无损的。高精度无损的直流激励测试方法可以实现膜电极Pt载量的高效在线测试,提高膜电极质量和制造效率,降低膜电极制造成本,对于质子交换膜燃料电池大规模商用具有重要意义。

Proficiency Testing Scheme for Pesticides in Honey

Agricultural contamination with pesticides is a challenging problem for both human and bee health. Consequently, a number of laboratories performing pesticides residues analyse in honey and honey products has gradually increased in recent years. In the framework of their accreditations according to ISO 17025 standard, these laboratories must control their performances through interlaboratory comparison. Interprofessional Bureau of Analytical Studies (BIPEA) organizes regular proficiency testing schemes (PTS) in many analytical domains, including the analysis of pesticides in honey, to compare the performances of the laboratories. As an example, one test was conducted in October 2015 using an organic honey spiked with 21 pesticides, at levels between 15 ^g/kg and 200 ^g/kg, with 27 participating laboratories. This test was intended for the identification and quantification of 21 molecules of pesticides residues. The techniques used by the laboratories were GC-MS-MS, LC-MS-MS, GC-MS and GC-ECD, according to the molecules. Participating laboratories were required to return their results on a dedicated website after a period of one month, and a statistical treatment of the data was performed according to ISO 13528 standard. Assigned (consensus) values were calculated from the participants’ results and the performances of the laboratories could then be evaluated individually and collectively according to ISO 17043 standard. The results of this test were satisfactory for detection and quantification, whatever the analytical technique. The molecules were correctly identified by the laboratories and the recovery rates ranged from 56% up to 88%. The dispersions of the results, studied through the coefficients of variation, were also satisfactory ranging from 7% to 30%. This test showed that the laboratories participating routinely in this kind of tests are very competent in the analysis of pesticides residues in honey. It also allowed the participating laboratories to draw up a general inventory of their analytical skills, and it was a very useful tool to detect bias or non-compliant results. It acted as a warning signal for the implementation of corrective and/or curative actions in the laboratories.

Proficiency Testing in Analysis of Wine Products

The quality variety wines which are produced in specified regions of Slovakia are mostly watched category of wine in European Union. Quality of the measurement for appropriate parameter in wine sample is given by uncertainty. Therefore, protocol of analysis has to have an uncertainty of measurement and should be made in accredited laboratory. In Slovakia, there are six wine growing regions （Tokaj, east Slovakia region, south Slovakia region, middle Slovakia region, Nitriansky region and Little-Carpathian region） where the quality wines with protected designation of origin are produced. Central Controlling and Testing Institute in Agriculture in Bratislava is a state organization, which has an accredited laboratory for testing wine products before introduction into the market. This article presents the results of the authors＇ measurements in proficiency testing FAPAS （food analysis performance assessment scheme） which were organized by Central Science Laboratory in York （England） in 2011. The authors add also interlaboratory comparison in 2012 between Slovak accredited laboratories. The results show very good agreement. Quality control in the wine sector presents very important feature in the market, therefore, using certified reference materials and checking the accredited laboratories with interlaboratory comparisons is very helpful. Testing of wine in the authors＇ laboratory is performed by EN ISO/IEC： 17025. The results show that z-score lies not outside the range ±2 and this is a chance that the authors＇ results are actually acceptable.

Developing an ICAO Criteria Aviation English Proficiency Test for CAAC Pilots

Since the ICAO new aviation language requirement comes into being in 2003,several tester organizations try to develop tests for pilots.Recently CAAC has tried to develop ICAO criteria Aviation English Proficiency Test for Pilots.But,does Chinese pilots' language proficiency satisfy the ICAO requirements?How to test a pilot's language ability?How to develop ICAO standard test?To explore the keys to these questions,the paper has applied the theoretical framework in development of the test,in construction of the tests and in scoring.

A Study on the Current State of the Chinese Proficiency Test(HSK)at the confucius Institute in Sofia,Bulgaria

The Chinese Proficiency Test(HSK)is a standardized test on Chinese language skills which has been widely introduced both in and outside China and has been playing an important role in the spread of Chinese learning all over the world.In 2003 Bulgaria hosted a beginner level HSK exam,which made it the first location to hold a Chinese language proficiency test on the Balkan Peninsula and ever since it has been very successful.The current paper provides a research on the current state of the Chinese Proficiency Test(HSK)аt the Confucius Institute in Sofia,Bulgaria,analyzes the factors related to the promotion of the Chinese Proficiency Test(HSK)and on this basis presents a few feasible recommendations to the benefit of the Chinese Proficiency Test(HSK).

Communicative Testing of Oral Proficiency

The advent of the theory of communicative competence raised new issues for language teaching and testing. The importance of communicative ability is emphasized in language teaching. Therefore test that could reflect a student's communicative competence need to be constructed. Communicative testing is such a potentially effective approach.This paper is concerned with the theoretical basis of communicative testing, its distinguishing features and the construction of oral proficiency tests, so as to demonstrate how the theory of communicative testing is built into practical tests.

Preparation of Reference Material for Proficiency Test for Enumeration of Coliforms in Cheese Matrix

It is widely accepted that quantitative reference materials (RM), are indispensable tools for verification of the precision and accuracy of analytical measurements. The RM can be used by food microbiology laboratories, as part of their quality assurance programmes, to achieve their quality control. In Brazil, Anvisa RDC No. 12/01 specifies the enumeration of coliforms as one of the parameters for evaluating cheese quality. The aim of this study was to produce a quantitative RM for proficiency testing (PT) for use in the testing of enumeration of coliforms in cheese matrixes. A sample of an ultra-filtered cheese with a coliforms count of <3.0 MPN/g and a total n? of viable aerobes of 1.2 × 103 CFU/g was used as the matrix to produce the RM. The ultra-filtered cheese matrix was distributed in flasks, contaminated with a specific concentration of an Escherichia coli strain and submitted to freeze-drying. Sucrose was used as the cryo-protector. The RM produced was considered sufficiently homogeneous and stable at ≤ ?70?C during the entire study period (348 days). The material was also considered sufficiently stable at 4?C for six days, but instable at 30?C and 35?C for the same period. At ?20?C the RM was sufficiently stable for 161 days. It was concluded that the material showed all the necessary requirements for a quality RM to be used as PT items and could be transported to the laboratories taking part in a PT at up to 4?C for up to 6 days, since the results indicated maintenance of the cell concentrations during this period. This is the first study to describe a methodology for producing RM containing coliforms in a cheese matrix.

Results and Analysis on Proficiency Testing and Measurement Audit for Molds and Yeast in Cosmetics

In order to improve and evaluate the proficiency testing of cosmetic microorganism detection laboratory,strengthen the control of cosmetic microbial detection quality.In 2019 and 2020,the laboratory of the author’s unit participated in the proficiency testing(NIFDC-PT-242)and measurement audit(NIFDC-MA-2020-148)for molds and yeasts in cosmetics organized by the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control,respectively.According to the operation instruction for counting molds and yeasts in cosmetics and the Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics,the results of the sample for proficiency testing numbered NIFDC-PT-242 were unsatisfactory,and the results of the sample for measurement audit numbered NIFDC-MA-2020-148 were satisfactory.In view of the unsatisfactory results,the laboratory analyzed and summarized from the aspects of“human,machine,material,method and environment”,providing reference for the laboratories participating in proficiency testing and measurement audit..

The Use of an Elicited Imitation Test to Measure Global Oral Proficiency of L2 Chinese at the Postsecondary Classroom Level

With a growing number of foreign language studies on proficiency outcomes,it is imperative to address the challenge of measuring students’proficiency development in a language program where standardized proficiency testing is not readily available.This article reports administering a Chinese elicited imitation test(EIT)by an instructor to track students’global oral proficiency development in a small language program in a mid-size U.S.public university.The test results from the EIT of second language(L2)Chinese suggest that this tool can provide the instructor with valuable insights into students’oral proficiency.This study also discusses the potential practical value of using this EIT in a language program with limited resources for standardized proficiency assessment.The hope is that this study will encourage language educators who are not already doing so to start using empirical evidence from a valid and reliable proficiency measurement tool to reflect on,improve,and guide their instructional practices.

我国24家检验检测机构洁净环境照度检测能力验证

目的评价我国检验检测机构对洁净环境照度的检测能力。方法回顾性分析中国食品药品检定研究院于2022年在全国范围内首次设计并组织实施的洁净环境照度能力验证项目。基于洁净环境检测的行业特点,该项目分为笔试和实际操作(简称实操)两部分。笔试部分,共3题(限时40 min完成),考察参加测试(简称参测)实验室对检测标准正确理解和掌握的程度,根据专家商议确定的评分标准评分(满分50分)。实操部分,以该院药用辅料和包装材料检定所的2台洁净工作台为现场考核样品,以参测实验室的现场测试结果考察参测实验室的仪器操作和实验水平(限时5 min完成),以Z值进行评价(︱Z︱≤2,>2~<3,≥3分别为满意、有问题、不满意)并打分(满分50分)。以笔试和实操评分之和评价参测实验室的检测能力(≥60分为合格)。结果共24家实验室参加了能力验证并按要求提交了结果报告。笔试,评分为45~50分,满分21家(87.50%)。实操,样品A,满意21家(87.50%),有问题3家(12.50%);样品B,满意23家(95.83%),有问题1家(4.17%),2个样品均无不满意的实验室。24家实验室总评分均合格。结论该次能力验证结果显示,各实验室的检测能力维持良好,但部分实验室存在对标准的理解和掌握仍有欠缺或未按校准周期对照度计进行计量等问题,建议检测人员加深对洁净环境检测标准的理解,相应机构重视仪器的校准,持续提高检测能力。

2013-2021年实验动物质量检测能力验证情况

目的分析我国实验动物质量检测能力现状,探讨实验动物质量检测能力验证组织实施现状,研究影响能力验证满意率的关键因素。方法通过Excel2010和Powerpoint2010软件进行实验室数量、项次、满意率以及频次的变化分析。结果2013—2021年共实施27个能力验证计划,包括22种检测能力参数,发放92种生物样本。共有70家实验室参加552个项次,整体满意率达到90.22%。结论持续参加能力验证活动可以提升实验室的检测能力。

血细胞形态学室间质量评价体系的建立及运行

目的建立血细胞形态学室间质量评价(EQA)体系,对基层医院检验人员细胞形态识别能力进行评价。方法新疆生产建设兵团临床检验中心采用图文摄像系统挑选外周血涂片中具有代表性的细胞或物质图片建立血细胞形态学图谱库,结合EQA管理网络平台构建血细胞形态学EQA体系,并开展2023年160余家基层医院血细胞形态学两次共20幅质量评价(质评)图片的EQA工作。结果构建的图谱库涵盖78类各种血细胞,共1520幅图片,包括红细胞系、粒细胞系、淋巴细胞和浆细胞、单核细胞系、巨核细胞和血小板系。2023年血细胞形态学EQA工作通过EQA管理网络平台进行了数据上报、质评成绩发布及汇总分析等。两次EQA均取得满分成绩的实验室数为27家(16.67%),第1次和第2次合格实验室数分别为123家(75.46%)和138家(85.18%),两次合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论该研究构建了较完善的血细胞形态学EQA体系,并在基层医院检验人员细胞形态识别能力的评价中得到了较好的运行,同时也反映出基层医院检验人员血细胞形态识别能力亟待提升。

2022年结核分枝杆菌分子检测能力验证结果分析

目的通过组织实施能力验证了解我国实验室在结核分子检测能力方面的现状。方法在2022年组织相关实验室报名参加本次能力验证,并制备能力验证样本并发放给参加实验室。通过对参加实验室的所在地区、实验室类型、上报结果和错误类型等方面进行统计和分析,评估其结核分子检测能力和管理水平。结果共有来自于11个省份的20家实验室参加本次能力验证活动,总体满意率为89.5%。不满意的原因主要为将阴性样本错误地检测为阳性。部分实验室出现填报结果错误等实验室管理问题。结论大多数参加本次能力验证的实验室具有较好的结核分子检测能力,但部分实验室应当关注实验室核酸交叉污染和实验室质量管理问题。本能力验证有助于进一步提升我国实验室的结核分子检测能力。