Drug-eluting beads chemoembolization combined with programmed cell death 1 inhibitor and lenvatinib for large hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND The combination of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE),lenvatinib,and programmed cell death 1(PD-1)inhibitor has been widely used in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)and has achieved promising results.However,there are few studies comparing whether drug-eluting beads TACE(DTACE)can bring more survival benefits to patients with large HCC compared to conventional TACE(C-TACE)in this triplet therapy.AIM To compare the efficacy and adverse events(AEs)of triple therapy comprising DTACE,PD-1 inhibitors,and lenvatinib(D-TACE-P-L)and C-TACE,PD-1 inhibitors,and lenvatinib(C-TACE-P-L)in patients with large HCC(maximum diameter≥5 cm),and analyze the prognostic factors.METHODS Following a comprehensive review of our hospital’s medical records,this retrospective study included 104 patients:50 received D-TACE-P-L,and 54 received CTACE-P-L.We employed Kaplan-Meier estimation to assess the median progression-free survival(PFS)between the two groups,utilized Cox multivariate regression analysis to identify prognostic factors,and applied theχ2 test to evaluate AEs.RESULTS The objective response rate(ORR)and median PFS were significantly higher in the D-TACE-P-L group compared to the C-TACE-P-L group(ORR:66.0%vs 44.4%,P=0.027;median PFS:6.8 months vs 5.0 months,P=0.041).Cox regression analysis identified treatment option,portal vein tumor thrombus,and hepatic vein invasion as protective factors for PFS.AEs were comparable between the two CONCLUSION D-TACE-P-L may have significantly better PFS and ORR for large HCC,while exhibiting similar AEs to C-TACE-PL.

Effectiveness and tolerability of programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy for upper gastrointestinal tract cancers

BACKGROUND The combination of programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor and che-motherapy is approved as a standard first-or second-line treatment in patients with advanced oesophageal or gastric cancer.However,it is unclear whether this combination is superior to chemotherapy alone.AIM To assess the comparative effectiveness and tolerability of combining PD-1 inhibitors with chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced gastric cancer,gastroesophageal junction(GEJ)cancer,or oesophageal carcinoma.METHODS We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for studies that compared the efficacy and tolerance of PD-1 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone in patients with advanced oesophageal or gastric cancer.We employed either random or fixed models to analyze the outcomes of each clinical trial,en-compassing data on overall survival(OS),progression-free survival(PFS),objective response rate,and adverse events(AEs).RESULTS Nine phase 3 clinical trials(7016 advanced oesophageal and gastric cancer patients)met the inclusion criteria.Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled PD-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy group had a significantly longer OS than the chemotherapy-alone group[hazard ratio(HR)=0.76,95%confidence interval(CI):0.71-0.81];the pooled PFS result was consistent with that of OS(HR=0.67,95%CI:0.61-0.74).The count of patients achieving an objective response in the PD-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy group surpassed that of the chemotherapy-alone group[odds ratio(OR)=1.86,95%CI:1.59-2.18].AE incidence was also higher in the combination-therapy group than in the chemotherapy-alone group,regardless of whether≥grade 3 only(OR=1.30,95%CI:1.07-1.57)or all AE grades(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.39-2.54)were examined.We performed a subgroup analysis based on the programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)combined positive score(CPS)and noted extended OS and PFS durations within the CPS≥1,CPS≥5,and CPS≥10 subgroups of the PD-1 inhibitor+chemotherapy group.CONCLUSION In contrast to chemotherapy alone,the combination of PD-1 inhibitor and chemotherapy appears to present a more favorable option for initial or subsequent treatment in patients with gastric cancer,GEJ tumor,or oesophageal cancer.This holds true particularly for individuals with PD-L1 CPS scores of≥5 and≥10.

Efficacy and predictive factors of transarterial chemoembolization combined with lenvatinib plus programmed cell death protein-1 inhibition for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with lenvatinib plus programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)for unresectable hepato-cellular carcinoma(HCC)have rarely been evaluated and it is unknown which factors are related to efficacy.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and independent predictive factors of TACE combined with lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors for unresectable HCC.METHODS This study retrospectively enrolled patients with unresectable HCC who received TACE/lenvatinib/PD-1 treatment between March 2019 and April 2022.Overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival(PFS)were determined.The objective response rate(ORR)and disease control rate(DCR)were evaluated in accordance with the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.Additionally,the prognostic factors affecting the clinical outcome were assessed.RESULTS One hundred and two patients were enrolled with a median follow-up duration of 12.63 months.The median OS was 26.43 months(95%CI:17.00-35.87),and the median PFS was 10.07 months(95%CI:8.50-11.65).The ORR and DCR were 61.76%and 81.37%,respectively.The patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Classification(BCLC)B stage,early neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)response(decrease),or early alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)response(decrease>20%)had superior OS and PFS than their counterparts.CONCLUSION This study showed that TACE/lenvatinib/PD-1 treatment was well tolerated with encouraging efficacy in patients with unresectable HCC.The patients with BCLC B-stage disease with early NLR response(decrease)and early AFP response(decrease>20%)may achieve better clinical outcomes with this triple therapy.

Clinical outcomes of lenvatinib plus transarterial chemoembolization with or without programmed death receptor-1 inhibitors in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Programmed death receptor-1(PD-1)inhibitors have been approved as secondline treatment regimen in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),but it is still worth studying whether patients can benefit from PD-1 inhibitors as first-line drugs combined with targeted drugs and locoregional therapy.AIM To estimate the clinical outcome of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)and lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitors for patients with unresectable HCC(uHCC).METHODS We carried out retrospective research of 65 patients with uHCC who were treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2017 to February 2022.45 patients received the PD-1 inhibitors,lenvatinib,TACE(PD-1-Lenv-T)therapy,and 20 received the lenvatinib,TACE(Lenv-T)therapy.In terms of the dose of lenvatinib,8 mg was given orally for patients weighing less than 60 kg and 12 mg for those weighing more than 60 kg.Of the patients in the PD-1 inhibitor combination group,15 received Toripalimab,14 received Toripalimab,14 received Camrelizumab,4 received Pembrolizumab,9 received Sintilimab,and 2 received Nivolumab,1 with Tislelizumab.According to the investigators’assessment,TACE was performed every 4-6 wk when the patient had good hepatic function(Child-Pugh class A or B)until disease progression occurred.We evaluated the efficacy by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(mRECIST criteria).We accessd the safety by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events,v 5.0.The key adverse events(AEs)after the initiation of combination therapy were observed.RESULTS Patients with uHCC who received PD-1-Lenv-T therapy(n=45)had a clearly longer overall survival than those who underwent Lenv-T therapy(n=20,26.8 vs 14.0 mo;P=0.027).The median progression-free survival time between the two treatment regimens was also measured{11.7 mo[95%confidence interval(CI):7.7-15.7]in the PD-1-Lenv-T group vs 8.5 mo(95%CI:3.0-13.9)in the Lenv-T group(P=0.028)}.The objective response rates of the PD-1-Lenv-T group and Lenv-T group were 44.4%and 20%(P=0.059)according to the mRECIST criteria,meanwhile the disease control rates were 93.3%and 64.0%(P=0.003),respectively.The type and frequency of AEs showed little distinction between patients received the two treatment regimens.CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the early combination of PD-1 inhibitors has manageable toxicity and hopeful efficacy in patients with uHCC.

Immune-related adverse events induced by programmed death protein-1 inhibitors from the perspective of lymphoma immunotherapy

Lymphoma,which is highly malignant,stems from lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue.Lymphoma cells express programmed death-ligand 1/2(PD-L1/PD-L2),which binds with programmed cell death 1 protein(PD-1)to establish inhibitory signaling that impedes the normal function of T cells and allows tumor cells to escape immune system surveillance.Recently,immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies such as PD-1 inhibitors(nivolumab and pembrolizumab)have been introduced into the lymphoma treatment algorithm and have shown remarkable clinical efficacy and greatly improve prognosis in lymphoma patients.Accordingly,the number of lymphoma patients who are seeking treatment with PD-1 inhibitors is growing annually,which results in an increasing number of patients developing immune-related adverse events(irAEs).The occurrence of irAEs inevitably affects the benefits provided by immunotherapy,particularly when PD-1 inhibitors are applied.However,the mechanisms and characteristics of irAEs induced by PD-1 inhibitors in lymphoma need further investigation.This review article summarizes the latest research advances in irAEs during treatment of lymphoma with PD-1 inhibitors.A comprehensive understanding of irAEs incurred in immunotherapy can help to achieve better efficacy with PD-1 inhibitors in lymphoma.

Use of programmed cell death protein ligand 1 assay to predict the outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

The recent discovery of immune checkpoints inhibitors, especially anti-programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1)and anti-programmed cell death protein ligand 1(PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies, has opened new scenarios in the management of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) and this new class of drugs has achieved a rapid development in the treatment of this disease. However, considering the costs of these drugs and the fact that only a subset of patients experience long-term disease control, the identification of predictive biomarkers for the selection of candidates suitable for treatment has become a priority. The research focused mainly on the expression of the PD-L1 receptor on both tumor cells and/or immune infiltrates determined by immunohistochemistry(IHC). However, different checkpoint inhibitors were tested, different IHC assays were used, different targets were considered(tumor cells, immune infiltrates or both) and different expression thresholds were employed in clinical trials. In some trials the assay was used prospectively to select the patients, while in other trials it was evaluated retrospectively. Some confusion emerges, which makes it difficult to easily compare the literature data and to translate them in practice management. This mini-review shows the possibilities and pitfalls of the PD-L1 expression to predict the activity and efficacy of anti PD1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of NSCLC.

Programmed cell death-1 inhibitor-related sclerosing cholangitis:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Programmed cell death-1(PD-1)inhibitor has been indicated for many types of malignancies.However,these inhibitors also cause immune-related adverse events.Hepatobiliary disorder is a phenotype of immune-related adverse event affecting 0%–4.5%of patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors.Recent studies have reported PD-1 inhibitor-related sclerosing cholangitis(SC);however,the associated clinical and pathological features are unclear.AIM To evaluate the clinical and pathological features of PD-1 inhibitor-related SC through a systematic review of the literature.METHODS The review,conducted using electronic databases in PubMed,was restricted to the period from January 2014 to September 2019 and focused on case reports/series on PD-1 inhibitor-related SC published in English.We scanned the references of the selected literature to identify any further relevant studies.Six cases previously studied by us,including three that have not yet been published,were included in this review.RESULTS Thirty-one PD-1 inhibitor-related SC cases were evaluated.Median age of patients was 67 years(range,43–89),with a male to female ratio of 21:10.The main disease requiring PD-1 inhibitor treatment was non-small cell lung cancer.Agents that caused PD-1 inhibitor-related SC were nivolumab(19 cases),pembrolizumab(10 cases),avelumab(1 case),and durvalumab(1 case).The median number of cycles until PD-1 inhibitor-related SC onset was 5.5(range,1–27).Abdominal pain or discomfort(35.5%,11/31)was the most frequent symptom.Blood serum tests identified liver dysfunction with a notable increase in biliary tract enzymes relative to hepatic enzymes,and a normal level of serum immunoglobulin G4.Biliary dilation without obstruction(76.9%,20/26),diffuse hypertrophy of the extrahepatic biliary tract(90.5%,19/21),and multiple strictures of the intrahepatic biliary tract(30.4%,7/23)were noted.In 11/23(47.8%)cases,pathological examination indicated that CD8+T cells were the dominant inflammatory cells in the bile duct or peribiliary tract.Although corticosteroids were mainly used for PD inhibitor-related SC treatment,the response rate was 11.5%(3/26).CONCLUSION Some clinical and pathological features of PD-1 inhibitor-related SC were revealed.To establish diagnostic criteria for PD-1 inhibitor-related SC,more cases need to be evaluated.

Research progress regarding programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 inhibitors combined with targeted therapy for treating hepatocellular carcinoma

In recent years,a number of targeted therapeutic agents have achieved success in phase III trials in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),including sorafenib,lenvatinib,and regorafenib.Immunotherapy is considered to be an effective treatment for advanced HCC.Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death 1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1(PDL1)are important antitumor immunotherapy agents that represent breakthroughs in the treatment of advanced HCC.However,treating advanced HCC is still a great challenge,and the need for new treatments remains urgent.This review briefly summarizes the research progress in the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with targeted therapy for treating HCC.

Refractory lymphoma treated with chimeric antigen receptor T cells combined with programmed cell death-1 inhibitor:A case report

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a common aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL),accounting for 30%-40%of adult NHL.Primary testicular(PT)lymphoma is an uncommon extranodal disease representing approximately 1%-2%of lymphoma.Approximately 30%–40%of patients are refractory to frontline therapy or relapse after complete remission.Refractory DLBCL responds poorly to other lines of chemotherapy,and experiences short-term survival.CASE SUMMARY We present a 41-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with PT-DLBCL.Further disease progression was observed after multiline chemotherapy.Chimeric antigen receptor T cells(CAR-T)therapy salvaged the patient.Unfortunately,a new mass was observed in the right adrenal area after six months.The patient was administered programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor therapy and maintained progression-free survival at more than 17 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION Our findings support the potential benefit of CAR-T combined with PD-1 inhibitor therapies in this type of relapsed and refractory PT-DLBCL.

Programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitor combined with chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of relapsed refractory non- Hodgkin lymphoma: A case report

BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T cell(CART)therapy has benefited many refractory lymphoma patients,but some patients experience poor effects.Previous studies have shown that programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitors can improve and prolong the therapeutic effect of CAR-T cell treatment.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male presented with 15-d history of diarrhea and lower-limb edema.A large mass was detected in the pelvis,and pathology indicated non-Hodgkin diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.After three cycles of the R-CHOP chemotherapeutic regimen,the patient showed three subcutaneous nodules under the left armpit and both sides of the cervical spine.Pathological examination of the nodules indicated DLBCL again.The patient was diagnosed with relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.We recommended CAR-T cell treatment.Before treatment,the patient’s T cell function and expression of immune detection points were tested.Expression of PD-1 was obviously increased(52.7%)on cluster of differentiation(CD)3+T cells.The PD-1 inhibitor(3 mg/kg)was infused prior to lymphodepleting chemotherapy with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide.CAR-CD19 T cells of 3×10^(6)/kg and CAR-CD22 T cells 1×10^(6)/kg were infused,respectively.The therapeutic effect was significant,and the deoxyribonucleic acid copy numbers of CAR-CD19 T cells and CAR-CD22 T cells were stable.Presently,the patient has been disease-free for more than 12 mo.CONCLUSION This case suggests that the combination of PD-1 inhibitors and CAR-T cellsimproved therapeutic efficacy in B-cell lymphoma.

Present and prospect of transarterial chemoembolization combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and PD-1 inhibitor for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

In this editorial,we comment on the article(World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024;16:1236-1247),which is a retrospective study of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)and programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Herein,we focus specifically on the mechanisms of this triple therapy,administration sequence and selection of each medication,and implications for future clinical trials.Based on the interaction mechanisms between medications,the triple therapy of TACE+TKI+PD-1 is proposed to complement the deficiency of each monotherapy,and achieve synergistic antitumor effects.Although this triple therapy has been evaluated by several retrospective trials,it is still controversial whether the triple therapy achieves better clinical benefits,due to the flawed study design and heterogeneity in medications.In addition,the administration sequence,which may greatly affect the clinical benefit,needs to be fully considered at clinical decision-making for obtaining better prognosis.We hope that this editorial could contribute to the design and optimization of future trials.

Risk of interstitial lung disease with the use of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitor compared with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Programmed cell death 1(PD-1)and programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitors have become integral elements within the current landscape of breast cancer treatment modalities;however,they are associ-ated with interstitial lung disease(ILD),which is rare but potentially fatal.Notably,only a few studies have compared the difference in ILD incidence between PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.Therefore,this study aimed to assess the discrepancies regarding ILD risk between the two immune checkpoint inhibitors.We also reported three cases of ILD after PD-1 inhibitor treatment.Methods:We comprehensively searched PubMed,EMBASE,and the Cochrane Library to identify clinical trials that investigated PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment for patients with breast cancer.Pooled overall estimates of incidence and risk ratio(RR)were calculated with a 95%confidence interval(CI),and a mirror group analysis was per-formed using eligible studies.Results:This meta-analysis included 29 studies with 4639 patients who received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment.A higher ILD incidence was observed among 2508 patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors than among 2131 patients treated with PD-L1 inhibitors(0.05 vs.0.02).The mirror group analysis further revealed a higher ILD event risk in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors than in those treated with PD-L1 inhibitors(RR=2.34,95%CI,1.13-4.82,P=0.02).Conclusion:Our findings suggest a greater risk of ILD with PD-1 inhibitors than with PD-L1 inhibitors.These findings are instrumental for clinicians in treatment deliberations,and the adoption of more structured diagnostic approaches and management protocols is necessary to mitigate the risk of ILD.

PD-1抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗二线化疗失败的老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的效果

目的 探究程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗二线化疗失败的老年晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年1月—2021年4月泰州市第二人民医院收治的106例二线化疗失败的老年晚期NSCLC患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为单药组和联合组,各53例。单药组采用安罗替尼治疗,联合组采用PD-1抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗。比较两组的疾病控制率、毒副反应发生情况、生存率、肿瘤标志物[细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(CYFRA21-1)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)]、血管新生指标[血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-A、VEGF受体2(VEGFR2)]、血清驱动蛋白超家族蛋白(KIF)C1、N-钙黏蛋白、生活质量核心量表(QLQ-C30)评分。结果 联合组疾病控制率高于单药组(P<0.05);治疗2个周期后,联合组血清CYFRA21-1、CA125、CEA、VEGF-A、VEGFR2、KIFC1及N-钙黏蛋白水平均低于单药组(P<0.05),QLQ-C30评分低于单药组(P<0.05);两组各毒副反应总发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,联合组累积生存率高于单药组(P<0.05)。结论 PD-1抑制剂联合安罗替尼治疗二线化疗失败的老年晚期NSCLC效果显著,可有效调节血清KIFC1、N-钙黏蛋白表达,抑制VEGF-A、VEGFR2水平,降低肿瘤标志物水平,提高生活质量,延长生存时间,安全性高。

血清细胞因子表达水平与非小细胞肺癌PD-1抑制剂疗效研究进展

程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)/程序性死亡分子配体-1信号通路抑制剂激活机体免系统后产生的细胞因子在抗肿瘤细胞过程中发挥关键作用。本文回顾近年来接受PD-1抑制剂治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者血清细胞因子表达水平与临床获益的相关性研究,揭示非小细胞肺癌患者PD-1治疗前后白介素-6、白介素-8、肿瘤坏死因子、干扰素、白介素-17A等细胞因子水平变化,为寻找经济、便捷的PD-1抑制剂疗效生物标志物提供思路和线索。

以化疗和肠内营养为基础联合程序性死亡受体-1抑制剂治疗肝癌患者的临床研究

目的:探讨以化疗和肠内营养为基础联合程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂治疗肝癌患者的临床疗效。方法:回顾性选取2020年1月~2022年12月期间某院收治的78例肝癌患者作为研究对象,根据病历系统记录的治疗方式分为对照组(n=42)和观察组(n=36)。对照组患者予以经导管动脉栓塞化疗(TACE)和肠内营养治疗,观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上加用PD-1抑制剂帕博利珠单抗注射液。比较两组患者临床疗效、肝功能[谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、间接胆红素(IBIL)和直接胆红素(DBIL)]、免疫功能[CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)]及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗3周和6周后,观察组患者病情控制率均高于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者血清ALT、AST、+IBIL、DBIL水平和CD8均降低,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)均升高,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。重复测量方差分析显示,两组患者血清ALT、AST、IBIL、DBIL水平及外周血CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)和CD4^(+)/+CD8组间效应、时间效应和交互效应比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。治疗期间,两组患者不良反应总发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:以化疗和肠内营养为基础联合PD-1抑制剂治疗肝癌患者临床疗效较佳,可有效改善肝功能和免疫功能,且未增加不良反应的发生风险。

PD-1抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌的效果

目的探究程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合经动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌的效果。方法纳入原发性肝癌患者58例,均于2019年1月至2022年12月在河南省肿瘤医院就诊,按治疗方法将患者分为对照组(抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗,30例)与研究组(PD-1抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗,28例)。两组均治疗9周,比较其疗效、肝功能[碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)]、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、可溶性血管细胞黏附因子1(sVCAM1)、免疫指标及不良反应。结果研究组疾病控制率(85.71%)较对照组(60.00%)高(P<0.05);两组治疗后ALP、ALT、AST、TBIL较治疗前低,且研究组较对照组低(P<0.05);两组治疗后VEGF、sVCAM1较治疗前低,且研究组较对照组低(P<0.05);研究组治疗后CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)较对照组高,CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)较对照组低(P<0.05);两组总不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论PD-1抑制剂及抗血管生成药物联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌效果确切,可减少患者肝损伤,改善其免疫功能,且安全性较好。

程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1抑制剂联合化疗治疗晚期肺腺癌的疗效

目的探究程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(programmed cell death receptor 1,PD-1)抑制剂联合化疗治疗晚期肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma,LUAD)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析98例晚期LUAD患者的临床资料,随机从予以化疗治疗(培美曲赛联合顺铂)的患者中抽取51例纳入对照组,从接受PD-1抑制剂(卡瑞利珠单抗)联合培美曲赛和顺铂治疗的患者中抽取47例纳入观察组,将2组患者按照倾向性匹配法进行匹配。记录2组患者的近期和远期临床疗效;比较2组治疗前及治疗后6个月时的肿瘤标志物[血清癌胚抗原(serum carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、组织多肽特异性抗原(tissue polypeptide specific antigen,TPS)、细胞角蛋白19片段抗原(cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen,CY-FRA21-1)]水平、免疫功能指标、肺功能差异;记录治疗期间2组患者不良反应的发生情况。结果治疗6个月后,2组疾病控制率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组的客观缓解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);随访2年,观察组的生存率、无进展生存期、总生存时间均显著长于对照组(P<0.05);2组患者血清肿瘤标志物水平均显著降低,且观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05);2组的免疫功能指标、肺功能指标水平均显著升高,且观察组均高于对照组(P<0.05);2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于晚期LUAD患者,进行PD-1抑制剂联合化疗治疗能够获得更高的近远期临床疗效,且安全性较好。

多西他赛联合PD-1抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌预后及血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平的影响

目的探讨多西他赛联合程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂对晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后及血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法将90例晚期NSCLC患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。对照组给予多西他赛和顺铂治疗,研究组在对照组治疗基础上给予PD-1治疗,3周为1个治疗周期,共治疗6个周期。比较2组治疗后客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)、无进展生存期(PFS)、总生存期(OS),观察2组治疗期间不良反应发生情况及治疗前后血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平的变化。结果研究组治疗后DCR、PFS、OS显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗期间2组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组治疗后血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且研究组降低较对照组更为显著(P<0.05)。结论多西他赛联合PD-1抑制剂对晚期NSCLC具有较好的疗效和预后,能够降低血清MMP-9、TIMP-1水平,降低肺癌细胞侵袭转移的能力,安全性良好。

PD-1抑制剂联合白蛋白结合型紫杉醇、铂类药物治疗晚期食管癌的临床研究

目的:探讨程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂联合白蛋白结合型紫杉醇、铂类治疗晚期食管癌的临床效果。方法:选取2020年12月—2022年12月淮南东方医院集团总医院收治的晚期食管癌患者82例,依照随机数字表分为研究组和常规组,各41例。常规组采用白蛋白结合型紫杉醇、铂类治疗,研究组在常规组的基础上另给予PD-1抑制剂治疗。比较两组临床疗效、不良反应、细胞角蛋白19片段(Cyfra 21-1)与鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)水平,随访1年,比较两组无进展生存期(PFS)。结果:研究组的疾病控制率(DCR)、客观缓解率(ORR)均高于常规组(P<0.05);与治疗前相比,两组Cyfra 21-1、SCCA均降低,且研究组较常规组均更低(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);研究组中位PFS长于常规组(P<0.05)。结论:PD-1抑制剂联合白蛋白结合型紫杉醇、铂类治疗晚期食管癌患者的效果显著,可降低Cyfra 21-1、SCCA水平,改善预后。

西达本胺联合PD-1抑制剂对结直肠癌小鼠CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤功能的影响

目的探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂西达本胺联合程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂对结直肠癌小鼠模型(MC38-OVA)中CD8^(+)T细胞抗肿瘤功能的影响。方法动物实验:采用背部皮下注射法构建MC38-OVA结直肠癌小鼠模型。将MC38-OVA荷瘤小鼠随机分为对照组、西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组、西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组,每组20只。观察荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长情况及存活率;采用流式细胞仪检测小鼠肿瘤微环境中CD8^(+)T细胞、CD8^(+)IFN-γ^(+)T细胞、OVA抗原特异性CD8^(+)T细胞的数量及比例,以及肿瘤组织内调节性T细胞(Treg)、髓系衍生抑制细胞(MDSC)、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)的表达变化。细胞实验:采用流式细胞仪检测0、10、25、50、100、200 nmol/L西达本胺处理的CD8^(+)T细胞及MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞的凋亡情况。采用流式细胞计数法及Ki-67抗体标记法检测0、100 nmol/L西达本胺处理的CD8^(+)T细胞及MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞的增殖情况。取CD8^(+)T细胞,设置对照组、西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组与西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组,与MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞按预设效靶比共培养,采用流式细胞仪检测CD8^(+)T细胞的杀伤能力。经0、100 nmol/L西达本胺处理的CD8^(+)T细胞与相同数量的MC38-OVA肿瘤细胞共培养,采用流式细胞仪检测CD107a的表达情况。结果荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及生存分析结果显示,与对照组比较,西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长明显受抑(P<0.05),生存率明显增高(P<0.01)。西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组、西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组肿瘤浸润CD8^(+)T细胞比例及数量明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。西达本胺^(+)anti-PD-1组CD8^(+)IFN-γ^(+)T细胞、OVA抗原特异性CD8^(+)T细胞比例及数量明显高于对照组、西达本胺组、anti-PD-1组(P<0.05)。体外实验显示,西达本胺可增强CD8^(+)T细胞的杀伤能力及CD107a的表达(P<0.05)。结论西达本胺联合PD-1抑制剂可明显增强瘤内浸润CD8^(+)T细胞的数量及功能,诱导抗原特异性CD8^(+)T细胞数量增多,减轻小鼠肿瘤负荷。