The Arun and Tista Rivers,which flow across the Himalayas,are commonly known as antecedent valleys that overcame the rapid uplift of the Higher Himalayan ranges.To clarify whether the idea of antecedent rivers is acce...The Arun and Tista Rivers,which flow across the Himalayas,are commonly known as antecedent valleys that overcame the rapid uplift of the Higher Himalayan ranges.To clarify whether the idea of antecedent rivers is acceptable,we investigated the geomorphology of the Himalayas between eastern Nepal and Bhutan Himalayas.The southern part of Tibetan Plateau,extending across the Himalayas as tectonically un-deformed glaciated terrain named as'Tibetan Corridor,'does not suggest the regional uplift of the Higher Himalayas.The 8,000-m class mountains of Everest,Makalu,and Kanchenjunga are isolated residual peaks on the glaciated terrain composed of mountain peaks of 4,000–6,000 m high.The Tibetan glaciers commonly beheaded by Himalayan glaciers along the great watershed of the Himalayas suggest the expansion of Himalayan river drainage by glaciation.For the narrow upstream regions of the Arun and Tista Rivers with less precipitation behind the range,it is hard to collect enough water for the power of down-cutting their channels against the uplifting Himalayas.The fission track ages of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Nappe suggest that the Himalayas attained their present altitude by 11–10 Ma,and the Arun and Tista Rivers formed deep gorges across the Himalayas by headward erosion.展开更多
Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbaniz...Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbanized slope regions, especially those considered high-risk areas. Various other factors contribute to the process;thus, it is essential to analyze the causes of such incidents in all possible ways. Soil moisture plays a critical role in the Earth’s surface-atmosphere interaction systems;hence, measurements and their estimations are crucial for understanding all processes involved in the water balance, especially those related to landslides. Soil moisture can be estimated from in-situ measurements using different sensors and techniques, satellite remote sensing, hydrological modeling, and indicators to index moisture conditions. Antecedent soil moisture can significantly impact runoff for the same rainfall event in a watershed. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) or “retained rainfall,” along with the antecedent moisture condition from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, is generally applied to estimate runoff in watersheds where data is limited or unavailable. This work aims to explore API in estimating soil moisture and establish thresholds based on landslide occurrences. The estimated soil moisture will be compared and calibrated using measurements obtained through multisensor capacitance probes installed in a high-risk area located in the mountainous region of Campos do Jordão municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. The API used in the calculation has been modified, where the recession coefficient depends on air temperature variability as well as the climatological mean temperature, which can be considered as losses in the water balance due to evapotranspiration. Once the API is calibrated, it will be used to extrapolate to the entire watershed and consequently estimate soil moisture. By utilizing recorded mass movements and comparing them with API and soil moisture, it will be possible to determine thresholds, thus enabling anticipation of landslide occurrences.展开更多
With the rise and development of major types of platforms,the competition for resources has become extremely fierce,and the market share of C2C platforms has been seriously threatened by the loss of resources.Therefor...With the rise and development of major types of platforms,the competition for resources has become extremely fierce,and the market share of C2C platforms has been seriously threatened by the loss of resources.Therefore,building and maintaining buyers’satisfaction and loyalty to C2C platforms is critical to the survival and sustainability of C2C platforms in China.However,the current knowledge on how platform satisfaction and loyalty are constructed in the C2C e-commerce environment is incomplete.In this study,seller-based satisfaction and platform-based satisfaction are constructed separately.We further distinguish seller-based transaction satisfaction into economic and social satisfaction and explore their antecedents and consequences.To test our research hypotheses,we conduct a survey and collect data from a real online market(Taobao website).The results show that seller-based transaction satisfaction positively affects platform-based overall satisfaction and loyalty,and that perceived product quality,perceived assurance,and perceived price fairness all have a significant effect on economic satisfaction,whereas perceived relationship quality and perceived empathy significantly influence social satisfaction.These findings help us understand the literature related to customer satisfaction in the context of C2C in China and provide inspiration for online sellers and platforms.展开更多
In both English and Chinese, pronouns are used with great frequency. And there are numerous usages of pronoun anaphors. The similarities and differences are summarized with the comparison of pronoun anaphors in Englis...In both English and Chinese, pronouns are used with great frequency. And there are numerous usages of pronoun anaphors. The similarities and differences are summarized with the comparison of pronoun anaphors in English and Chinese.展开更多
To better understand soil moisture dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and predict its variation in a simple way, a field monitoring experiment was carried out along the north branch of the Yangtze River, wh...To better understand soil moisture dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and predict its variation in a simple way, a field monitoring experiment was carried out along the north branch of the Yangtze River, where seawater intrusion was strong and salt-water variation is one of the limiting factors of local agriculture. In present paper, relation between antecedent precipitation index (API) and soil water content is studied, and effects of groundwater depth on soil water content was analyzed. A relatively accurate prediction result of soil water content was reached using a neural network model. The impact analysis result showed that the variation of the API was consistent with soil water content and it displayed significant correlations with soil water content in both 20 and 50 cm soil layer, and higher correlation was observed in the layer of 20 cm. Groundwater impact analysis suggested that soil moisture was affected by the depth of groundwater, and was affected more greatly by groundwater at depth of 50 cm than that at 20 cm layer. By introducing API, groundwater depth and temperature together, a BP artificial network model was established to predict soil water content and an acceptable agreement was achieved. The model can be used for supplementing monitoring data of soil water content and predicting soil water content in shallow groundwater areas, and can provide favorable support for the research of water and salt transport in estuary area.展开更多
The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin translated by the British missionary William Chalmers Burns in the 1860s is regarded as one of the typical representatives of the early Europeanized vernacular texts.Compared with t...The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin translated by the British missionary William Chalmers Burns in the 1860s is regarded as one of the typical representatives of the early Europeanized vernacular texts.Compared with the ancient vernacular,the frequency of the inclusive usage of“wǒmen”has increased significantly,which is directly influenced by the plural usage of first-person pronoun in English.Tracking back the origin of Chinese Europeanized grammar is an important part of the study of modern Chinese grammar,which not only is helpful to have a clear understanding of the characteristic of Europeanized grammar in the pre-development stage of modern Chinese,but also can lay a certain foundation for the comparative study of Europeanized grammar in different periods.In addition,this study can also provide linguistic basis for investigating the influence of western missionaries’Chinese translation on the formation of new literature.展开更多
This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and ...This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.展开更多
As grammatical words, conjunction and relative pronoun play a similar role. They join clauses, phrases, and even words. The terms independent and dependent clauses have become popular for quite a long time. When the c...As grammatical words, conjunction and relative pronoun play a similar role. They join clauses, phrases, and even words. The terms independent and dependent clauses have become popular for quite a long time. When the concept of clause and sentence meets at the presence of NP (Noun Phrase) and VP (Verb Phrase), there is a right to consider construction as an S or a sentence leaving the conjunction and relative pronoun as means of uniting device and leaving every NP-VP construction as equal units. By employing an embedding theory, we can see hidden parts of a sentence and their roles in other sentences. This article tries to see if it is still necessary to distinguish between dependent and independent clauses.展开更多
Chinese pronoun anaphora and cataphora are different from those in English.The co-indexing judgment tests implemented by the present study indicate that for anaphora,only when the focus is on the head DP of the posses...Chinese pronoun anaphora and cataphora are different from those in English.The co-indexing judgment tests implemented by the present study indicate that for anaphora,only when the focus is on the head DP of the possessive phrase,the co-indexing between DP at possessive position and anaphor is possible.This can be explained by c-commanding instead of parameterized DP hypothesis since DP at possessive position c-commands pronoun anaphor but the focus shift will lead to the implicit raise of the head DP of the possessive phrase and change the structure.For cataphora,the pronoun cataphor at possessive position fails to co-index with DP and pronoun cataphor in sentences with C head can co-index with DP.It is argued that phase condition and visibility condition can explain cataphora in Chinese instead of the phase commanding theory since both phase condition and visibility condition can ensure the temporary location of cataphor for checking semantic match.展开更多
Personal pronoun shift is a common phenomenon that by using second or third personal pronoun,the speaker means first personal pronoun;or speaker means second personal pronoun but uses first or third personal pronoun i...Personal pronoun shift is a common phenomenon that by using second or third personal pronoun,the speaker means first personal pronoun;or speaker means second personal pronoun but uses first or third personal pronoun instead.Since the phe nomenon frequently appears in the Chinese language,a great number of linguists have studied the personal pronoun and the inter pretation of their usage.However,the study for the causes of the phenomenon is not so systemic.This paper aims to explain the personal pronoun shift from the perspective of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle,which can help to discover the rela tionship between Cooperative principle and politeness in the shift of personal pronoun.展开更多
The thesis is a comparative study of empty pronouns between English and Chinese under the frame work of GB theory.Following the introductory part,the existence of PRO and pro has been researched in both English and Ch...The thesis is a comparative study of empty pronouns between English and Chinese under the frame work of GB theory.Following the introductory part,the existence of PRO and pro has been researched in both English and Chinese.Then,the two kinds of empty pronouns are respectively compared between the two languages.A comparison has been made between English and Chinese in terms of their generation,distribution,classification,reference and interpretation to explore both the similarities and differences.Disputable issues have been covered and we tried to find out a solution.As a whole,English shares the same classification with Chinese except for pro.They do not have substantial differences in property,but PRO used in the two languages have distinction in concrete sentence structures.Since English possesses no pro,we have focused on its presence in Chinese.This total difference can clearly show us the difference between the two languages.This thesis aims at exploring the distinctive features and properties of English and Chinese by comparison so as to bring enlightenment to the translation in this aspect and gain a better understanding of the two languages in the structure.展开更多
The personal pronoun is the indispensable and essential component in all languages.In modern standard Chinese,the second personal pronouns encompass two variations:the generic term "Ni" and the honorific ter...The personal pronoun is the indispensable and essential component in all languages.In modern standard Chinese,the second personal pronouns encompass two variations:the generic term "Ni" and the honorific term "Nin".No matter the speaker choose "Ni" or "Nin",it indicates the relationship between two interlocutors.This paper,based on the theories of sociolinguistics,mainly explores the pragmatic meanings of the second personal pronouns "Ni" and "Nin".The research obtain these conclusions:even if this pair of personal pronoun received the contextual constraints in the concrete utilization,but they can also derive a lot of pragmatic variations and deixis variations,the interlocutors will select distinct second personal pronouns to achieve the particular communicative goals.展开更多
Digital maturity has become a hot topic in various fields.This paper aims to provide an integrative review of digital maturity.This paper summarizes the concept of digital maturity from the perspectives of process,deg...Digital maturity has become a hot topic in various fields.This paper aims to provide an integrative review of digital maturity.This paper summarizes the concept of digital maturity from the perspectives of process,degree and ability.Four categories of antecedents,namely,strategic,cultural,talent and others are gathered.Performance and Non-performance consequences are analyzed.Finally,combining the results of digital maturity,it discusses the current research shortage of digital maturity and prospects for the future research direction.The analysis of antecedents and consequences of digital maturity can provide an integrative framework of existing research on digital maturity,and also provide some reference for the research of related research.展开更多
The goal of this study is to compare the use of plural forms of the first personal pronouns by native English speakers andChinese EFL learners in their argumentative essays from the aspect of collocation,based on Engl...The goal of this study is to compare the use of plural forms of the first personal pronouns by native English speakers andChinese EFL learners in their argumentative essays from the aspect of collocation,based on English native college students’writ-ten-English corpus LOCNESS and Chinese learner corpus of written-English WECCL.The results showed that under the influenceof the oral features of written English of Chinese EFL learners,the transferability of native language,and the collective value of Chi-nese culture,Chinese EFL learners overuse the plural forms of the first personal pronoun"we"and"our"in the argumentative es-says and often collocate"we"with auxiliary verbs"should""must",which are not commonly used in argumentative essays of na-tives students.展开更多
This study aims to evaluate the impact of extreme rainfall events on landslides under current and past climate scenarios. Rainfall-triggered landslides are analyzed by rainfall estimates, derived using statistics of e...This study aims to evaluate the impact of extreme rainfall events on landslides under current and past climate scenarios. Rainfall-triggered landslides are analyzed by rainfall estimates, derived using statistics of events. It is established that recent climate changes, mainly temperature and rainfall patterns have significantly increased the rainfall-induced landslide hazards in the Rangamati district, Bangladesh. It is also observed that the temperature and rainfall of Rangamati had increased gradually during the last 40 years (1981-2021). On 13 June 2017, a series of landslides triggered by heavy monsoon rains (300 mm/24 h) occurred and killed more than 112 people in the Rangamati hill district, Bangladesh. The highest annual decade rainfall is 3816 mm, recorded in 2010-21. A relationship between causalities and the number of events has also been established. The analysis shows that both antecedent and single-day major rainfall patterns can influence sliding events. It is established that monsoonal rainfall (June-September) can significantly influence catastrophic landslide hazard events. Finally, two rainfall threshold lines for the researched area are constructed based on antecedent and single-day major rainfall occurrences, as well as the number of fatalities caused by landslides. Total rainfall of 100 mm (16.66 mm/day) during six days appears to define the minimum rainfall that has led to shallow landslides/slope failures, while 210 mm (35 mm/day) within six days appears to define the lowest rainfall that could be a cause of catastrophic landslide in Rangamati district.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS KAKENHI)Grant Number 18H00766(principal investigator:Takashi Nakata)Grant Number 18KK0027(principal investigator:Yasuhiro Kumahara).
文摘The Arun and Tista Rivers,which flow across the Himalayas,are commonly known as antecedent valleys that overcame the rapid uplift of the Higher Himalayan ranges.To clarify whether the idea of antecedent rivers is acceptable,we investigated the geomorphology of the Himalayas between eastern Nepal and Bhutan Himalayas.The southern part of Tibetan Plateau,extending across the Himalayas as tectonically un-deformed glaciated terrain named as'Tibetan Corridor,'does not suggest the regional uplift of the Higher Himalayas.The 8,000-m class mountains of Everest,Makalu,and Kanchenjunga are isolated residual peaks on the glaciated terrain composed of mountain peaks of 4,000–6,000 m high.The Tibetan glaciers commonly beheaded by Himalayan glaciers along the great watershed of the Himalayas suggest the expansion of Himalayan river drainage by glaciation.For the narrow upstream regions of the Arun and Tista Rivers with less precipitation behind the range,it is hard to collect enough water for the power of down-cutting their channels against the uplifting Himalayas.The fission track ages of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Nappe suggest that the Himalayas attained their present altitude by 11–10 Ma,and the Arun and Tista Rivers formed deep gorges across the Himalayas by headward erosion.
文摘Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbanized slope regions, especially those considered high-risk areas. Various other factors contribute to the process;thus, it is essential to analyze the causes of such incidents in all possible ways. Soil moisture plays a critical role in the Earth’s surface-atmosphere interaction systems;hence, measurements and their estimations are crucial for understanding all processes involved in the water balance, especially those related to landslides. Soil moisture can be estimated from in-situ measurements using different sensors and techniques, satellite remote sensing, hydrological modeling, and indicators to index moisture conditions. Antecedent soil moisture can significantly impact runoff for the same rainfall event in a watershed. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) or “retained rainfall,” along with the antecedent moisture condition from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, is generally applied to estimate runoff in watersheds where data is limited or unavailable. This work aims to explore API in estimating soil moisture and establish thresholds based on landslide occurrences. The estimated soil moisture will be compared and calibrated using measurements obtained through multisensor capacitance probes installed in a high-risk area located in the mountainous region of Campos do Jordão municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. The API used in the calculation has been modified, where the recession coefficient depends on air temperature variability as well as the climatological mean temperature, which can be considered as losses in the water balance due to evapotranspiration. Once the API is calibrated, it will be used to extrapolate to the entire watershed and consequently estimate soil moisture. By utilizing recorded mass movements and comparing them with API and soil moisture, it will be possible to determine thresholds, thus enabling anticipation of landslide occurrences.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB1601401).
文摘With the rise and development of major types of platforms,the competition for resources has become extremely fierce,and the market share of C2C platforms has been seriously threatened by the loss of resources.Therefore,building and maintaining buyers’satisfaction and loyalty to C2C platforms is critical to the survival and sustainability of C2C platforms in China.However,the current knowledge on how platform satisfaction and loyalty are constructed in the C2C e-commerce environment is incomplete.In this study,seller-based satisfaction and platform-based satisfaction are constructed separately.We further distinguish seller-based transaction satisfaction into economic and social satisfaction and explore their antecedents and consequences.To test our research hypotheses,we conduct a survey and collect data from a real online market(Taobao website).The results show that seller-based transaction satisfaction positively affects platform-based overall satisfaction and loyalty,and that perceived product quality,perceived assurance,and perceived price fairness all have a significant effect on economic satisfaction,whereas perceived relationship quality and perceived empathy significantly influence social satisfaction.These findings help us understand the literature related to customer satisfaction in the context of C2C in China and provide inspiration for online sellers and platforms.
文摘In both English and Chinese, pronouns are used with great frequency. And there are numerous usages of pronoun anaphors. The similarities and differences are summarized with the comparison of pronoun anaphors in English and Chinese.
基金financially supported by the Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Project (JJ[2011]-017)funded by the Executive Office of the Three Gorges Project Construction Committee of the State Council of China+1 种基金the National Non-Profit Research Program of China (200903001)the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB429001)
文摘To better understand soil moisture dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and predict its variation in a simple way, a field monitoring experiment was carried out along the north branch of the Yangtze River, where seawater intrusion was strong and salt-water variation is one of the limiting factors of local agriculture. In present paper, relation between antecedent precipitation index (API) and soil water content is studied, and effects of groundwater depth on soil water content was analyzed. A relatively accurate prediction result of soil water content was reached using a neural network model. The impact analysis result showed that the variation of the API was consistent with soil water content and it displayed significant correlations with soil water content in both 20 and 50 cm soil layer, and higher correlation was observed in the layer of 20 cm. Groundwater impact analysis suggested that soil moisture was affected by the depth of groundwater, and was affected more greatly by groundwater at depth of 50 cm than that at 20 cm layer. By introducing API, groundwater depth and temperature together, a BP artificial network model was established to predict soil water content and an acceptable agreement was achieved. The model can be used for supplementing monitoring data of soil water content and predicting soil water content in shallow groundwater areas, and can provide favorable support for the research of water and salt transport in estuary area.
文摘The Pilgrim’s Progress in Mandarin translated by the British missionary William Chalmers Burns in the 1860s is regarded as one of the typical representatives of the early Europeanized vernacular texts.Compared with the ancient vernacular,the frequency of the inclusive usage of“wǒmen”has increased significantly,which is directly influenced by the plural usage of first-person pronoun in English.Tracking back the origin of Chinese Europeanized grammar is an important part of the study of modern Chinese grammar,which not only is helpful to have a clear understanding of the characteristic of Europeanized grammar in the pre-development stage of modern Chinese,but also can lay a certain foundation for the comparative study of Europeanized grammar in different periods.In addition,this study can also provide linguistic basis for investigating the influence of western missionaries’Chinese translation on the formation of new literature.
文摘This paper,in two installments,attempts to clarify the finer points in the similarities and differences in the usage of relative pronouns,who,that and which,while they are in relative clauses.They are illustrated and justified with examples.The paper,through the comparison of the usages of who,that and which,has shown their similarities and differences from one another.It will enable us to master their usages and help us in studying relative clauses.
文摘As grammatical words, conjunction and relative pronoun play a similar role. They join clauses, phrases, and even words. The terms independent and dependent clauses have become popular for quite a long time. When the concept of clause and sentence meets at the presence of NP (Noun Phrase) and VP (Verb Phrase), there is a right to consider construction as an S or a sentence leaving the conjunction and relative pronoun as means of uniting device and leaving every NP-VP construction as equal units. By employing an embedding theory, we can see hidden parts of a sentence and their roles in other sentences. This article tries to see if it is still necessary to distinguish between dependent and independent clauses.
文摘Chinese pronoun anaphora and cataphora are different from those in English.The co-indexing judgment tests implemented by the present study indicate that for anaphora,only when the focus is on the head DP of the possessive phrase,the co-indexing between DP at possessive position and anaphor is possible.This can be explained by c-commanding instead of parameterized DP hypothesis since DP at possessive position c-commands pronoun anaphor but the focus shift will lead to the implicit raise of the head DP of the possessive phrase and change the structure.For cataphora,the pronoun cataphor at possessive position fails to co-index with DP and pronoun cataphor in sentences with C head can co-index with DP.It is argued that phase condition and visibility condition can explain cataphora in Chinese instead of the phase commanding theory since both phase condition and visibility condition can ensure the temporary location of cataphor for checking semantic match.
文摘Personal pronoun shift is a common phenomenon that by using second or third personal pronoun,the speaker means first personal pronoun;or speaker means second personal pronoun but uses first or third personal pronoun instead.Since the phe nomenon frequently appears in the Chinese language,a great number of linguists have studied the personal pronoun and the inter pretation of their usage.However,the study for the causes of the phenomenon is not so systemic.This paper aims to explain the personal pronoun shift from the perspective of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle,which can help to discover the rela tionship between Cooperative principle and politeness in the shift of personal pronoun.
文摘The thesis is a comparative study of empty pronouns between English and Chinese under the frame work of GB theory.Following the introductory part,the existence of PRO and pro has been researched in both English and Chinese.Then,the two kinds of empty pronouns are respectively compared between the two languages.A comparison has been made between English and Chinese in terms of their generation,distribution,classification,reference and interpretation to explore both the similarities and differences.Disputable issues have been covered and we tried to find out a solution.As a whole,English shares the same classification with Chinese except for pro.They do not have substantial differences in property,but PRO used in the two languages have distinction in concrete sentence structures.Since English possesses no pro,we have focused on its presence in Chinese.This total difference can clearly show us the difference between the two languages.This thesis aims at exploring the distinctive features and properties of English and Chinese by comparison so as to bring enlightenment to the translation in this aspect and gain a better understanding of the two languages in the structure.
文摘The personal pronoun is the indispensable and essential component in all languages.In modern standard Chinese,the second personal pronouns encompass two variations:the generic term "Ni" and the honorific term "Nin".No matter the speaker choose "Ni" or "Nin",it indicates the relationship between two interlocutors.This paper,based on the theories of sociolinguistics,mainly explores the pragmatic meanings of the second personal pronouns "Ni" and "Nin".The research obtain these conclusions:even if this pair of personal pronoun received the contextual constraints in the concrete utilization,but they can also derive a lot of pragmatic variations and deixis variations,the interlocutors will select distinct second personal pronouns to achieve the particular communicative goals.
基金This work was supported by Ministry of Education Project of Humanities and Social Sciences in China(No.20YJC630022)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2017MG033)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.HIT.HSS.201875).
文摘Digital maturity has become a hot topic in various fields.This paper aims to provide an integrative review of digital maturity.This paper summarizes the concept of digital maturity from the perspectives of process,degree and ability.Four categories of antecedents,namely,strategic,cultural,talent and others are gathered.Performance and Non-performance consequences are analyzed.Finally,combining the results of digital maturity,it discusses the current research shortage of digital maturity and prospects for the future research direction.The analysis of antecedents and consequences of digital maturity can provide an integrative framework of existing research on digital maturity,and also provide some reference for the research of related research.
文摘The goal of this study is to compare the use of plural forms of the first personal pronouns by native English speakers andChinese EFL learners in their argumentative essays from the aspect of collocation,based on English native college students’writ-ten-English corpus LOCNESS and Chinese learner corpus of written-English WECCL.The results showed that under the influenceof the oral features of written English of Chinese EFL learners,the transferability of native language,and the collective value of Chi-nese culture,Chinese EFL learners overuse the plural forms of the first personal pronoun"we"and"our"in the argumentative es-says and often collocate"we"with auxiliary verbs"should""must",which are not commonly used in argumentative essays of na-tives students.
文摘This study aims to evaluate the impact of extreme rainfall events on landslides under current and past climate scenarios. Rainfall-triggered landslides are analyzed by rainfall estimates, derived using statistics of events. It is established that recent climate changes, mainly temperature and rainfall patterns have significantly increased the rainfall-induced landslide hazards in the Rangamati district, Bangladesh. It is also observed that the temperature and rainfall of Rangamati had increased gradually during the last 40 years (1981-2021). On 13 June 2017, a series of landslides triggered by heavy monsoon rains (300 mm/24 h) occurred and killed more than 112 people in the Rangamati hill district, Bangladesh. The highest annual decade rainfall is 3816 mm, recorded in 2010-21. A relationship between causalities and the number of events has also been established. The analysis shows that both antecedent and single-day major rainfall patterns can influence sliding events. It is established that monsoonal rainfall (June-September) can significantly influence catastrophic landslide hazard events. Finally, two rainfall threshold lines for the researched area are constructed based on antecedent and single-day major rainfall occurrences, as well as the number of fatalities caused by landslides. Total rainfall of 100 mm (16.66 mm/day) during six days appears to define the minimum rainfall that has led to shallow landslides/slope failures, while 210 mm (35 mm/day) within six days appears to define the lowest rainfall that could be a cause of catastrophic landslide in Rangamati district.