Quantitative safety assessment of safety systems plays an important role in decision making at all stages of system lifecycle, i.e., design, deployment and phase out. Most safety assessment methods consider only syste...Quantitative safety assessment of safety systems plays an important role in decision making at all stages of system lifecycle, i.e., design, deployment and phase out. Most safety assessment methods consider only system parameters, such as configuration, hazard rate, coverage, repair rate, etc. along with periodic proof-tests （or inspection）. Not considering demand rate will give a pessimistic safety estimate for an application with low demand rate such as nuclear power plants, chemical plants, etc. In this paper, a basic model of IEC 61508 is used. The basic model is extended to incorporate process demand and behavior of electronic- and/or computer-based system following diagnosis or proof-test. A new safety index, probability of failure on actual demand （PFAD） based on extended model and demand rate is proposed. Periodic proof-test makes the model semi-Markovian, so a piece-wise continuous time Markov chain （CTMC） based method is used to derive mean state probabilities of elementary or aggregated state. Method to determine probability of failure on demand （PFD） （IEC 61508） and PFAD based on these state probabilities are described. In example, safety indices of PFD and PFAD are compared.展开更多
Strasbourg’s application of proportionality test has some unique features.Due to the Court inherent subsidiary role,it hardly transplants the formulas and criteria adopted by the German Constitutional Court or Court ...Strasbourg’s application of proportionality test has some unique features.Due to the Court inherent subsidiary role,it hardly transplants the formulas and criteria adopted by the German Constitutional Court or Court of Justice European Union(CJEU) in the complete sense.Consequently,the Strasbourg application of the proportionality has been depicted as a "mysterious house" for the reason that it lacks of certainty.Therefore,some scholars often worry the application of the proportionality test will threaten the predictability and the Strasbourg rule of law.Generally,the proportionality test has two internal functions for the Strasbourg judges:(1) strike fair balance between/among the competing interests;(2) testing on the reasonableness and appropriateness between the measures employed and aim pursued.In the first category,the primary task of the Court is to protect the scope of "essence" of the Convention rights from the interference of collective goods relying on the interest-based rights theory.Beyond this scope,the Court would have to balance the interests explicitly incorporated into the Convention rights as well as the external collective goods claimed by the state authorities.In some sensitive judgments,the Strasbourg Court tends to impose the onerous responsibility of "burden of proof" to the State authorities,or strategically defers to the domestic decisions unless they will be found "manifestly unreasonable".Secondly,the Court must take a scrutiny towards the appropriateness between the means employed and ends pursued,and then it has to decide whether a less intrusive alternative existed or will possibly be found or not.Sometimes,the Court might impose state authorities an obligation looking for a new alternation.However,due to subsidiarity characteristic of the Strasbourg Court,the task of the assessments sometimes is complicated and time-consuming,so the Court are not capable of evaluations in all occasions.Finally,the Court could strike down the "chilling consequence" caused by some few of the legitimate measures which may highly potentially threaten the individual rights in the National legal order.展开更多
国产信创升级改造,通常更多关注产品的性能,认为产品性能符合要求就能满足国产化的需求,而忽视了产品和业务的匹配,极易出现应用程序崩溃、语法错误等问题。为解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于POC(Proof of Concept)测试的信创改造升级方...国产信创升级改造,通常更多关注产品的性能,认为产品性能符合要求就能满足国产化的需求,而忽视了产品和业务的匹配,极易出现应用程序崩溃、语法错误等问题。为解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于POC(Proof of Concept)测试的信创改造升级方法。首先,通过对现有信息系统现状的分析,明确了系统改造升级的规模和复杂度。在此基础上设计了比核心业务更为复杂的应用,并基于此应用分别进行了单产品测试、联合产品测试,最终形成测试的数据和结果。通过对比分析结果来辅助企业进行信创产品升级策略的制定。此方法可以有效的解决国产化产品和业务不匹配的问题。展开更多
为考核装甲车辆用防爆复合结构的抗爆性能,提出了基于底甲板损伤等级和(AIS)人体伤害/防护等级为防爆判据的台架试验方法和模拟舱体试验方法。建立了防爆复合结构抗6 kg TNT当量的试验平台,并进行了防爆复合结构抗6 kg TNT当量爆炸性能...为考核装甲车辆用防爆复合结构的抗爆性能,提出了基于底甲板损伤等级和(AIS)人体伤害/防护等级为防爆判据的台架试验方法和模拟舱体试验方法。建立了防爆复合结构抗6 kg TNT当量的试验平台,并进行了防爆复合结构抗6 kg TNT当量爆炸性能验证试验。台架试验后基板的稳态变形量为47.451 mm,模拟舱体试验后舱内模拟假人各项关键部位测试结果均在指标范围内,这表明该防爆复合结构具有良好的抗爆性能,对装甲车辆底甲板具有一定的保护作用,并且能够有效保护模拟舱体内部人员。此外,上述试验结果还表明,提出的台架试验方法和模拟舱体试验方法能够较好地考核和评价装甲车辆用防爆复合结构的抗爆性能。展开更多
文摘Quantitative safety assessment of safety systems plays an important role in decision making at all stages of system lifecycle, i.e., design, deployment and phase out. Most safety assessment methods consider only system parameters, such as configuration, hazard rate, coverage, repair rate, etc. along with periodic proof-tests （or inspection）. Not considering demand rate will give a pessimistic safety estimate for an application with low demand rate such as nuclear power plants, chemical plants, etc. In this paper, a basic model of IEC 61508 is used. The basic model is extended to incorporate process demand and behavior of electronic- and/or computer-based system following diagnosis or proof-test. A new safety index, probability of failure on actual demand （PFAD） based on extended model and demand rate is proposed. Periodic proof-test makes the model semi-Markovian, so a piece-wise continuous time Markov chain （CTMC） based method is used to derive mean state probabilities of elementary or aggregated state. Method to determine probability of failure on demand （PFD） （IEC 61508） and PFAD based on these state probabilities are described. In example, safety indices of PFD and PFAD are compared.
文摘Strasbourg’s application of proportionality test has some unique features.Due to the Court inherent subsidiary role,it hardly transplants the formulas and criteria adopted by the German Constitutional Court or Court of Justice European Union(CJEU) in the complete sense.Consequently,the Strasbourg application of the proportionality has been depicted as a "mysterious house" for the reason that it lacks of certainty.Therefore,some scholars often worry the application of the proportionality test will threaten the predictability and the Strasbourg rule of law.Generally,the proportionality test has two internal functions for the Strasbourg judges:(1) strike fair balance between/among the competing interests;(2) testing on the reasonableness and appropriateness between the measures employed and aim pursued.In the first category,the primary task of the Court is to protect the scope of "essence" of the Convention rights from the interference of collective goods relying on the interest-based rights theory.Beyond this scope,the Court would have to balance the interests explicitly incorporated into the Convention rights as well as the external collective goods claimed by the state authorities.In some sensitive judgments,the Strasbourg Court tends to impose the onerous responsibility of "burden of proof" to the State authorities,or strategically defers to the domestic decisions unless they will be found "manifestly unreasonable".Secondly,the Court must take a scrutiny towards the appropriateness between the means employed and ends pursued,and then it has to decide whether a less intrusive alternative existed or will possibly be found or not.Sometimes,the Court might impose state authorities an obligation looking for a new alternation.However,due to subsidiarity characteristic of the Strasbourg Court,the task of the assessments sometimes is complicated and time-consuming,so the Court are not capable of evaluations in all occasions.Finally,the Court could strike down the "chilling consequence" caused by some few of the legitimate measures which may highly potentially threaten the individual rights in the National legal order.
文摘国产信创升级改造,通常更多关注产品的性能,认为产品性能符合要求就能满足国产化的需求,而忽视了产品和业务的匹配,极易出现应用程序崩溃、语法错误等问题。为解决此问题,本文提出了一种基于POC(Proof of Concept)测试的信创改造升级方法。首先,通过对现有信息系统现状的分析,明确了系统改造升级的规模和复杂度。在此基础上设计了比核心业务更为复杂的应用,并基于此应用分别进行了单产品测试、联合产品测试,最终形成测试的数据和结果。通过对比分析结果来辅助企业进行信创产品升级策略的制定。此方法可以有效的解决国产化产品和业务不匹配的问题。
文摘为考核装甲车辆用防爆复合结构的抗爆性能,提出了基于底甲板损伤等级和(AIS)人体伤害/防护等级为防爆判据的台架试验方法和模拟舱体试验方法。建立了防爆复合结构抗6 kg TNT当量的试验平台,并进行了防爆复合结构抗6 kg TNT当量爆炸性能验证试验。台架试验后基板的稳态变形量为47.451 mm,模拟舱体试验后舱内模拟假人各项关键部位测试结果均在指标范围内,这表明该防爆复合结构具有良好的抗爆性能,对装甲车辆底甲板具有一定的保护作用,并且能够有效保护模拟舱体内部人员。此外,上述试验结果还表明,提出的台架试验方法和模拟舱体试验方法能够较好地考核和评价装甲车辆用防爆复合结构的抗爆性能。
