Cooperative Chloride Hydrogel Electrolytes Enabling Ultralow-Temperature Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries by the Hofmeister Effect

Aqueous zinc ion batteries have high potential applicability for energy storage due to their reliable safety,environmental friendliness,and low cost.However,the freezing of aqueous electrolytes limits the normal operation of batteries at low temperatures.Herein,a series of high-performance and low-cost chloride hydrogel electrolytes with high concentrations and low freezing points are developed.The electrochemical windows of the chloride hydrogel electrolytes are enlarged by>1 V under cryogenic conditions due to the obvious evolution of hydrogen bonds,which highly facilitates the operation of electrolytes at ultralow temperatures,as evidenced by the low-temperature Raman spectroscopy and linear scanning voltammetry.Based on the Hofmeister effect,the hydrogen-bond network of the cooperative chloride hydrogel electrolyte comprising 3 M ZnCl_(2)and 6 M LiCl can be strongly interrupted,thus exhibiting a sufficient ionic conductivity of 1.14 mS cm;and a low activation energy of 0.21 e V at-50℃.This superior electrolyte endows a polyaniline/Zn battery with a remarkable discharge specific capacity of 96.5 mAh g;at-50℃,while the capacity retention remains~100%after 2000 cycles.These results will broaden the basic understanding of chloride hydrogel electrolytes and provide new insights into the development of ultralow-temperature aqueous batteries.

Efficient Separation of Butyric Acid by an Aqueous Two-phase System with Calcium Chloride

One of the bottlenecks for bioproduction of butyric acid as bulk chemical is the difficulty in separating butyric acid from the fermentation broth,compared with the petroleum-based chemical synthesis method.In the present work,a novel separation methodology was developed based on an aqueous two-phase system with inor-ganic salts.Calcium chloride was screened out for effective separation of butyric acid from butyric acid-water-salt systems.Within appropriate concentration range of butyric acid and salt,butyric acid was enriched in the upper phase and most of calcium ions remained in the lower phase.This"salting out"effect is very efficient to separate butyric acid from the simulated butyrate fermentation broth,which consists of butyric acid and acetic acid with concentration ratio of 4︰1,so that the final ratio of butyric acid/acetic acid in the upper phase is improved to 9.87. The aqueous two-phase system was used to separate butyric acid from the actual fermentation broth with satisfac-tory result.

Extraction of Palladium (Ⅱ) with p-Methylphenylalkylsulfide from Aqueous Chloride Media

p-Methylphenylalkylsulfide of various alkyl chain length as extractant were synthesized and the extraction of palladium was examined in terms of equilibrium and kinetics. Distribution ratio of Pd was independent of alkyl chain length. For aqueous chloride media, there was a significant difference in distribution ratios for the solution of NaCl and HCl. The results of loading test and the slope analysis suggest that the extractant and Pd (Ⅱ) form 2:1 complex. Furthermore, the extraction rate based on the volume of aqueous phase was obtained in a stirred vessel, and the rate equation was presented. Unfortunately, it was difficult to construct surfactant liquid membrane system by use of the present extractant.

Ionic Liquid-salt Aqueous Two-phase System, a Novel System for theExtraction of Abused Drugs

A 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-salt aqueous two-phase system was studied on extraction of abused drugs. The effects of sorts of salts, temperature, concentration of salt and drugs on system were investigated systematically. A satisfactory extraction efficiency of 93% was obtained for papaverine while that of morphine was 65%. The extraction mechanism was primarily discussed.

Environmentally Benign Electrophilic Halogenation of Naphthalenes by H₂O₂—Alkali Metal Halides in An Aqueous Cationic Micellar Media

An efficient and greener protocol for the synthesis of 1-halo-naphthols by the action of hydrogen peroxide and alkali metal halides in aqueous micellar media is been described in the present work. This is an environmentally clean and safe procedure, which involved insitu generation of the active halogen in presence of alkali halides. Cationic surfactants such as cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) and cetyltrimethylammoniumchloride (CTAC) were found to facilitate efficiency of halogenation in aqueous media.

High-voltage,low-temperature supercapacitors enabled by localized“water-in-pyrrolidinium chloride”electrolyte

Aqueous electrolytes offer superior prospects for advanced energy storage.“Water-in-salt”(WIS)electrolytes exhibit a wide electrochemical stability window(ESW),but their low conductivity,high viscosity,and precipitation at low temperatures restrict their application.Herein,we report a novel localized“water-in-pyrrolidinium chloride”electrolyte(LWIP;1 mol/L,N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium chloride/(water and N,Ndimethylformamide,1:4 by molality))enabling high-voltage,low-temperature supercapacitors(SCs).The greatly improved ESW(3.451 V)is mainly attributed to the strong solvation between Cl-and water molecules,which broadens the negative stability.This water-binding mechanism is very different from that of a WIS electrolyte based on alkali metal salt.SCs using LWIP electrolytes not only yield a high operating voltage of 2.4 V and excellent capacity retention(82.8%after 15,000 cycles at 5 A g^(-1))but also operate stably at-20℃.This work provides new approaches for the design and preparation of novel electrolytes.

A novel synthesis of allyl and benzyl selenides via Sm/SbCl_3 system in aqueous media

Allyl and benzyl selenides were synthesized via reactions of allyl and benzyl bromides and diselenides promoted by Sm/Sb-Cl3 system in aqueous media in moderate to good yields.

Effect of cAMP on short-circuit current in isolated human ciliary body

Background Cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） could activate chloride channels in bovine ciliary body and trigger an increase in the ionic current （short-circuit current, Isc） across the ciliary processes in pigs. The purpose of this study was to investigate how cAMP modulates Isc in isolated human ciliary processes and the possible involvement of chloride transport across the tissue in cAMP-induced Isc change. Methods In an Ussing-type chamber system, the Isc changes induced by the cAMP analogue 8-bromo-cAMP and an adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin in isolated human ciliary processes were assessed. The involvement of CI- component in the bath solution was investigated. The effect of CI- channel （10μmol/L niflumic acid and 1 mmol/L 4,4＇-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2＇-disulfonic acid （DIDS））, K＋ channel （10 mmol/L tetraethylammonium chloride （TEA））, or Na＋ channel blockers （1 mmol/L amiloride） on 8-bromo-cAMP-induced Isc change was also studied. Results Dose-dependently, 8-bromo-cAMP （10 nmol/L-30 μmol/L） or forskolin （10 nmol/L-3 μmol/L） increased Isc across the ciliary processes with an increase in negative potential difference on the non-pigmented epithelium （NPE） side of the tissue. Isc increase induced by 8-bromo-cAMP was more pronounced when the drug was applied on the NPE side than on the pigmented epithelium side. When the tissue was bathed in low CI- solutions, the Isc increase was significantly inhibited. Finally, nifiumic acid and DIDS, but not TEA or amiloride, significantly prevented the Isc increase induced by 8-bromo-cAMP. Conclusions cAMP stimulates stroma-to-aqueous anionic transport in isolated human ciliary processes. Chloride is likely to be among the ions, the transportation of which across the tissue is triggered by cAMP, suggesting the potential role of cAMP in the process of aqueous humor formation in human eyes.