Experimental Study of the Collective and Cyclic Pitch Propeller for an Underwater Vehicle

A series of experimental studies of the innovative propulsor named Collective and Cyclic Pitch Propeller(CCPP) applied to an underwater vehicle were designed and performed at the Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania. The bollard pull and captive model tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of CCPP and to examine the effect of different parameter settings to its performance. The results show that the CCPP is able to generate effective manoeuvring forces in various operational condition. In addition, the obtained results in the form of force coefficients provide a useful empirical model for the simulation and control of an underwater vehicle equipped with this propulsor.

Design of Fin-propeller Test Set-up and Analysis of Roll Stabilization Ability

Presents the fin-propeller test set-up to solve the problem of roll stabilization with ships in full speed range, withwhich, tests were run in water rank for acquisition of data, and concludes from data acquired that the fin-propeller test set-up produces more lift than simple fin, and provides lateral thrust as well, and it is therefore an effective roll stabilization devicefor ships in full speed range.

An overview of electrochemical,non-electrochemical and analytical approaches for studying corrosion in magnesium and its alloys

Corrosion is a pervasive phenomenon affecting materials across a multitude of scales,from the atomic to the macroscopic.This review paper presents a comprehensive examination of the methodologies employed in the analysis of magnesium corrosion,including electrochemical,non-electrochemical and analytical approaches,emphasizing the need for a diverse array of analytical tools to understand the complex interplay between corrosion,microstructure,and the dissolution mechanisms of magnesium alloys.The research showcases the utility of specific tools like SEM/EDS and SKPFM for targeted site analysis,while XPS and FTIR provide a broader perspective on specimen surfaces.The paper also discusses the value of in-situ analysis techniques,which allow for the real-time observation of corrosion processes,offering a dynamic view of the emergence and evolution of corrosion products.These in-situ methods stand in contrast to ex-situ analyses,which only permit post-experimental evaluation.By highlighting the capabilities of various analytical tools,from those that reveal surface layer details to those that probe deeper structures,and from those that detect primary elements to those that trace minute quantities of impurities,this study underscores the intricate nature of corrosion and the critical role of advanced analytical techniques in fostering a deeper understanding of material degradation.The findings advocate for the increased application of in-situ analysis in magnesium corrosion research,as it provides a more immediate and accurate depiction of corrosion dynamics,potentially leading to more effective corrosion prevention and control strategies.

Characterization of localized corrosion pathways in 2195-T8 Al-Li alloys exposed to acidic solution

The corrosion properties of aluminum-lithium(Al-Li) alloys, which are potential materials used to construct for tanks of liquid rockets or missiles, are essential for safe propellant storage and transport. In order to manifest the corrosion resistance of the 2195 Al-Li alloy in practical propellant tanks filled with N2O4, the alloy was soaked in 30% nitric acid solution, an accelerating corrosion environment, to test its corrosion behavior. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were used to characterize microstructure and corrosion morphology of the alloy. Focused ion beam(FIB),combined with SEM, was used to demonstrate localized corrosion features and the propagation of corrosion pathways beneath the alloy surface. It was found that the corrosion network was formed with most intergranular corrosion and sparse intragranular corrosion. Additionally, the distribution and number of intermetallic particles influenced the localized corrosion degree and the direction of corrosion pathways. Aggregated particles made corrosion pathways continuously and caused more severe corrosion. The results from this work were valid and useful to corrosion prevention and protection for storage safety on propellant tanks in N_(2)O_(4).

Influence of deformation on the corrosion behavior of LZ91 Mg-Li alloy

The effect of rolling and forging on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of LZ91 alloy was investigated using an electron probe micro-analyzer,immersion and electrochemical tests.Results showed that the area fraction of theβ-Li phase remained unchanged,and the grain size of theβ-Li phase decreased after forging.The as-rolled forged alloy(FR-LZ91)exhibited the highest area fraction of theβ-Li phase and the longest grains.The corrosion resistance of the forged LZ91 alloy increased due to grain refinement that prevented further corrosion during the immersion test.Among the experimental alloys,FR-LZ91 showed the highest resistance of corrosion film and charge transfer resistance values due to its protective film caused by the high area fraction of theβ-Li phase.

Prevention of Q235 Steel Corrosion using Waterborne Rust Inhibitor

Sorbitol,triethanolamine,sodium benzoate,boric acid,and sodium carbonate were mixed to prepare a waterborne rust inhibitor.A temperature and humidity accelerated corrosion test was applied to investigate the corrosion behaviour of waterborne rust inhibitor coated Q235 steel and original Q235 steel,which was carried out in a temperature and humidity test chamber(WSHW-1000)at a temperature of 80℃and humidity of 95%.Compared with the original Q235,waterborne rust inhibitor coated Q235 has better resistance to corrosion in hot and humid ambient conditions.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization were measured with a three-electrode cell in 3.5%NaCl aqueous solution on a CHI760E potentiostat/galvanostat.Molecular dynamics was simulated to verify the synergistic corrosion inhibitory mechanism of sodium carbonate and triethanolamine.The test shows that the prepared waterborne rust inhibitor can reduce the tendency of Q235 to corrosion and can also effectively reduce the corrosion rate.

Evaluation of Expansion Process to Improve Corrosion Resistance of Copper Tubes with High Residual Carbon on the Inner Surface

Residual carbon on the inner surface of copper tubes is known to be a cause of pitting corrosion. We showed previously that the rapid filling test was useful to evaluate the pitting corrosion resistance of copper tubes. Immersion tests using the rapid evaluation test solution showed that corrosion occurs on the entire surface of copper tubes with low residual carbon amounts, while those with high residual carbon amounts show pitting corrosion. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the corrosion resistance of copper tubes with high residual carbon amount, which are expected to undergo pitting corrosion. As pitting corrosion occurs when anodes are locally concentrated on part of the metal surface, it has been suggested that anodes be dispersed over the entire surface by the processing of the metal surface. Metal processing methods have various purposes, including changing the shape and properties of metals, and in this case, leading to desirable surface properties (such as expansion and drawing processes). Here, we focused on the expansion process and its effects on corrosion resistance of copper tubes. The results showed that hydraulic expansion has a significant effect on the inner copper surface by improving corrosion resistance as the anode area increases.

Quantitative Detection of Corrosion State of Concrete Internal Reinforcement Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rate
of the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.

S31603复合板压力容器点蚀行为试验研究

针对S31603复合板压力容器不锈钢层不同点蚀深度的发展进程及穿透至碳钢层后的电偶腐蚀风险,通过预制不同点蚀深度的S31603复合板试片组,分别在实验室和现场S31603复合板压力容器内进行腐蚀试验,并对试片进行宏观分析、低倍观察、高倍观察及腐蚀产物表征分析。结果表明,S31603复合板预制的点蚀坑深度穿透至碳钢层时发生了明显的电偶腐蚀,实验室腐蚀试验和现场试验最高点蚀速率分别达到4.954,1.023 mm/a;用S31603复合板试片预制的点蚀坑深度穿透至碳钢层后碳钢优先发生电偶腐蚀;S31603复合板试片预制的点蚀坑深度处于不锈钢层时腐蚀轻微,也未萌生新的点蚀,相邻点蚀坑之间也未见明显的腐蚀影响。在含Cl-的酸性腐蚀性介质环境下,当S31603复合板压力容器点蚀深度处于不锈钢层时腐蚀轻微,当点蚀深度穿透至碳钢层后,会发生明显的电偶腐蚀,需要缩短S31603复合板压力容器开罐检修周期以保证安全使用。

装备典型材料循环盐雾加速腐蚀行为与机理研究

目的研究装备典型材料在循环盐雾试验条件下的加速腐蚀行为与机理,建立快速分析和表征碳钢腐蚀性能的试验方法。方法通过实施模拟海洋大气环境腐蚀效应及作用特点的循环盐雾加速腐蚀试验,采用SEM、XRD及电化学测试等手段,表征和分析样品腐蚀质量损失、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物成分、腐蚀电压、腐蚀电流密度及阻抗等腐蚀性能随暴露时间的变化规律,归纳碳钢的加速腐蚀行为和电化学机理。结果碳钢样品腐蚀质量损失动力学符合幂函数规律,腐蚀速率整体呈现先升高、再降低的变化趋势。腐蚀产物为疏松外层与相对致密内层组成的准双层结构,整体呈现从疏松剥落到逐渐增厚致密的变化过程,成分以铁的氧化物和羟基氧化物为主。极化曲线拟合的腐蚀电流密度呈现先波动增加、后减小的变化趋势,腐蚀电位则围绕中枢值上下波动。电化学阻抗谱由2个容抗弧组成,后期容抗弧中低频区的直线表示出Warburg阻抗的典型特征。结论循环盐雾加速腐蚀试验能够较为全面地描述碳钢材料的加速腐蚀行为与机理,为进一步研究装备典型材料室内外腐蚀试验相关性提供条件。

深海环境腐蚀试验技术及研究进展

从深海实海环境试验、模拟试验、原位电化学测试、数值仿真等方面阐述了深海环境试验技术的发展演变过程。介绍了国内外主要深海腐蚀研究使用的试验装置种类,各类装置的优缺点和使用场景,并以试验装置为平台,发展了金属材料深海原位电化学测试技术及深海测试数据实时远程传输技术。介绍了实验室模拟深海环境腐蚀试验技术由单因素模拟到多因素模拟,并结合力学及实时测试的发展历程。阐述了数值仿真技术在深海环境腐蚀研究方面的应用,推介了2项ISO深海环境试验方法国际标准,回顾了近期在材料深海环境腐蚀研究方面取得的最新成果。面向深海装备应用的需求,从新试验技术发展出发,探讨了深海试验技术研究的发展方向和趋势。

全浸腐蚀后焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率分析

服役于海洋环境中的风力发电机,其塔筒上的焊接结构不可避免地要遭受洋流、风浪、工作过程中带来的疲劳载荷及海洋复杂环境引发的腐蚀,往往成为腐蚀疲劳失效中的薄弱环节,因此,研究焊接接头的腐蚀疲劳现象,探索其背后的运作机制具有十分重要的意义.选用S355低合金高强钢作为试验材料,进行S355钢焊接接头在5%NaCl环境中的预腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验.试验结果表明,与未经预腐蚀的试件相比,预腐蚀48 h的试样疲劳裂纹扩展速率并没有明显增加,而预腐蚀336 h的试样疲劳裂纹扩展速率增加显著.利用扫描电子显微镜对预腐蚀后的疲劳试件进行微观表征,观察到在裂纹扩展路径周围存在微裂纹和分支裂纹,表明金属发生了脆化.在预腐蚀疲劳断面上,观察到了裂纹扩展模式的转变,表层金属呈现平面脆性特征,内部金属保留了疲劳韧性特征,微观表征的结果表明,预腐蚀脆化了表层金属,从而加快了试件整体的疲劳裂纹扩展速率.

不同海域Custom450高强度不锈钢的腐蚀规律研究

目的 研究Custom450钢在青岛、舟山、厦门及三亚等4个海域大气和飞溅环境中的自然腐蚀规律。方法 采用形貌分析、腐蚀速率、点腐蚀深度分析等方法对Custom450钢在上述4个海域大气和飞溅区的腐蚀规律进行研究。结果 Custom450钢在4个海域大气环境的年平均腐蚀速率相当,且未观察到有点蚀现象发生,舟山海域的年平均腐蚀速率最小,为0.001 41 mm/a,三亚海域的年平均腐蚀速率最大,为0.001 54 mm/a。4个海域飞溅区的年平均腐蚀速率范围为0.0021~0.0028mm/a,舟山海域的年平均腐蚀速率为0.002 1 mm/a,平均及最大点腐蚀深度分别为5.7μm和25.99μm,均低于其他3个海域。结论 Custom450钢在4个海域的大气环境暴露1 a后,未发现明显的腐蚀现象,表明该钢短期内在上述4个海域海洋大气环境中具有良好的耐蚀性。在飞溅环境中的腐蚀速率高于大气环境,且有明显的点腐蚀现象发生,钢中未溶的NbC相会促进点腐蚀现象的发生。

隧道衬砌锈蚀钢筋的热效应及红外检测方法

隧道衬砌受腐蚀环境、材料劣化以及地下水的影响,衬砌钢筋锈蚀将成为衬砌后期服役的主要病害之一,钢筋锈蚀以及产生的顺筋裂缝直接威胁衬砌的耐久性和安全性,为此,及时检测钢筋锈蚀程度十分重要。目前的检测方法以接触式测量为主,效率低,为探究非接触快速检测的可行性,采用室内试验和数值分析相结合的方法,深入研究了浅层钢筋锈蚀的热传导规律,分析了主动热激励条件下钢筋锈蚀程度和混凝土保护层厚度对衬砌表面温度场的影响规律。结果表明:主动热激励条件下锈蚀产物表面分布区在热像图中表现为高温区;钢筋锈蚀率为4.36%~23.16%时,衬砌表面温差为2.3℃~4.4℃;试件表面温差随钢筋锈蚀程度的增加而增大,呈现三次函数的关系;而混凝土保护层厚度与表面温差呈明显的负相关性,保护层厚度越大,温差越小。夏季时由于衬砌内外温差导致的热传导效应将在钢筋锈蚀位置的衬砌表面产生,通过红外热像仪检测衬砌表面的温度分布,结合衬砌表观特征,可以综合判定钢筋的锈蚀程度,为钢筋锈蚀的快速检测提供了新的方法和技术手段。

无阴极保护燃气管道腐蚀危害的表征参量及规律

对某燃气公司2016~2020年间泄漏燃气管道的管地电位分布情况进行了统计分析,同时开展了现场腐蚀检查片埋设试验,获得了检查片腐蚀速率数据及对应的检查片通电电位、电流密度、通断电电位差、环境电阻率、地表电位梯度等5个参量,通过数据分析得出各参量与腐蚀速率的相关性及相关规律。结果表明,电流密度与管道腐蚀速率的相关性最好,皮尔逊系数高达0.95,在没有检查片的条件下,可以采用管地电位指标对管道的腐蚀风险进行评判。

200 N推力装置上肼类分解催化剂的应用性能

研究制备了一种单组元姿轨控发动机用肼类分解催化剂,采用200 N推力装置对其应用性能进行了研究和考察。在催化剂物化性能指标满足应用要求的基础上,利用200 N推力装置通过力学环境试验考察了催化剂力学环境适应性,通过双-10℃低温冷启动、低温稳态及脉冲、正负拉偏以及脉冲寿命热试考核程序考察了自制催化剂的低温冷启动性能、低温稳态性能、常温正负拉偏稳态性能以及脉冲寿命性能。结果表明:该催化剂肼催化分解效率在99%以上,机械强度高且力学环境适应性良好,具有较高的肼催化分解活性和稳定性,能够在200 N推力装置上于双-10℃正常启动,顺利完成了低温稳态、常温正负拉偏和脉冲寿命等考核程序,发动机室压平稳,响应特性良好,脉冲一致性好,可满足推力装置的使用要求。

加速碳化条件下不同养护制度对碱矿渣混凝土钢筋锈蚀的影响

研究了加速碳化环境(CO_(2)浓度为20%)下,标准养护、饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护和蒸压养护对CaO+Na_(2)CO_(3)为激发剂的碱矿渣混凝土(CNC)中钢筋锈蚀的影响。结果表明,与标准养护相比,饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护不改变CNC的水化产物,但使其早期水化更加充分,因此平均孔径减小;蒸压养护使CNC水化产物由C-S-H凝胶转化为水榴石与11-?型的托勃莫来石,平均孔径和总孔隙率显著减小。在相同的加速碳化龄期下,与标准养护相比,饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护和蒸压养护的CNC碳化深度降低、CNC中钢筋发生高概率锈蚀时间延缓、钢筋失重率下降。与相同养护条件下的普通硅酸盐混凝土相比,标准养护和饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护的CNC中钢筋抗锈蚀能力远小于普通硅酸盐混凝土,而蒸压养护的CNC中钢筋抗锈蚀能力大于普通硅酸盐混凝土。

2/1樟单基发射药的真空与非真空环境安定性试验可替代性研究

基于深空探测用单基发射药在外太空中要经受长时间真空、温度交变等复杂的太空环境,而现有标准的安定性评估方法对其不适用的情况,设计了2/1樟单基发射药在75℃高温真空和非真空条件下的对比试验,测试双环境应力下药剂的安定剂含量、热分解性能及药剂成分等安定性敏感参量。结果表明:在试验周期10d内,药剂在75℃真空和非真空的试验环境下,其二苯胺含量、分解温度和氮含量等参数无显著性差异。本研究可为单基发射药在复杂多变环境下的安定性评估提供参考。

局部受热锈蚀预应力混凝土梁力学性能试验研究

随着我国基础建设的发展,大量混凝土桥梁在恶劣环境影响下发生腐蚀和老化,腐蚀桥梁结构的灾害破坏机理研究对桥梁结构的运营安全具有重要意义。为研究已经锈蚀受损的桥梁在局部受热状态下的高温力学性能,设计10根预应力混凝土梁试件。其中对照组的2根试件在常温下加载,试验变量为预应力筋初始应力,试验组的8根试件在高温下加载,试验变量分别为钢筋锈蚀、预应力筋初始应力、初始荷载。首先,基于电化学原理对4根预应力混凝土梁进行钢筋加速锈蚀处理,然后利用复合高温试验炉对8根预应力混凝土梁(4根锈蚀、4根未锈蚀)在跨中进行三面受火试验。最后,采用数值方法对局部受热预应力混凝土梁进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明:局部受热条件下,预应力混凝土梁的承载能力会发生明显降低,下降幅度约为11.3%~14.9%;钢筋锈蚀导致的混凝土开裂会对预应力混凝土梁的抗火性能产生不利影响,主要表现为2个方面,1)相同试验条件下,锈蚀后的试件预应力增量更大;2)锈蚀试件在局部受热条件下承载能力下降幅度更大,约为19.4%~21.9%;增大预应力筋的初始应力可以减小预应力混凝土梁在局部受热时的高温蠕变变形;局部高温作用下预应力混凝土梁对初始荷载较为敏感,当试件初始荷载值提升20%时,三分点位移量约增大60%。研究成果可以为实际锈蚀桥梁的防火设计和灾后应急提供理论依据。

钢筋-保护层界面局部典型锈峰的三维形态

钢筋-保护层界面处锈蚀产物的累积与扩张将造成保护层的锈胀开裂。通过X射线无损检测技术对氯离子侵蚀下钢筋混凝土界面处形成的锈峰形貌进行了研究。对锈峰表面进行三角网格化处理;引入伸长指数,平坦指数,球形度和凸度等形态学指标进行研究;基于K-means聚类算法划分锈峰形状。结果表明锈峰形态主要呈现为扁长形,扁半椭球形,半椭球形及半球形,且锈峰形态具有不稳定性。锈峰凸度指标符合Burr分布规律,并且不同锈蚀率下锈峰的球形度、凸度指标与保护层裂缝宽度的发展趋势一致。