Solution of the Nucleon Structure Problem from a Field Theory of Fermions and Bosons and the Origin of the Proton Stability

A bound state formalism derived from a fermion-boson symmetric Lagrangian has been used to calculate the nucleon masses, the charge neutrality of the neutron, the magnetic moments and the electromagnetic form factor ratios μpGEp/GMpand μnGEn/GMn. A quantitative description is obtained, assuming a mixing of a scalar bound state of 3(f f¯)fstructure with its corresponding vector (f f¯)fstate (f indicating massless elementary fermions). Only a few parameters are needed, mainly fixed by energy and momentum conservation. The nucleon stability is explained by an extra binding in the confinement potential, negative for electric and positive for magnetic binding of the proton, and opposite for the neutron. The stronger electric extra binding of the proton allows a decay of the neutron to proton and electron.

Operators with the Lipschitz bounded approximation property

We show that if a bounded linear operator can be approximated by a net(or sequence)of uniformly bounded finite rank Lipschitz mappings pointwisely,then it can be approximated by a net(or sequence)of uniformly bounded finite rank linear operators under the strong operator topology.As an application,we deduce that a Banach space has an(unconditional)Lipschitz frame if and only if it has an(unconditional)Schauder frame.Another immediate consequence of our result recovers the famous Godefroy-Kalton theorem(Godefroy and Kalton(2003))which says that the Lipschitz bounded approximation property and the bounded approximation property are equivalent for every Banach space.

Quantitative Characterizations of Bounded Compact Approximation Property by Semi-Fredholm Operators

Based on a characterization of upper semi-Fredholm operators due to A.Lebow and M.Schechter,we introduce and investigate a new quantity characterizing upper semi-Fredholm operators.This quantity and several well-known quantities are used to characterize bounded compact approximation property.Similarly,a new quantity characterizing lower semi-Fredholm operators is introduced,investigated and used to characterize the bounded compact approximation property for dual spaces.

Three-space Problems for the Bounded Compact Approximation Property

In this paper, the notion of the bounded compact approximation property （BCAP） of a pair [Banach space and its subspace] is used to prove that if X is a closed subspace of Eoo with the BCAP, then L∞/X has the BCAP. We also show that X＊ has the A-BCAP with conjugate operators if and only if the pair （X, Y） has the A-BCAP for each finite codimensional subspace Y C X. Let M be a closed subspace of X such that M~ is complemented in X＊. If X has the （bounded） approximation property of order p, then M has the （bounded） approximation property of order p.

The Approximation Properties Determined by Operator Ideals

We introduce the notion of the right approximation property with respect to an operator ideal A and solve the duality problem for the approximation property with respect to an operator ideal ,4, that is, a Banach space X has the approximation property with respect to Ad whenever X＊ has the right approximation property with respect to an operator ideal A. The notions of the left bounded approximation property and the left weak bounded approximation property for a Banach operator ideal are introduced and new symmetric results are obtained. Finally, the notions of the p-compact sets and the p-approximation property are extended to arbitrary Banach operator ideals. Known results of the approximation property with respect to an operator ideal and the p-approximation property are generalized.

Asymptotically Isometric Copy of l~β(0<β<1) in Spacesof Bounded Linear Operators

Assume X is a normed space,every x ＊ ∈ S（X＊） can reach its norm at some point in B（X）,and Y is a β-normed space.If there is a quotient space of Y which is asymptotically isometric to l β,then L（X,Y） contains an asymptotically isometric copy of l β.Some sufficient conditions are given under which L（X,Y） fails to have the fixed point property for nonexpansive mappings on closed bounded β-convex subsets of L（X,Y）.