Collecting property of diphosphonic acid for niobite

The effect of several collectors on the niobite synthetized under the condition of varying pH values and dosages were studied. The collecting property of several representative collectors was also investigated. The experimental result shows that di- phosphonic acid is a good collector for niobite. Its recovery is about 84.24%-91.17% when the pH value of the pulp is less than 5.0 and the dosage of diphosphonic acid is 140 mg/L. The sequences of the selectivity and collecting capacity of the collectors were compared. Infrared absorption spectrum (IAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to detect and analyze the ad- sorption mechanism of diphosphonic acid on the surface of niobite. The IAS result indicates that diphosphonic acid is indeed ad- sorbed on the surface of niobite, and the XPS result shows that the binding energy of P2p peak of niobite treated by diphosphonic acid has changed 2.85 eV. It confirms that the adsorption belongs to a chemisorption type.

Multiplicity dependence of the freezeout parameters in high energy hadron-hadron collisions

We examined the transverse momentum(pT)spectra of various identified particles,encompassing both light-flavored and strange hadrons(π++π−,K++K−,p+p¯,ϕ,K0s,Λ+Λ¯,Ξ−+Ξ¯+,andΩ−+Ω¯+),across different multiplicity classes in proton-proton collisions(p-p)at a center-of-mass energy of s√=7 TeV.Utilizing the Tsallis and Hagedorn models,parameters relevant to the bulk properties of nuclear matter were extracted.Both models exhibit good agreement with experimental data.In our analyses,we observed a consistent decrease in the effective temperature(T)for the Tsallis model and the kinetic or thermal freeze-out temperature(T0)for the Hagedorn model,as we transitioned from higher multiplicity(class-I)to lower multiplicity(class-X).This trend is attributed to the diminished energy transfer in higher multiplicity classes.Additionally,we observed that the transverse flow velocity(βT)experiences a decline from class-I to class-X.The normalization constant,which represents the multiplicity of produced particles,was observed to decrease as we moved toward higher multiplicity classes.While the effective and kinetic freeze-out temperatures,as well as the transverse flow velocity,show a mild dependency on multiplicity for lighter particles,this dependency becomes more pronounced for heavier particles.The multiplicity parameter for heavier particles was observed to be smaller than that of lighter particles,indicating a greater abundance of lighter hadrons compared to heavier ones.Various particle species were observed to undergo decoupling from the fireball at distinct temperatures:lighter particles exhibit lower temperatures,while heavier ones show higher temperatures,thereby supporting the concept of multiple freeze-out scenarios.Moreover,we identified a positive correlation between the kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity,a scenario where particles experience stronger collective motion at a higher freeze-out temperature.The reason for this positive correlation is that,as the multiplicity increases,more energy is transferred into the system.This increased energy causes greater excitation and pressure within the system,leading to a quick expansion.