Analysis of Effect of Zn(O,S) Buffer Layer Properties on CZTS Solar Cell Performance Using AMPS

The Cu2ZnSnS4 （CZTS）-based solar cell is numerically simulated by a one-dimensional solar cell simulation soft- ware analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures （AMPS-1D）. The device structure used in the simulation is Al/ZnO：Al/nZn（O,S）/pCZTS/Mo. The primary motivation of this simulation work is to optimize the composition in the ZnO1-xSx buffer layer, which would yield higher conversion efficiency. By varying S/（S＋O） ratio x, the conduction band offset （CBO） at CZTS/Zn（O,S） interface can range from -0.23 eV to 1.06eV if the full range of the ratio is considered. The optimal CBO of 0.23eV can be achieved when the ZnO1-xSx buffer has an S/（S＋O） ratio of 0.6. The solar cell efficiency first increases with increasing sulfur content and then decreases abruptly for x〉 0.6, which reaches the highest value of 17.55% by our proposed optimal sulfur content x= 0.6. Our results provide guidance in dealing with the ZnO1-xSx buffer layer deposition for high efficiency CZTS solar cells.

宗教活动场所法人的财产偿债责任与宗教用益何以安处?——《民法总则》之下基于信托法理的涉教财产制度构建

在《中华人民共和国民法总则》确立的制度框架下,作为捐助法人的宗教活动场所,一方面负有清偿债务的法律责任和社会责任,另一方面负有确保其财产的宗教用益的组织使命。由此产生了宗教活动场所的债务清偿责任与财产的宗教用益之间的冲突。在此框架下,必须认识到宗教活动场所的债务清偿责任不同于营利法人,其具有涉教财产来源多元化、财产的宗教用益等属性。以信托法理统合宗教活动场所的财产制度,形成以私法信托、推定信托、公法信托分别对应宗教活动场所的三类不同财产的制度构建,既与其捐助法人地位相契合,也体现了宗教财产的宗教用益,符合宗教事务管理的实际需求,可以更好地推动宗教活动场所管理宗教事项、处理宗教关系、服务公共利益。

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China＇s Loess Plateau

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.

Soil bacterial communities under slash and burn in Mozambique as revealed by a metataxonomic approach

The slash-and-burn system is a subsistence agronomical practice widespread in tropical areas worldwide.This system has been extensively studied,especially for its impacts on agronomical aspects and soil physicochemical properties;however,knowledge of soil microbial diversity under slash and bum is scarce.In this study,for the first time,soil bacterial diversity of three locations from Central Mozambique,where slash and burn has been practiced for different durations of the forest fallow period(ca.25,35,and 50 years),was elucidated through a metataxonomic approach.Bacterial communities were evaluated in the genetic horizons of soils under charcoal kilns,crop fields,and forests.The aim of this study was to examine the influence of spatial(location and land use),temporal(forest fallow period),and vertical(horizon)variations on bacterial community structure in relation to soil physicochemical properties.Metataxonomic analysis detected 25 different phyla whose distribution varied horizontally and vertically in relation to soil properties(i.e.,p H,easily oxidizable organic carbon,total nitrogen,and available phosphorus),as well as particle size distribution and mineralogical composition.Such properties were strongly affected and altered by land-use management;in particular,charcoal kilns exhibited better soil properties and greater differences in bacterial community than crop fields and forests,which were quite similar.This might suggest the inability of a forest fallow period shorter than 50 years to improve soil fertility and induce changes in bacterial community.The uncommon application of the pedological approach for microbial evaluation facilitated the detection of a clear separation in bacterial composition along the soil profile,with eutrophic bacteria mainly located in the A horizon whereas oligotrophic bacteria were found in the Bo horizon.These horizontal and vertical heterogeneities in the same study represent a novelty for bacterial metataxonomic analysis.

青海寺院财产归属权及法律保护研究——以佑宁寺为主要考察对象

寺院(宗教)财产是解决寺院自养及寺院教职人员经济生活问题的物质基础,其财产归属权及法律保护问题关乎宗教健康发展。《物权法》及相关立法肯定了宗教团体的财产所有权,适应了时代发展和开放性立法之需求,为我国宗教财产归属权及法律保护提供和积累了丰富的立法经验。通过实地考察,对青海寺院财产存在的问题予以梳理,提出立法建议。