Resisting shrinkage properties of volume holograms recorded in TiO_2 nanoparticle-dispersed acrylamide-based photopolymer

A novel organic–inorganic nanoparticle–photopolymer composite system is developed, and its fundamental holographic recording characteristics are studied. In this hydrophilic TiO2-nanoparticle-dispersed acrylamide photopolymer composite system, the counter-diffusion of monomers and nanoparticles plays a fundamental and key role in hologram grating formation. The experimental results indicate that the volume shrinkage of the nanoparticle–photopolymer film during the holographic recording can be drastically reduced compared with the undoped photopolymer film. It is also found that the diffraction efficiency of the grating recorded in the nanoparticle–photopolymer film depends strongly on the concentration of the TiO2-nanoparticles, and there exists an optimal TiO2-nanoparticle-doping concentration to make the diffraction efficiency and the refractive index modulation reach their maxima. Additionally, the digital data page is stored and reconstructed in the nanoparticle–photopolymer film.

Preparation Characterization and Thermal Behaviour of Carbopol-TiO₂Nanocomposites

Composites consisting of carbopol (CP) and ceramic titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 have been investigated. The CP-TiO2, organic-inorganic hybrid composites have been prepared in DMF by heating the mixture with a constant rate of 1。C/min, up to 30。C, 45。C, 60。C, 80。C, 100。C and 120。C. Proprieties such as absorption, structure and external aspect of the obtained materials were investigated by Uv-vis, FTIR, DRX and SEM analyses. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed that the TiO2 nanoparticles maintained their original tetragonal anatase-type crystalline structure in the composites. The chemical structure of the obtained materials was determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal proprieties of carbopol matrix was investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the carbopol matrix was considerably increased by the presence of ceramic feller nanoparticles and its thermal stability was significantly improved. Furthermore the water loss which represents 7.56% of the weight loss in pure CP at 100。C was avoided in the CP-TiO2 nanocomposites at this same temperature. This important finding revealed that ceramic fellers blocked the water loss in the modified carbopol nanocomposites, which stayed stable till 200。C.

读懂奥斯汀作品里的时代词

简·奥斯汀的作品一直为人们所喜爱,但由于年代久远,当时广为接受的单词用法和意义发生了改变,本文结合作品对out,accompl i shed,(i m)propri et y进行了解释,有助于现代读者更好地理解奥斯汀的小说。

Effect of the Continuum Removal in Predicting Soil Organic Carbon with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in the Senegal Sahelian Soils

Spectroscopy plays a major role in the access of the analytical parameters of the soil. It tends to substitute the conventional laboratory analysis because hyperspectral data were least expensive and easier to obtain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the continuum removal (CR) in the validation of the accurate prediction model of the soil properties with Vis-NIR spectroscopy data. Few studies using Vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy have well focused the calculation of the CR method;its effect in the calibration of the accurate models was also not well emphasized. In this study, we used the remote sensing software ENVI 4.7 to compute the CR function where the value of the continuum for each sample and for each spectral wavelength was obtained by dividing the reflectance values of the full spectrum (FS) with those of the continuum curve (CC). The partial least square regression (PLSR) model was applied in the spectral data from the soil of the Senegal Sahelian region. It was calibrated with both data from the full spectrum (FS) and those obtained after the application of the continuum removal. With the application of the CR, ultraviolet wavelengths (350 - 429 nm) and those of near infrared (2491 - 2500 nm) were removed from the explanatory variables of PLSR model. With the FS, all wavelengths between 350 and 2500 nm were taken into account in predicting soil properties. Our findings show a positive effect of the application of CR in the estimation of soil organic carbon. In calibration, the R2 increased up to 10% with the continuum removal in the model of 12 components (CP). In terms of validation, it’s the 15-component model which is the most accurate with the same range in calibration between the FS and the CR. The lowest RMSE ranged from 0.04 with the FS to 0.03 with the application of the CR in calibration and validation. These results show that the interest of this study as soil organic carbon is recognized as a key indicator of fertility of the soil in Sahelian-African regions. For future studies, it’s important to apply the model of neural networks to better evaluate the effect of continuum removal in predicting soil properties from the spectral data and other methods of preprocessing like the multiplicative scatter correction (msc).

Tao, Virtue, Benevolence, Righteousness and Propriety:On the Core Values of Shu School

The core concepts of Confucianism were developed over the change of the times by Confucian scholars after Zi Si and Mencius, and have formed their respective structures: The three great principles of "benevolence, wisdom and bravery," and the self-cultivation model of "benevolence, righteousness and propriety" by Confucius. Following Confucius, Zi Si vigorously advocated the five virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sage."Mencius initiated the four cardinal virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom."Xun Zi often constructed the collocation of "benevolence and righteousness, rites and music, and loyalty and trustworthiness."Dong Zhongshu finally developed the five constant virtues of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness."In a simple, clear, practical and feasible way, the core values of Confucianism have won support among the people and have had an impact on Chinese society for more than two thousand years. Being open and inclusive, the connotation of Confucianism took advantage of the strengths of different schools of philosophy in ancient China, and adopted changes from philosophies with positive attitudes. The Bashu area, in the southwest of China, has inherited the tradition of adhering to the Tao(natural order of the Universe) and valuing morality. Shu scholars have creatively built the core values of "the Tao, virtue, benevolence, righteousness and propriety," and developed a characteristic branch of philosophy above and beyond the Confucian scholars of the Central Plains. This concept stems from Yan Junping of the Western Han Dynasty, promoted by Yang Xiong, developed by Zhao Rui of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shangying and Su Dongpo of the Song Dynasty, and Lai Zhide of the Ming Dynasty, then further developed by Liu Yuan and Duan Zhengyuan of the Qing Dynasty, and formed the persistent system of core values of the Shu School. Compared with the values of orthodox Confucianism, the core values of the Shu School have the functions of"a unity of metaphysics and physics"and"a combination of theory and practice,"which remedy the lack of Confucianism's ultimate concern for ontology and the lack of Taoism's realistic concern for practicality.

How Confucian Philosophy of Balanced Harmony Promotes World Harmony

Harmony is the general principle for dealing with various social problems and promoting world harmony.China regards“harmony is most precious”as its ultimate value goal.Harmony is the core value and moral sentiment of the Chinese nation and it is the criterion for dealing with the relationships between people,between people and society,and between countries.The principles and methods of harmony should be used to govern a state so that it can be in a state of mutual integration.Harmony is a theoretical prescription for solving many crises and contradictions today.It is the meaning and value of learning and understanding universal rule.Harmony is the core value of the Chinese nation,the noumenon and universal rule of human existence,and the well-being of human existence.Harmony has various levels of expression,and its value is mainly reflected in harmony of oneself,harmony of the people,and harmony of nature.Benevolence is the core value concept of balanced harmony,and the philosophy of balanced harmony is realized through propriety.No matter for the communication between individuals,or the relationships between groups,nations,and countries,harmony is the eternal value pursuit and propriety is its eternal value carrier.

A Sense of Propriety

Confucius said to go beyond the mark is as bad as to fall short of it. That is, Confucius thought doing something that goes beyond the limit counts as much as not doing enough. Generally speaking, whether it is a big thing or a small thing, the result can only be success or failure, to gain or lose.

Convergent synthesis and immunological study of oligosaccharide derivatives related to galactomannan from Antrodia cinnamomea

The galactomannan from Antrodia cinnamomea(AC)is characterized as one of the important bioactive components that exhibits potential immunostimulatory propriety.The biological function of its corresponding oligosaccharide fragments has not been revealed yet.In this study,we reported the first chemical synthesis of the series of oligosaccharide fragments related to AC galactomannan via the convergent glycosylation strategy.The preliminary immunological evaluation of these synthesized AC oligosaccharides disclosed that the backbone tetrasaccharide 1d showed the best immunomodulatory ability on enhancing proliferation,phagocytosis and cytokines secretion of Raw264.7 macrophages in vitro,indicating its immense potential as an immunostimulant candidate.

Bayesian analysis for the Lomax model using noninformative priors

The Lomax distribution is an important member in the distribution family.In this paper,we systematically develop an objective Bayesian analysis of data from a Lomax distribution.Noninformative priors,including probability matching priors,the maximal data information(MDI)prior,Jeffreys prior and reference priors,are derived.The propriety of the posterior under each prior is subsequently validated.It is revealed that the MDI prior and one of the reference priors yield improper posteriors,and the other reference prior is a second-order probability matching prior.A simulation study is conducted to assess the frequentist performance of the proposed Bayesian approach.Finally,this approach along with the bootstrap method is applied to a real data set.

Discontinuous solid solutions of anthracene-phenanthrene:Thermodynamics and crystallization kinetics

We explored such issues as the formation mechanism,structure and propriety of the solid solutions of anthracene(ANT)-phenanthrene(PHE).Solution crystallization and solid-state grinding were employed to prepare solid solutions under different conditions.The thermal behavior and PXRD scanning results revealed the formation of discontinuous solid solutions,whose melting points and crystal lattices varied linearly with mixed ratio.Combing with Materials Studio,the formation possibility of solid solutions were investigated by evaluating the change of the energy.The crystal morphology of the solid solutions have a positive correlation with the change of the major part.Finally,the solution crystallization process of solid solution were studied using the population balance model.

Thermal properties,structure,and morphology of discontinuous solid solutions between phenanthrene and carbazole

Two methods,namely solid-state grinding and solution crystallization,were used to prepare discontinuous solid solutions of phenanthrene(PHE)-carbazole(CAR)with different PHE and CAR molar fractions.The thermal properties and structure of the solid solutions were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry,hot stage microscopy,and powder X-ray diffraction,and the experimental results revealed that the two compounds could form discontinuous solid solutions where PHE and CAR alternately acted as the host and guest with limited range.This was demonstrated using molecular simulations based on lattice energy calculations using the Materials Studio 8.0 software.The crystal morphology and solubility of the solid solution changed significantly as the molar fraction of the guest molecules changed.

Influence of annealing temperatures on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in a low-carbon steel

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatments with different annealing temperatures and fixed initial quenching tem-peratures were applied to cold-rolled low-carbon steel with the initial microstructure of ferrite and pearlite, aiming to gain the same amount of austenite (preset value) before the partitioning stage. The chemical compositions of the material have been specially designed, containing 1.6 wt.% silicon and 0.8 wt.% aluminum to avoid the precipitation of carbides. The micro-structure evolution of the investigated steel was characterized using a dilatometer, an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer, an electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Consequently, the microstructure of all samples looks quite similar. At the same time, according to SEM micrographs and dilatometer data, there are competitive reactions in Q&P process, such as the precipitation of carbides, the transformation of bainite and the formation of secondary martensite. Thus, the measured austenite is less than the preset values. Mechanical properties of the material were detected by uniaxial tensile tests. The results indicate that the ultimate tensile strength of the four groups of samples is similar, but the total elongation has a significant downward tendency with the increase in annealing temperatures. After annealing at 840 ℃, the steel possesses great ultimate tensile strength of about 1200 MPa and optimum total elongation of about 20.37% with favorable products of strength and elongation of about 24.35 GPa%.

Posterior propriety of an objective prior for generalized hierarchical normal linear models

Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arbitrarily many levels,usual design matrices and'vanilla'covari-ance matrices.Objective hyperpriors can be employed for the GHNL model to express ignorance or match frequentist properties,yet the common objective Bayesian approaches are infeasible or fraught with danger in hierarchical modelling.To tackle this issue,[Berger,J,Sun,D.&Song,C.(2020b).An objective prior for hyperparameters in normal hierarchical models.Journal of Multi-variate Analysis,178,104606.https://doi.org/10.1016/jmva.2020.104606]proposed a particular objective prior and investigated its properties comprehensively.Posterior propriety is important for the choice of priors to guarantee the convergence of MCMC samplers.James Berger conjec-tured that the resulting posterior is proper for a hierarchical normal model with arbitrarily many levels,a rigorous proof of which was not given,however.In this paper,we complete this story and provide an user friendly guidance.One main contribution of this paper is to propose a new technique for deriving an elaborate upper bound on the integrated likelihood but also one uni-fied approach to checking the posterior propriety for linear models.An eficient Gibbs sampling method is also introduced and outperforms other sampling approaches considerably.

Bayesian analysis for quantile smoothing spline

In Bayesian quantile smoothing spline[Thompson,P.,Cai,Y.,Moyeed,R.,Reeve,D.,&Stander,J.(2010).Bayesian nonparametric quantile regression using splines.Computational Statistics and Data Analysis,54,1138-1150.],a fixed-scale parameter in the asymmetric Laplace likelihood tends to result in misleading fitted curves.To solve this problem,we propose a new Bayesian quantile smoothing spline(NBQSS),which considers a random scale parameter.To begin with,we justify its objective prior options by establishing one sufficient and one necessary condition of the posterior propriety under two classes of general priors including the invariant prior for the scale component.We then develop partially collapsed Gibbs sampling to facilitate the compu-tation.Out of a practical concern,we extend the theoretical results to NBQSS with unobserved knots.Finally,simulation studies and two real data analyses reveal three main findings.Firstly,NBQSS usually outperforms other competing curve fitting methods.Secondly,NBQSS consid-ering unobserved knots behaves better than the NBQSS without unobserved knots in terms of estimation accuracy and precision.Thirdly,NBQSS is robust to possible outliers and could provide accurate estimation.