Land system reform should protect farmers' interests

|Editorial Note|Land has become an issue of increasing social concern as demand continues to surge in the midst of economic development,urbanization and industrialization.The crux of the issue is the land regime. China has a unique dualistic land regime under which the land market has not been well developed.Based on a review and commentary of the existing land polices,this article elaborates on the deficiencies inherent in China’s dualistic land rights system and land market and offers policy recommendations for promoting land system reform and market development.This study will help us gain an in-depth understanding of the problems in China’s land regime.

Satellite monitoring of land-use and land-cover changes in northern Togo protected areas

Remote-sensing data for protected areas in northern Togo, obtained in three different years （2007, 2000, and 1987）, were used to assess and map changes in land cover and land use for this drought prone zone. The normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） was applied to the images to map changes in vegetation. An unsupervised classification, followed by classes recoding, filtering, identifications, area computing and post-classification process were applied to the composite of the three years of NDVI images. Maximum likelihood classification was applied to the 2007 image （ETM＋2007） using a supervised classification process. Seven vegetation classes were defined from training data sets. The seven classes included the following biomes： riparian forest, dry forest, flooded vegetation, wooded savanna, fallows, parkland, and water. For these classes, the overall accuracy and the overall kappa statistic for the classi- fied map were 72.5% and 0.67, respectively. Data analyses indicated a great change in land resources; especially between 1987 and 2000 proba- bly due to the impact of democratization process social, economic, and political disorder from 1990. Wide-scale loss of vegetation occurred during this period. However, areas of vegetation clearing and regrowth were more visible between 2000 and 2007. The main source of confusion in the contingency matrix was due to heterogeneity within certain classes. It could also be due to spectral homogeneity among the classes. This research provides a baseline for future ecological landscape research and for the next management program in the area.

Design of Trinity Framework for Cultivated Land Protection

Starting with the goals and tasks of quantity,quality and ecological protection in different scales,this paper constructs a"trinity"framework of cultivated land protection system,and puts forward the key points of cultivated land protection in different scales.Finally,a preliminary evaluation is made on the quantity,quality and ecological protection of cultivated land on a macro scale in China.

Prediction and Protection of Cultivated Land in China

[Objectives]To protect cultivated land and ensure national food security and to forecast the cultivated land area of China and the provinces(cities)in 2030,2035 and 2050.[Methods]Based on the cultivated land area data of the whole country and provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)from 2009 to 2017,the OLS model is used to forecast the cultivated land area of China and the provinces(cities)in 2030,2035 and 2050.[Results]The results show that the predicted area of cultivated land in 2030,2035 and 2050 is 134.0886,133.7856 and 132.8764 million ha,respectively,showing an obvious decreasing trend.The national cultivated land scale predicted in this paper can meet the requirements of the 2030 national cultivated land retention target set in the National Land Planning Outline(2016-2030).However,in the total area of existing cultivated land,there is still a certain area of sloping cultivated land(accounting for about 4%of the total cultivated land area,it is appropriate to gradually return farmland to forest).At the same time,nearly 20%of the cultivated land has been polluted,and the low-quality cultivated land accounts for about 22%of the total cultivated land.[Conclusions]The situation of cultivated land protection in the whole country is not rosy.For this reason,some measures and suggestions are put forward:strengthening land consolidation,striving to improve the quality of cultivated land,and appropriately increasing new cultivated land;strengthening the protection of cultivated land resources and strictly controlling the reduction of cultivated land.

Protecting Land and Resources

LAND is a resource vital to life and production. China Today recently visited Wang Dacao, head of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Land and Resources. We asked him how the province protects and utilizes its land and resources for the purposes of sustainable development and benefit of later generations.Rich ResourcesThe land and sea within the boundaries of Liaoning Province, northeastern

Laws,Defects and Countermeasures on the Circulation of Rural Housing Land——From the Perspective of Farmer Rights Protection

The thesis combs the existing legal provisions about rural housing land from the perspectives of use restriction,means restriction,subject restriction and mortgage prohibition,and finds out their defects,namely,weakening real right,confused knowledge about the integration of house property and land property,the loophole in Land Administration Law,the bans on the rural residents' purchase of housing land and so on.Then the thesis expounds the harms of restricting the circulation of housing land,for example,it will result in underground transaction of housing lands;lead to untenanted lands and waste of resources;bring about financing difficulty for peasants;do harm to the interest of land owners(rural collective economic organizations) and so on.The thesis further proposes to establish the legal lease model to solve the problems in the circulation of housing lands,specifically explains the definition of the legal lease model of housing lands,illustrates its detailed information from the aspects of object,subject and content and elaborates a series of problems involving,how to distribute the rent of housing lands,as well as how to perfect relevant procedures and formalities in the credit circulation of housing lands so as to realize the legitimate and effective circulation of rural housing lands and protect the peasants' interests.

Modes for Agricultural Land Protection in China

The main problem of agricultural land protection in China is the single farmland protection mode insuring arable land area only by issuing indicators,which brings great pressure to farmland's production and service function. Through establishing the corresponding relationship between food structure and some land use types,this paper points out that there is asymmetry between farmland area and per capita food consumption structure in China in recent years. Based on the above study,the paper proposes four types for agricultural land production, namely subsistence,fairly well-off,ecological and discrete type. Finally,it concludes that establishing rational type for agricultural land protection and implementing diverse farmland protection modes is the trend of farmland protection in China in the future.

President Jiang Zemin on Land Protection

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Provincial-level Land Consolidation and Ecological Environment Protection Based on the Perspective of Planning

Based on the understanding of current land ecological environment in Anhui Province,we mainly analyze the relationship between land consolidation planning and ecological environment,and point out the problems concerning ecological environment,such as great soil erosion,serious soil pollution,frequent geological disasters in local areas,and forest vegetation destruction.We divide the key ecological function conservation areas into the following areas:River Source Area,River and Flood Regulation and Storage Area,Key Water Conservation Area,Wind-preventing and Sand-fixing Area,Soil and Water Conservation Area.Finally we put forth the ecological security strategy for promoting land consolidation and ecological environmental protection.

我国保护性耕作的发展与政策建议

保护性耕作是一项可持续农业技术,以少免耕和作物残茬覆盖地表为主要特点,为我国农业生产带来了显著的经济、环境、社会效益;在我国农业生产转向大规模、高效率、智能化发展的背景下,推动保护性耕作的深化发展,有利于耕地保护、藏粮于地、藏粮于技等国家战略实施。本文从技术与机具研发、示范推广与能力建设、东北黑土区应用三方面,全面回顾了我国保护性耕作的发展历程;系统梳理了我国保护性耕作技术与机具的发展现状,涵盖代表性技术模式,地表秸秆及作物残茬处理、浅层土壤耕作、免少耕播种等关键机具;深入分析了适宜的模式与机具、法律和政策的支持、规模化种植大户的带动等影响我国保护性耕作发展的主要因素。研究建议,筹建国家级科技创新平台、整县推进高标准示范工程,加强政策引导、高质量实施国家级行动计划,持续开展保护性耕作技术宣传,以促进我国保护性耕作技术及应用的稳健发展。

Prediction of Farmland Protection Area in County-level Land Use Planning: A Case Study of Mizhi County of Shaanxi Province

Taking Mizhi County as an example and the year of 2005 as base period of planning,this paper made a prediction of farmland demand in 2010 and 2020 using grain security method,supply-demand balance method,and trend extrapolation method. In addition,it built a fixed weight combination model to make scientific summary of three prediction results. Finally,it predicted the farmland demand of Mizhi County in 2010 and 2020 will be 40 967 hm2 and 36 556 hm2,which can provide basis and reference for determination of farmland protection area in the land use planning.

黑土地保护视角下黑龙江省畜禽养殖环境效应分析

为合理利用畜禽粪污资源,保护黑龙江省黑土地资源,优化农畜业生产布局,实现农牧业绿色发展,本研究基于2011—2020年统计数据及文献资料,测算了黑龙江省畜禽粪污排放情况,并据此分析黑龙江省畜禽粪污资源化利用潜力及畜禽养殖环境承载力。结果表明:从时间动态来看,2011—2020年,黑龙江省畜禽粪尿、粪尿养分、COD排放量均有小幅下降,降幅分别为3.68%、3.24%和5.82%;畜禽粪污的化肥替代潜力虽整体略有下降,但10年来均保持在35%以上,2020年化肥替代潜力已达到41.89%,具有较高的有机肥替代化肥潜力;黑龙江省畜禽粪污的能源潜力略有增长,但对煤炭的替代潜力呈下降趋势且替代作用并不显著,2020年畜禽粪污的沼气潜力为46.74亿m^(3),折合为标准煤仅占标准煤消费量的2.90%,能源潜力有待进一步开发利用;黑龙江省畜禽粪尿、粪尿氮、粪尿磷的耕地负荷均未超载,无养殖环境风险,畜禽养殖环境容量的空间剩余呈上升趋势,剩余约2/3,以氮为基准计算,余量为13006.13万头猪当量,以磷为基准计算,余量为8463.19万头猪当量,具有较大养殖潜力。从空间分布来看,黑龙江省各地区畜禽粪污排放及资源化利用潜力存在明显差异,哈尔滨市、齐齐哈尔市、绥化市、大庆市以及佳木斯市等畜禽养殖集聚区的畜禽粪尿资源丰富,畜禽粪污的替代化肥潜力、能源潜力及畜禽养殖发展潜力较大。

保护地鸭儿芹蛞蝓诱杀技术研究

[目的]野蛞蝓是现代保护地中为害日益严重、防治困难的一种害虫,不仅在鸭儿芹上造成孔洞、缺刻,粪便和虫体还会污染菜株;取食造成的伤口,极易引起灰霉病、软腐病的流行。为有效防治野蛞蝓的危害,进行了不同果蔬切片拌和四聚乙醛可湿性粉剂的诱杀试验。[方法]利用野蛞蝓喜食香甜食物的特性,分别以橙子切片+四聚乙醛可湿性粉剂(处理A)、苹果切片+四聚乙醛可湿性粉剂(处理B)和大白菜切段+四聚乙醛可湿性粉剂(处理C)等3个处理为诱杀剂,对照为鸭儿芹切段+四聚乙醛可湿性粉剂,连续7 d对野蛞蝓进行诱杀,每天检查、记录诱杀的野蛞蝓数量。[结果]经SPSS软件分析,处理A效果最好,诱杀率可达96.3%;处理B效果次之,为90.6%,这2种诱杀剂均可在生产中使用。而处理C诱杀率仅为26.6%,与对照无明显差异,生产中不建议使用。[结论]生产中可以在保护地内使用30 g橙子切片加3 g四聚乙醛可湿性粉剂来诱杀野蛞蝓,效果很理想。

未来30年中国耕地和高标准农田分布的省级预测

科学预测中国未来耕地和高标准农田分布对于保障我国粮食安全和提高耕地质量具有重要意义。该研究假设未来各省份耕地和高标准农田占全国总面积比例不变,根据各省份耕地和高标准农田实际面积、未来全国耕地及各省份高标准农田规划面积等数据,基于最小二乘法的二次多项式拟合预测未来30 a全国及各省份耕地面积和高标准农田面积,进而预测未来各省份耕地面积保有率和高标准农田占耕地比例。结果表明:(1)到2050年,我国耕地面积稳定在1.20×10^(8)hm^(2),耕地面积保有率稳定在100%,高标准农田面积达到1.03×10^(8)hm^(2),高标准农田占耕地比例从2020年的43.59%增长到2050年的85.89%,增长近一倍。(2)七大区域中,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、东南区的高标准农田占耕地比例较高,在2020年均已达到70%以上,东北区、西北区、青藏区、西南区高标准农田占耕地比例则处于40%~60%之间。到2050年,受耕地比例稳定中略有下降的趋势影响,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、东南区、青藏区高标准农田占耕地比例均达90%以上,东北区、西北区、西南区则处于70%~90%之间。(3)从各省份来看,江西省、浙江省、福建省、广东省等南方省份的高标准农田建设比例较高,而内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、辽宁省、吉林省、山东省等北方省份的耕地面积保有率较高。研究得到的耕地面积及其保有率、高标准农田面积及其占耕地比例等指标的分省份预测值可以为未来相关部门制定国土空间规划等提供科学依据,也可以为未来耕地布局和农田利用等研究提供分省份的总量参考。

粮食安全视域下耕地生态补偿的法治化进路研究

耕地生态补偿的法治化契合了粮食安全和生态文明法治保障体系建设的内在要求。我国尚未制定耕地生态补偿专门性法律法规,《耕地保护法(草案)》对于耕地保护补偿制度的设计还存在诸多疏漏,未对耕地生态补偿制度予以明晰表达。为推动耕地保护,进而保障粮食安全及可持续发展,需要着眼于耕地生态补偿制度建构的权利基础,证成耕地生态补偿制度构造的正当性,厘定耕地生态补偿制度的属性特质,进而着眼于补偿请求权主体、补偿标准、补偿方式、补偿监督等多维度,对耕地生态补偿予以法治构造。

历史文化街区城市更新对策及实践——建筑及用地再利用评估

建筑和用地,是历史文化街区更新的重要对象和核心资源,其再利用是历史文化街区保护性更新实施的关键对策和重要途径,对历史文化街区文化保护、活化传承、协调发展都具有重要作用。但对于建筑和用地再利用的研究大量基于定性分析,定量评估研究较少,科学性不强,落地实施困难。因此要分析我国历史文化街区保护与城市更新的关系、街区更新突出问题、更新方法的特殊性,聚焦建筑再利用和用地功能置换两个要素的可行性定量评估和潜力识别,从方法论上探索街区品质提升的实施途径。

纵向监管、地方选择性供地与产业结构绿色转型

地方政府的有效执行是中国式分权下提升中央发展战略实施绩效的关键,而中央政府对地方政府治理行为的有效监督则是其中至关重要的环节。本文基于2007—2019年中国微观工业用地供应以及中央环保督察的通报结果数据,采用广义双重差分法实证考察中央环保督察对地方政府选择性供地策略的影响及其机制。研究表明,中央环保督察促使地方政府降低污染密集型工业用地供应,增加清洁型工业用地供应,从而推动地区产业结构的绿色转型。机制分析发现,中央环保督察通过地方领导人职业发展激励机制以及产业转型能力机制对不同特征的城市工业土地供应结构策略产生异质性影响。本文结论对高质量发展背景下的央地互动关系与地方利用土地偏向性供给推动产业结构绿色转型具有政策启示。

闲置土地认定处置法律规则的优化研究

研究目的:优化闲置土地认定处置法律规则,以此推动闲置土地认定处置难的规范解决。研究方法:案例分析法和规范分析法。研究结果:(1)优化闲置土地认定处置法律规则是土地节约集约利用、闲置土地法制统一和闲置土地治理实践的共同要求。(2)认定规则粗疏和处置规则失当是闲置土地认定处置法律规则的关键缺失。(3)闲置土地认定处置法律规则的优化路径,一是要通过厘清认定标准的关键概念、明确认定标准的土地单位和完善认定标准的分类结构,弥补认定规则的粗疏;二是要通过设计协商处置的兜底规则和推动行政处置的过罚相当,匡正处置规则的失当。研究结论:优化闲置土地认定处置法律规则需以促进土地节约集约利用为目标,以科学性、公正性、融贯性和可及性为导向,并结合地方立法经验完善闲置土地的认定标准和处置方式。

基于土地利用现状的耕地种植属性空间分布特征研究

耕地是人类赖以生存的基本资源,耕地保护是事关国计民生的战略问题。为充分掌握耕地种植现状,及时为耕地保护提供数据参考,本文以寿光市为例,基于年度变更调查土地利用现状数据,采用核密度分析法、最近邻指数法、标准差椭圆法等方法对耕地进行统计分析,综合评估耕地及其种植属性空间分布特征,从而为后续耕地保护提供数据参考,进一步促进耕地资源可持续发展。