Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin, China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.

Industrial Policy Analysis of Restricted Development Zones in Western China——A Study of State-level Main Producing Areas of Agricultural Products and Key Ecological Functional Areas

As one of the important policies of promoting the formation of main functional areas, the industrial policy directly determines the sustainable growth of space control ability of main functional areas. A restricted development zone is a type of main functional area which provides agricultural products and ecological products, assures the supply of national agricultural products and the stability of ecosystems, as well as safeguards the ecological functions and agricultural functions of wider regions by restricting its own development. Therefore scientific, complete and operable industrial policy support is needed. Restricted development zones are distributed widely in western China. With the restriction of their main functions, differential industrial policies should be implemented in the development of the restricted development zones: Dealing well with the relationship between industrial development and ecological protection, developing special industries which are friendly to resources and environment and appropriate for local conditions, guiding and encouraging industries to learn from regions with favorable development conditions, orderly withdrawing industries and enterprises adverse to main functions, facilitating industrial structure upgrading, optimizing industrial organization, improving industrial technological level and rationalizing industrial layout.

Evaluation of Ecological Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Northwest China

Protected areas(PAs) have experienced explosive growth in Northwest China over the last three decades, but their effectiveness in representing regional ecological system diversity has not attracted considerable attention. Low effectiveness would exacerbate the conservation-development conflicts, particularly those that arise as a result of the Great Western Development Strategy(GWDS). Thus, an assessment of the effectiveness of the PA network has become quite important. We proposed natural vegetation communities to represent regional ecological system diversities, and proposed Global 200 Priority Ecoregions, Important Bird Areas, and ecosystem function regions to represent important conservation areas. To determine their effectiveness, we studied the extent to which ecological system diversities and important conservation areas are represented by the existing 96 PAs. Our results indicated that the total coverage of vegetation communities in PAs in Northwest China is not sufficiently comprehensive. As the PA system has expanded, the growth in the total area of the PAs has been greater than that of their vegetation community richness. While most of the important conservation areas are covered by PAs, some regions have not yet reached the 10% threshold; further, PAs are distributed unevenly and conservation gaps remain in the region. Therefore, these regions should receive more attention when planning new PAs. It is vital that more biodiversity datasets and assessment of ecosystem function regions are integrated in order to provide a basis for the government to formulate appropriate protection and development strategies.

论海洋自然保护地分类分区管控的中国方案

海洋自然保护地分类分区管控既有空间规划的自然科学依据,又有区域治理的社会科学依据,且与精细化建设之间具有手段与目的的关系。分类施策、分区治理,精细化建设,是我国海洋自然保护地分类分区管控的改革方向。海洋自然保护地分类分区管控以新型海洋自然保护区制度、海洋公园制度接替海洋特别保护区制度,与国土空间规划制度、生态保护红线制度等衔接,并将生态功能保护区作为我国新时代自然保护地体系中的类型之一。分类分区管控基于陆海统筹战略提出分区差异化管控、精细化建设的中国方案,并通过完善立法保障其实现。

Soil Conservation of National Key Ecological Function Areas

Soil erosion is a significant factor in the deterioration of the ecological environment and soil conservation is an important ecological service of National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Here, climate, terrain, soil and vegetation cover, soil erosion and soil conservation spatial data in 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas in 2010 were analyzed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation by Arc GIS tool. We found that soil conservation effects due to vegetation cover and soil conservation measures are obvious and that micro and slight erosion areas in National Key Ecological Function Areas have increased by 26.2%. The area of intensive erosion decreased by 25.1%, and the soil conservation amount in southern National Key Ecological Function Areas is high. The conservation amount of soil nutrients within National Key Ecological Function Areas is related to amount of soil conservation and content of each nutrient element in soil. The sequence of nutrient conservation amounts from high to low is soil organic carbon, total K, total N and total P in soil. The conservation amount of various soil nutrient elements in the Alkin Grassland function area and Yunnan and Sichuan function area was highest. Based on our findings, we recommend the strengthening of vegetation protection and management in the areas with high per unit area soil erosion, enhancement of vegetation cover and improvement of soil conservation measures in order to improve soil conservation functions and reduce soil nutrient losses. Vegetation protection and soil conservation measures should be consolidated in the areas with high potential erosion to prevent further deterioration.

Areas Benefiting from Water Conservation in Key Ecological Function Areas in China

Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas.

Major Problems and Countermeasures for the Establishment of Ecological Compensation Systems for National Key Ecological Function Areas

At the end of the 1990 s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the ＂Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas＂ has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by（i） adhering to the combination of vertical compensation（oriented） and horizontal compensation（auxiliary） on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale;（ii） defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that reflect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects;（iii） gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and（iv） cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.

生态文明背景下耕地高效保护路径探析——以贵州省铜仁市为例

耕地是我国最为宝贵的资源,是粮食生产的重要基础。近年来,耕地保护越来越受到重视,要求越来越严格。如今,经济社会发展已进入生态文明新时代,正迈向高质量发展阶段,耕地的高效保护有利于推动经济社会的高质量发展。本文以铜仁市为研究对象,介绍了铜仁市耕地资源的基本情况,分析了铜仁市耕地保护面临的问题,并从严格落实主体功能区定位、加快推进新型城镇化进程、严格落实耕地用途管制制度、积极开展耕地后备资源挖掘、加快推进高标准农田建设、抓好实用性村庄规划编制,以及加大耕地保护政策宣传力度7个方面,对铜仁市耕地高效保护的路径进行了探析,为探索生态文明背景下的耕地高效保护路径提供参考。

大都市周边国家公园建设管理的国际经验及启示

与分布在“偏远地区”的国家公园相比,大都市周边的国家公园由于毗邻客源地、与城市的功能开发衔接更为紧密、规划与管理涉及的利益相关者较多,具有游憩供给能力强与休闲旅游需求规模大的双重特征,更需要兼顾生态保护与城市服务功能的平衡。旧金山金门国家休闲区、纽约盖特威国家休闲区、加拿大胭脂国家城市公园等“都市国家公园”“国家城市公园”的建设与管理经验表明,在充分考虑生态保护的前提下,立足于大都市城市发展功能和市民休闲旅游需求,深入挖掘自然生态资源,统筹规划布局生态保护与城市服务功能空间,打造多元化都市型游憩服务体系,建立统一规范、高效的管理机制是大都市周边国家公园可持续发展的必然路径。本文拟通过剖析和总结国际先进典型案例,以期为我国有条件的大都市周边建设国家公园提供参考思路和相关建议。

生态修复双赢主线下水环境生态修复措施

以实现自然生态环境可持续发展为目的,研究生态修复双赢主线下水环境生态修复措施。以某县湿地为研究区域,分析研究区域生态环境中的水质与植被问题,提出相应的生态保护与修复技术。根据水质现状评价结果与水生态功能定位等,将水环境划分为优先功能区、一般功能区和冲突协调区,通过水环境功能区划分技术为水质生态保护提供基础。在生态修复工程中,提出生态修复双赢模式,利用归一化差分植被指数描述植被变化情况,构建植被变化指标体系,确定项目内不同指标变量对植被指数波动的贡献率,同时按照所得贡献率、参考研究区域气候条件等制定生态修复措施。实验结果显示,采用生态保护和修复措施后,研究区域内水污染问题有所改善,水生生物基本保持完整。

基于GIS识别生态保护红线边界的方法——以北京市昌平区为例

生态保护红线是中国生态保护的一项重要创新,已被列为国家监管生态环境的重要政策。国家环境保护部于2015年发布了《生态保护红线划定技术指南》,确定了生态保护红线的划定方法,但是在识别生态保护红线边界时还存在一些技术难点。针对这一问题,本文探索了生态保护红线边界的优化方法。提出了生态保护红线边界优化遵循基本原则。以北京市昌平区为例,阐明了如何利用Arc GIS软件将划定生态保护红线的技术流程,包括评价各类生态功能区和敏感区,识别生态保护红线范围,准确定位生态红线边界3个主要步骤。最后通过对比优化前后的生态保护红线划定方案,阐明了该方法的可行性和存在的问题。

自然保护区的缓冲区:模式、功能及规划原则

自然保护区是就地保护生物多样性的途径 ,然而在实践中逐渐暴露出了一些保护区设计方面的问题 ,其中最严重的是自然保护区与非自然保护区之间的过渡问题。为了解决这个问题 ,人们提出了在自然保护区内设立缓冲区的想法。现在缓冲区已经成为自然保护区的有机组成部分 ,具有生态缓冲和社会缓冲两大主要功能。本文归纳了自然保护区缓冲区的定义、模式和类型 ,回顾了缓冲区的发展 ,总结了缓冲区的规划原则。最后 。

中国自然保护地体系分类研究

建设自然保护地体系是为子孙后代保留生物多样性资源与自然遗产最有效的途径。自1956年我国建立第一个自然保护区以来,已建设形成覆盖森林、草地、湿地、海洋、荒漠各类生态系统,珍稀濒危动植物物种和种质资源,自然遗迹和自然景观,以及水源保护等各类自然保护地。但由于缺乏自然保护地体系的顶层设计,各类保护地面临功能区分不清晰、空间重叠、管理成效不高等问题。建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的部署,为理顺我国保护地体系,明确各类保护地的功能定位提供了难得的机会。在分析我国现有自然保护地类型,并参考国际自然保护地体系分类经验的基础上,探讨了我国保护地体系分类,建议将我国自然保护地分为5大类,第I类为自然保护区,第Ⅱ类为国家公园,第Ⅲ类为自然公园,第Ⅳ类为物种与种质资源保护区,第Ⅴ类为生态功能保护区,并分析了各类自然保护地的功能定位和管理目标,以期为自然保护地体系规划建设提供参考。完善我国自然保护地体系分类,根据各类保护地的特点,创新保护地建设政策与机制,加大政府对自然保护地建设力度的同时,发挥全社会力量建设自然保护地,我国自然保护地建设将大有可为。

山东东昌湖生态功能区划及保护与建设

东昌湖生态功能保护区水、大气、土壤、噪声等都存在不同程度的污染,并以大气中TSP含量较高及东昌湖富营养化等污染较为严重.黄河水为东昌湖的主要补给水源,地方政府以发展旅游业为宗旨对东昌湖加强了建设和保护.根据该区的特点及生态功能区划的原则和方法,将本区划分为5个次级功能区,即水源涵养区、城市生态森林建设区、生态农业观光游览区、综合生态农业区及商业、居民、文教区等.本文对各个次级功能区提出了建设和保护规划,并对全区的发展提出了建议.

国家重点生态功能区转移支付的生态保护效应研究——基于陕西省数据的实证研究

我国生态环境保护和生态补偿以《国家主体功能区规划》为指导,空间上划分出国家重点生态功能区作为生态环境保护的重点范围并对其进行旨在生态补偿的中央财政转移支付。现阶段对转移支付的生态保护效应研究大多集中于政策解读和理论分析,实证研究相对不足,该制度2009年实施以来已有七八年时间,具备了开展实证研究的基础。文章以陕西省33个国家重点生态功能区为研究样本,在按各县级政府财政收入高低进行分组之后,实证分析了整体样本、高财政收入样本和低财政收入样本的生态补偿转移支付对生态环境质量指数的促进效应。整体回归结果显示,转移支付对生态环境质量的改善起到了重要的促进作用,影响系数显著为正,陕西省国家重点生态功能区所在县级政府的生态环境质量自2009年以来,呈现"基本稳定,逐渐好转"的趋势,与国家重点生态功能区转移支付的激励作用密不可分,同时,财政收入水平对生态环境质量具有显著的影响,且财政收入水平越高,转移支付对生态效益产出的促进作用越大。分组回归结果显示,高财政收入的国家重点生态功能区的转移支付影响系数要大于低财政收入的国家重点生态功能区转移支付的影响系数,这表明将转移支付拨付给高财政收入组更有效率。因此从效率角度看,现阶段国家重点生态功能区转移支付的标准即县级政府财政收支缺口符合公平原则,但相对缺乏效率,以财政收支缺口为补偿标准的方式不利于转移支付效率提升,对生态环境质量改善作用有待进一步挖掘。最后文章基于兼顾效率与公平视角提出了充分发挥转移支付生态保护激励效应,提高生态环境质量的政策建议。

石家庄市生态环境功能区划

以石家庄市作为生态城市建设的研究对象,在调查分析的基础上,结合自然环境、经济环境状况,利用地理信息系统技术和统计分析方法,对石家庄市大气环境、水环境、声环境进行了生态环境功能区划,为保护并逐步恢复已遭破坏的生态系统,划分了一级环境保护区、二级环境保护区及准保护区,在此基础上针对石家庄的大气污染、水污染、固体废物、噪声等4个方面提出了具体的环境综合治理措施。

生态补偿、居民心理与生态保护——基于秦巴生态功能区调研数据研究

生态成本和生态利益的空间错配使得生态保护区居民发展和机会成本受限,需要对居民进行生态补偿,而我国以政府补偿为主体的生态补偿政策忽视和弱化了居民权益,亟需对此展开新的理论和实证研究。文章在借鉴羊群效应对生态补偿影响居民心理从而加强整体生态保护行为进行理论分析之后,以陕西省秦巴生态功能区居民为例,引入生态补偿政策,扩展计划行为理论模型,对生态补偿政策和心理因素对居民生态保护意愿和行为的影响进行实证研究。结果表明:生态补偿政策、行为态度、主观范式和感知行为规范对居民生态保护意愿的影响显著为正,生态保护意愿和生态补偿政策同样对生态保护行为产生显著的正向影响,生态补偿政策和心理变量会通过生态保护意愿对生态保护行为产生间接促进效应。结合研究结果,从调整生态补偿政策和强化心理变量视角对提高居民生态保护意愿和行为提出政策建议。

南水北调东线水源地的生态补偿问题探究

生态补偿机制及其建立是目前生态经济学领域研究的热点,尤其是流域生态补偿机制的建立更为重要。本文以南水北调东线水源地生态功能保护区建设为例,探讨了跨流域调水所涉及的生态补偿问题,并根据多种计算方法的加和,提出了建立南水北调水源地生态功能保护区建设流域生态补偿机制的思路和建议。

骆马湖生态修复

总结了骆马湖水文和水质特征,详细分析了水质变化的原因,指出入湖河道携入大量营养物质入湖和水生植物的破坏是产生骆马湖富营养化的主要原因。针对骆马湖水质在促进流域经济、社会、环境持续健康发展和保护国家南水北调东线调水和送水水质等方面所具有的重要作用,提出了骆马湖生态修复的6项重要措施。

河北省水源涵养生态功能保护区划分研究

水源涵养是生态系统为人类提供的重要服务功能之一。选取植被结构类型、植被郁闭度、地表层覆盖状况和土壤理化性质等指标,并将其量化,用ArcView软件分别作出了各指标矢量图。运用层次分析法,根据专家系统意见,构建判断矩阵,确定了各指标的权重。综合叠加各指标矢量图,得到了河北省水源涵养生态功能保护区分级图。研究认为,水源涵养生态功能保护区范围为河北省各大城市水源区、冀北、燕山山地和太行山山地等。