Challenges to Online Criminal Litigation in the Context of Smart Justice and Responses——Focusing on the Protection of the Right to Defense

Online criminal litigation transcends the constraints of physical time and space and changes the logic and path of trial hearings for some criminal cases with the help of technology.However,the leapfrog shift from the“physical field”to the“virtual field”has brought great challenges to the effective exercise of the defendant's right to defense.Online criminal justice further highlights the imbalance in the relationship between prosecution and defense in the context of smart justice,and proposes a new topic for protecting the human rights of the prosecuted.The introduction of online criminal litigation in judicial practice is intended to achieve justice in a faster and more convenient way.However,the dissipation of the ritualized remote hearings tends to undermine the effectiveness of the defense and impair the defense's ability to cross-examine evidence,while the technically advantageous public authorities can aggravate the barrier to the defense's meeting and reading the case file.The root cause is that technological power instrumentalism overemphasizes pragmatism and the pursuit of truth under the position of authority,thus diluting humanistic care for the subject of litigation.In order to resolve the problem with the quality and effectiveness of the right to defense in remote hearings,it is necessary to transform online criminal litigation from a“practical technical tool”to a“convenient auxiliary method,”and appropriately weigh the limits of pursuing truth against human rights protection in special scenarios.Meanwhile,it is also feasible to provide technical care for the defense and strengthen its ability to cross-examine evidence.Moreover,a covert communication platform should be furnished for the defender's online meeting to actively strengthen the protection of the defendant's right to defense.

The Criminal Governance Model of Domestic Violence and Its Legislative Improvement

Domestic violence is a serious threat to the basic human rights of family members,especially victimized women.In order to effectively prevent domestic violence,the criminal law needs to respond in an appropriate and timely manner.However,the traditional criminal governance model suffers from the problem of the lagging involvement of public power.At the same time,the public-private partnership governance model,based on the personal safety protection order system stipulated in the Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China,is also flawed in its institutional design and specific implementation.The criminal governance model for domestic violence should be guided by the view of positive criminal law,and the governance path should be furtheroptimized from two aspects:strengthening the foundation of the public-private cooperation governance model and deepeningthe criminal-civil interface.This will help to fully protect the legitimate rights and interests of victims of domestic violence.

From "Criminal on Death Row" to "Acquittal of Charge"——A showcase of China's human rights protection in the administration of justice

In Januaury 1996, a case of murder shocked the seat of Qiaojia County in Yunnan Province. Eight years later, in February 2004, the county town was again astir with the news that the alleged murderer Sun Wangang returned home after being acquitted of the murder charge.

The Development of Human Rights Protection in Cross-border Personality Rights and Tort Conflict Laws

Personality rights are basic rights related to human dignity in the concept of human rights protection,and respect for personality rights is the basic prerequisite for safeguarding other human rights.Human rights protection exerts a profound impact on the value of legislation and enforcement practices of private international laws in the field of cross-border personality rights infringement in various countries,which is mainly manifested in the integration of substantive justice and the humanistic care concept of protecting the rights of vulnerable groups into formal justice,and expands the development space of human rights protection ideas in cross-border personality rights and tort conflict laws.the diversity of human rights protection values determines that cross-border personality rights infringement may lead to conflicts between personality rights and other basic rights,such as freedom of speech.to reconcile such conflicts,a workable method is to prioritize personality rights protection in accordance with the hierarchy of rights theory in the value judgment of public order reservation or to clarify the limits of the right holder’s tolerance obligation through the limited application of the principle of proportionality.China’s current cross-border personality rights and tort conflict law can optimize the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups by diversifying the options of available legal methods,and establish a balancing mechanism between personality rights and freedom of speech,so as to improve China’s legal protection system for human rights in the field of foreign-related civil and commercial affairs.

Objects of Criminal Legal Aid--Center On Judicial Justice and Human Rights Protection

The object of criminal legal aid refers to the person in a criminal case who has the right or eligibility toapply for legal assistance and who receives it. According to jurispru- dence, the object （or aid recipient） is a party in a given legal case, who is granted legal aid. They are often among the disadvantaged group in criminal cases, since most of them are mentally challenged, lack free- dom or have health problems.＇ Both international and domestic laws have certain norms regarding objects of criminal legal aid. Our domestic law places more emphasis on ＂defen- dants＂ while downplaying ＂suspects＂ and ＂victims＂ in identifying objects.

Globalization of Criminal Justice and Human Rights Basic Dilemma

In this era of dramatic,rampant,and incessant political change,predictions about the future can no longer be based either on conventional wisdom or historical precedent.Criminals have learned to take advantage of the dynamic globalization and the opening of borders in new and dangerous ways.In response to the global crime and human rights problems,this paper is an introduction to some of these developments in criminal justice system to fight crimes and to prevent human rights.Furthermore,this paper will also examine“sense of justice in criminal process”,and identifies“basic dilemma”problems in existing legal of criminal justice and human rights.It contains a series of new ideas that a disruptor to the judiciary system and policy-maker reforms aid in the prevention of criminalization to citizen rights and change impacts the criminal justice system to protect human rights to be seen globalization change justice for societies.

From Power to Rights: Interpreting Inscribing “To Respect and Protect Human Rights” in the Amended Criminal Procedure Law

Human rights are one of the widely acknowledged value systems in the international ,community. The core of human rights lies in the life and dignity of human beings. On the one hand, criminal procedure law is related to life and freedom, which is the concern of everybody. On the other hand, it involves direct dialogue between national power and citizens＇ fights.

Rule by Criminal Law is a Seismograph for the Protection of Human Rights

Criminal law involves crucial rights of the public,including property rights,political rights,freedom,and even life.As a result,on the one hand,any change to the rule by criminal law may have a significant impact on people’s lives;on the other hand,any change to the rule by criminal law is a highly sensitive issue.In view of these points,the rule by criminal law is often referred to as the seismograph for the protection of human rights,indicating the utmost importance of rule by criminal law

On the Perfection of Legislation on Property Rights Protection of Criminal Suspects in Investigation Process

The property rights of a criminal suspect are an important component of human rights,but,unfortunately,may be restrained by factors in the investigation process like judicial stereotypes,legal regulations,and a lack of initiative on the part of the rights holder,which,from time to time,may result in infringements of such rights.Thus it is necessary for us to probe into the reasons why such infringements occur and sort out the contents about enhancing property rights protection of criminal suspects in the amendment to Criminal Procedure Law.To counter the existing disregard for property rights protection of criminal suspects and its legislative deficiency,judicial reform must be carried out as to three aspects:procedural improvement,institutional establishment,and judicial transformation property rights ideas in criminal proceedings.

Important Guarantee for Judicial Justice——Huang Jin on Improving Judicial Protection for Human Rights

The Decision on Certain Issues on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform, which was endorsed bythe Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China （CPC）, advocates improving judicial protection for human rights, making human rights protection one of the practical measures for implementing the principle of respecting and ensuring human rights, and making improvement of the judicial protection of human rights an important part of comprehensively deepening the reform. Prof. Huang Jin, president of the China University of Political Science and Law, was interviewed by the journal.

Chinese Chief Justice on Human Rights Protection in Administration of Justice

In March 2004, the Second Session of the 10th National People's Congress made amendments to the country's Constitution, writing the clause that 'the state respects and protects human rights' into this fundamental law. This marked a new stage of development of human rights in China. President of the Supreme People's Court and Chief Jus- tice Xiao Yang granted an interview to our staff reporter, reviewing how China has in recent years protected human rights in the administration of justice.

International Seminar on Criminal Penalty Execution and Human Rights Protection

An International Seminar on Criminal Penalty Execution and Human Rights Protection was held in Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province from November 28-29, 2005. Sponsored by the Chinese Supreme People＇s Procuratorate, the UNDP, the Norway Parliament Administrative Supervisor＇s Office and the China International Economic and Technical Exchange Center of the Ministry of Commerce, the seminar was attended by more than 190 Chinese and foreign representatives from the International Prosecutors＇ Association,

Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection for Criminals

Protection of criminals＇ human rights is an important issue that has received full atten- tion at home and abroad. The Communist Party of China （CPC） has always attached much importance to the protection of criminals＇ human rights. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the state have paid full attention to protecting the human rights of criminals.

德国刑事诉讼中的基本权保障

《刑事诉讼法》修改增加的“尊重和保障人权”条款是我国刑事诉讼立法上的巨大进步,但是,我国刑事司法人权保障在制度和实践中仍有提升空间。观诸域外法制,德国法上的刑事司法人权保障关联到宪法上的基本权保障,将刑事诉讼中的基本权干预上升到宪法审查高度,联邦宪法法院遵循法治国原则为强制措施、侦查干预、审前羁押等刑事诉讼行为设置严格的宪法上的程序保护机制,不失为一种完善我国刑事司法人权保障可借鉴的制度模式。在德国刑事诉讼制度中,以惩罚犯罪名义实施的刑事诉讼行为被认定为基本权干预行为时,均需获得宪法上的正当化;刑事侦查中的基本权保障根据法官保留原则进行实质性审查,对全部侦查行为设定分级审查程序机制,并在刑事个案办理中对查明犯罪真相设定具体的审查限制;刑事司法的基本权保障所覆盖的权利主体范围在宪法法院判例中得到不断扩展,明确保障被追诉人、被害人、证人、辩护人等刑事诉讼主体及其基本权利;与合宪性意义上的刑事诉讼原则共生的一系列程序权利,构成基本权保障较为完整的程序保护机制。

移情式关怀理论在刑事诉讼中的融入研究——以人权保障为视角

刑事诉讼现有研究主要集中于客观维度的程序制度建构,而对司法工作人员在认知方面的主观维度缺乏关注。但是,客观的程序制度无法自动产出公正的结果,司法工作人员的决策行为贯穿整个刑事诉讼过程,其主观认知在其中发挥着重要作用,甚至对决策结果产生决定性影响,因此,需要对刑事诉讼主观维度予以足够重视。刑事诉讼主观维度以司法工作人员的道德情感为核心,影响其立场和决策。主观维度的研究可以从移情式关怀理论中得到启发,使人们具有以对他人苦难产生情绪反应的能力为出发点,并提出禁止引发他人苦难,乃至尽力消除他人痛苦的道德要求。在刑事诉讼中融入移情式关怀理论,可以产生舒缓惩罚犯罪原则与保障人权原则之间的张力,推进无罪推定原则的完善,为审判中心主义提供支持等积极效果。虽然,移情式关怀理论无法避免人类主观方面的局限,但是,通过司法工作人员的立场确立和诱导训练可以弥补刑事诉讼人权保障中的不足。

刑法中人权保障功能的协调性思考——基于刑事一体化视角的改良方案

加强人权刑事法治保障是提升我国人权保障效能的基础性工作。刑法中的人权保障内容应当由其惩治犯罪、保护人民的根本任务决定。目前从刑法视角研究人权保障存在冲突的根本性问题在于:刑法的内部缺乏一体性的认识与考察;刑法的外部缺乏与其他部门法的协调与联动。运用刑事一体化的思维观念和运作方法,从刑法的内外关系入手,不仅能够实现刑法运行的内外协调,亦能够解决刑法中人权保障过程中存在的冲突。

刑事诉讼近亲属拒证权构建基础与路径研究

刑事诉讼近亲属拒证权作为一项保障人权的法律制度,在我国尚付阙如,蕴含亲属拒证权内核的亲亲相隐制度随着国家本位主义观念的盛行而遭到废除,有碍家庭关系的维系及质证权的全面行使。事实上,该制度于人伦精神之丰富、社会关系之构建、服刑结束人员之关怀都具有重要的价值,近亲属拒证权的构建不仅能够完善我国的人权保障和证人出庭制度,而且可以加快我国人权主流化的进程,回应我国对于刑事诉讼法多元化司法的要求,推动法治国家的建设。究其构建的具体路径,应当注重多种价值的选择与平衡,设立合理的边界以免造成价值失衡,将危害国家安全的犯罪、以危险方法危害公共安全的犯罪、危害公共卫生罪及亲属间的犯罪作为近亲属拒证权的例外情形,以相应机关的告知义务和审查义务为视角完善该制度的适用程序,探究申诉与审查并重的救济途径以保障权利的良好行使。

刑事诉讼法再法典化契机下公诉程序规则之革新

刑事诉讼法典需具备科学性和体系性,应以保障人权和惩治犯罪的价值衡平为基本目标。从刑事诉讼法再法典化的视角审视,公诉程序规则存在规范密度偏低、立法技术不精、制度内容欠丰、人权保障不到位等问题。公诉程序规则的完善势在必行。因此要在严守程序法定原则、强化起诉裁量主义、提高人权保障水平的前提下,创设公诉权处分制度,赋予被不起诉人程序参与权和选择审判权,并优化认罪认罚从宽制度。

中国式刑事法治现代化视野下轻罪治理路径研究

在近些年中国的社会转型下,中国的犯罪结构、刑事立法、刑事政策都发生了巨大的变化,轻罪治理问题开始变的日益迫切。中国式刑事法治现代化视野下的轻罪治理强调在习近平法治思想的引领下推动轻罪治理的法治化、协调化和现代化。在立法层面,轻罪治理坚持以人民为中心的根本立场,将“尊重和保障人权”规定在刑法中,并推动犯罪分层模式、刑事一体化机制以及犯罪附随后果的规范化与协调化。在司法层面,轻罪治理首先强调司法理念应以实现公正与效率的兼顾为目标,并努力从以往治罪为目的的司法理念转向治理为目的的司法理念,实现法律效果、政治效果和社会效果的统一,其次司法强调解释方法上通过先形式后实质的解释进路贯彻刑事政策,在维护罪刑法定原则的基础上实现对公民基本权益的最大保障,最后司法上应强调手段的多元化,加强数字司法建设,从而通过效率的提高实现轻罪治理更高水平的数字正义。

司法人工智能运用背景下的被追诉人权利保障问题

刑事诉讼中司法人工智能技术的运用,给被追诉人的权利保障带来了影响,主要体现在导致对被追诉人的刑事追诉活动时间提前、追诉强度增加、控辩力量失衡和被追诉人参与失效等几个方面。按照权利与权力平衡的基本思路,我们可以从限权和增权两个角度协调司法人工智能运用与被追诉人权利保障的关系。从限权的视角出发,应以比例原则限制对司法人工智能的运用,强化刑事诉讼的等边三角形结构,并对作为人工智能基本要素的数据和算法进行适度公开。从增权的角度出发,应赋予并保障被追诉人知情的权利、反对的权利和获得专业帮助的权利,从而使其有足够能力应对刑事诉讼中司法人工智能的运用。