Importance of establishing radiation protection culture in Radiology Department

The increased use of ionization radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, the rapid advances in computed tomography as well as the high radiation doses delivered by interventional procedures have raised serious safety and health concerns for both patients and medical staff and have necessitated the establishment of a radiation protection culture(RPC) in every Radiology Department. RPC is a newly introduced concept. The term culture describes the combination of attitudes, beliefs, practices and rules among the professionals, staff and patients regarding to radiation protection. Most of the time, the challenge is to improve rather than to build a RPC. The establishment of a RPC requires continuing education of the staff and professional, effective communication among stakeholders of all levels and implementation of quality assurance programs. The RPC creation is being driven from the highest level. Leadership, professionals and associate societies are recognized to play a vital role in the embedding and promotion of RPC in a Medical Unit. The establishment of a RPC enables the reduction of the radiation dose, enhances radiation risk awareness, minimizes unsafe practices, and improves the quality of a radiation protection program. The purpose of this review paper is to describe the role and highlight the importance of establishing a strong RPC in Radiology Departments with an emphasis on promoting RPC in the Interventional Radiology environment.

Secondary and activated X(γ)radiation of SPHIC particle therapy facility

We report the secondary X(γ)radiation from the accelerator in a normal operating state and activated X(γ)radiation from the accelerator devices when the accelerator stops operating in the cancer treatment facility of the Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center(SPHIC).These radiation measurements show us the structural radiation distribution along the beam lines and devices inside the accelerator room when the beam is on and off and can support the radiation protection design of the accelerator facility used for cancer treatment and help evaluate the accumulated radiation dose in the case of an emergency,such as a personal safety system failure or a radiation accident.The radiation dose rate measured in this facility shows that the facility is safe from the radiation protection point.After shooting the quality assurance(QA)beam,the radiation dose rate in the treatment room was also measured to investigate the radiation dose space distribution and decay time dependence.In addition,the time period before safely entering the treatment room after determining the shooting of the QA beam is recommended to be approximately 5 min.

Occupational Eye Lens Radiation Dose While Performing Interventional Procedures over 18 Months Using a Face-Shield Equipped Suspended Radiation Protection System

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated increasing evidence for cataractogenesis at lower levels of ionizing radiation than previously believed, with some suggesting possible absence of a threshold. Genetic differences between individuals also result in increased susceptibility in some operators, who might not be aware. European occupational exposure limits have been reduced and operators are seeking protective measures. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of a face-shield equipped suspended protection system (Zero-Gravity®, TIDI Products, Neenah, WI) along with adherence to safety practices against radiation dose to the eye lens for an interventional radiologist performing a wide variety of procedures. Materials and Methods: In this institutional review board-approved single-institution study, one interventional radiologist wore a highly sensitive personnel monitoring dosimeter badge on the cap near the left eye while performing 299 procedures (3690 fluoroscopy minutes) over 18 consecutive months while utilizing the suspended protection system along with adherence to other generally recommended safety practices and movement away from the field during angiographic power injections. Dosimetry reports and procedural information were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Total lens dose equivalent to the left eye over 18 months was 0.11 mSv (annualized dose = 0.073 mSv, or 7.3 mRem). The patient-dose-area product standardized dose of 0.00576 μSv/Gy⋅cm2 is well below reports of conventional lead aprons, shields, and protective eyewear. Conclusion: Eye exposures were kept to near-background levels using the materials and methods of this study while performing a wide variety of complex procedures from all positions around the patient.

Inventory of Radiation Protection in Hospitals of Level III in Senegal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of protection of employees who are exposed to radiation in a level III hospital establishment. It was a descriptive cross-sectional survey of six months’ duration, involving eight level III Hospitals (Aristide Le Dantec, Fann, Hoggy, Hear, Abass Ndao, Pikine, Touba, and Thiès) in Senegal. Sixty-one of the one hundred questionnaires were recovered (overall response rate of 61%). The population of the study was mainly female (54.1%). The average age was 38.57 with extremes ranging from 23 to 65 years old. In the places where ionizing radiation sources are handled, only at the Aristide Le Dantec Hospital did we find a “competent person in radiation protection”. This explained the lack of a classification of employees and work areas. Forty out of sixty-one (73.77%) had no knowledge of the basic principles of radiation protection (justification, optimisation, dose limitation) and had not ever taken radiation holidays. For radiovigilance, exposure time limits to ionizing radiation concerned only 29/61 or 47.54% of the study population. The inverse square law of distance was known by only 40 workers, of whom 15 had no compliance. We found the presence of dosifilms in only 7/61 or 11.47% of the workers. On the other hand, the use of lead aprons was well established and concerned 57/61 workers, i.e., 93.44%. In sum, ionizing radiation causes adverse health effects. The absence of a good radiation protection culture in Senegal requires the presence of at least 4 to 5 competent persons in radiation protection for quality training of workers in radiobiology, radiopathology and radiation protection.

Design of a personnel safety interlock system for proton therapy

Proton therapy is the most advanced radiotherapy approach in the world,and causes less damage to normal human tissue than traditional radiotherapy.Because the treatment process produces a high-energy proton beam,the personnel safety interlock system mainly considers measures to protect personnel from radiation hazards during beam preparation and the beam release process.Unlike other safety interlock systems,the personnel safety interlock system designed in this study focuses on the safety and stability of the system itself.The hardware and software of important interlock control loops are designed and developed according to the requirements of Safety Integrity Level 3 specified by IEC61508.A set of redundant ring networks was developed to ensure that damage to a certain network line does not affect the normal operation of the system.A set of friendly operation interfaces and data storage systems were developed to ensure that the operator can monitor the data in real time and trace the data.The personnel safety interlock system mainly includes a beam enabling function,clearance function,and emergency stop function.The system was put into actual use and successfully ensured personnel safety.

Research on a New Type of Anti-radiation Polymeric Material

Aiming at the harmfulness of and protection from ionizing radiation, this paper will centre on the design and synthesis technology of a new type of polymeric material which is stable at the ionizing radiation from 10-11 to 10-8 meter wave. The material is made up of epoxy resin 6101, curing agent phenolic-aniline resin, which is developed by the authors, and other auxilliary agents. This material is stable at the radiation of 107Gy,and its physical and chemical properties are excellent.

放射防护教育的重要性及针对不同专业医务人员的培训策略

目前越来越先进的医学影像及电离辐射应用于临床诊断和治疗,在众多被提出用于辐射暴露管理的策略中,教育和培训对辐射防护和剂量减少尤为重要。然而研究显示医务人员普遍出现缺乏基本放射防护方面的知识。因此,如何进行放射防护的教育和培训,是当前大型综合性医院需探讨实践的重要问题。文章通过分析电离辐射暴露造成的医务人员或患者的伤害,进而阐述了医务人员进行教育培训的必要性,医务人员应进行辐射物理学、放射生物学、放射防护以及辐射相关的国家法律法规的知识培训。另外,除了以上主题,放射防护的教育培训计划也必须考虑到每个医学专业的需求和要求,因此文章也详细分析了各专业医务人员应具备的辐射相关知识及教育培训内容,这将对临床上如何更好地做好放射防护具有积极重要的意义。

教学医院实习生放射防护所存在的问题及对策

当前,国家对有关医疗工作者中放射工作人员的放射相对保护管制逐日注重。有关医疗单位职业放射工作者的放射保护管制正在正规化,而有关医学专业实习生因为短暂性和流通性,医疗单位对其放射保护管制注重程度较低。本文站在医疗单位放射工作者自身保护的角度,对实习学生实际保护情况,对应相关文献回顾、阅览有关的法律规定和对当场访问教学中的组长进行访问,对于当前国家缺少有关对放射实习的学生相应的保护管制措施及文件规定,达到对应的规范放射实习学生放射保护管制,降低实习生职业暴露,对医疗单位实习生自身身体的安全情况及合法权益进行保障的目的,旨在于探究医院单位对放射卫生工作的规范管制有效方式方法,进行实际有关调查,从而达到规范卫生目的,可以采用构筑管制网络健全管制、增强有效对应的规章、增强对有关放射工作人员的管制规范、增强放射性场地的规范化管制、增加对实习学生以及受检查者和陪同检查者规范化的管制,当前医疗机构对安全管理以及管制卫生方面还有一些漏洞,可采用有效的措施进行管控,对放射科室实习学生的自身健康保护是他们的依法权益。临床实习是用于培育本科医学影像技术人才的最后阶段,是进行理论和实践互相转换的过程与结合的主要步骤,在培育医学影像技术人才中发挥着有力的作用,使其有利于更好地为社会提供更加优秀的人才。因此,应把医学影像实习生的身体安全应该放在第一位,以培育出的医学生能更好地为社会服务,增加对放射性场地的管控,落实有关法律法规是重中之重。

辐射防护材料的研究进展

人类不断暴露于来自宇宙射线(X或γ射线)和放射性物质(α或β射线)的等电离辐射中。除了这些电离辐射外,人类还暴露于紫外线、可见光线、红外线、微波及无线电波等非电离辐射。人类生活中始终存在与辐射相关的风险,辐射会产生严重负面影响,对于人类的健康,辐射防护材料应运而生。简述了电离辐射和非电离辐射的特点,介绍了电离辐射防护材料和非电离辐射防护材料的研究进展,指出了辐射防护材料的发展方向。

电离辐射剂量监测仪表国际标准的进展

随着辐射防护领域的不断进步,电离辐射剂量仪表相关国际标准也在持续更新迭代,为总结该领域IEC、ISO标准的发展现状,为剂量仪表的生产、选用提供参考,通过调研、比较相关标准的不同版本,梳理了光子、β和中子剂量监测仪表相关IEC、ISO标准的发展概况和最新版本所做的修改与更新,并比较了现行不同标准对于仪表各方面性能要求、规范的差异。可以看出,各监测分类下的国际标准在发展过程中趋于统一,不再按探测器种类等进行划分,且整体应用范围更为广泛,但脉冲辐射剂量仪表相关标准仍有待发展;适用于同一监测分类的不同标准对于仪表的性能要求基本一致,但由于IEC、ISO标准的制定目的、应用场景不同,两者在性能要求、规范上的侧重点会存在差异。

新工科背景下辐射防护与核安全专业核心课程群建设探讨——以南京理工大学“核辐射监测与评价”为例

建设核心课程群作为高校课程改革的关键环节之一,如何解决新工科背景下辐射防护与核安全人才的培养需求是高校教师亟须解决的问题。该文以南京理工大学辐射防护与核安全专业为例,探讨核心课程群“核辐射监测与评价”在专业课程体系中的核心地位,深入剖析核心课程群所含五门专业核心课程间的关联关系与建设现状。核心课程群“核辐射监测与评价”的建立,对于理顺课程间逻辑关系、串联分散课程、实现教学资源整合优化与提高人才培养质量具有重要的现实意义。

微纳卫星总剂量评估优化

针对微纳卫星在空间环境中遇到的总剂量(TID)效应,为更加准确地评估卫星内敏感点的剂量值,基于正二十面体的几何划分方法改进了传统的空间网格划分,宏观计算并验证了粒子透过材料的衰减,实现扇形角等效评估优化。围绕计算准确度和效率,构建形状模型进行比较验证,通过与优化等立体角划分法、正八面体划分法的比较,表明该方法更加稳定高效,计算速度可提高6.4%,更适合评估复杂形状模型。基于改进的三维总剂量评估方法,对形状模型进行针对性总剂量防护,防护效果相较于无差别防护可提高255.1%。研究成果可有效提高微纳卫星总剂量评估效率,保障星内敏感器件在任务周期内的可靠运行,为微纳卫星总剂量防护提供重要参考。

藤茶提取液对电离辐射损伤造血系统的防护作用研究

采用1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基(DPPH)和总抗氧化能力检测(ABTS)两种方法体外检测藤茶提取液的抗氧化能力;然后进行生存率实验,将40只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为照射组、照射+藤茶提取液低、中、高剂量组(0.8 g/kg、1.6 g/kg、2.4 g/kg),所有小鼠均进行致死剂量7.2 Gy照射,检测藤茶提取液对照射后小鼠的生存影响;随后在电离辐射损伤造血系统实验中将50只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为5组:空白对照组、照射组、照射+藤茶提取液低、中、高剂量组,经4 Gy全身照射后,观察藤茶提取液对电离辐射后小鼠脏器指数、造血指标等的影响,并测定肝脏中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的变化。实验结果表明,藤茶提取液对DPPH自由基清除率为74.35%,对ABTS自由基清除率为93.14%,能够提高7.2 Gy照射下小鼠的生存率(照射组生存率为30%,低剂量组生存率为100%,中剂量组生存率为90%,高剂量组生存率为90%),并改善4 Gy全身照射所导致造血系统损伤小鼠的脏器指数和造血指标,还能升高照射小鼠肝脏中T-SOD活力以及GSH的含量。藤茶提取液具有较强的抗氧化能力,能提高电离辐射后小鼠的生存率,并改善其引起的造血系统损伤,有望成为电离辐射导致造血系统损伤的中药防护剂。

优化放射学检查策略减少创伤患者辐射暴露的研究进展

创伤患者救治过程中进行多次放射学检查,短时间内接受较大剂量电离辐射暴露,增加罹患肿瘤的风险。本文系统查阅国内外关于创伤患者放射学检查、照射参数设定及电离辐射防护措施的文献报道并进行阐述,以提高临床医师辐射风险认知优化放射学检查方案,督促放射科医师采取低剂量扫描策略并协助患者穿戴防护服,减少伤员医源性辐射暴露并降低电离辐射损伤。

A DNA tetrahedron-based nanosuit for efficient delivery of amifostine and multi-organ radioprotection

Unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation(IR)often causes acute and chronic oxidative damages to normal cells and organs,leading to serious physiological and even life-threatening consequences.Amifostine(AMF)is a validated radioprotectant extensively applied in radiation and chemotherapy medicine,but the short half-life limits its bioavailability and clinical applications,remaining as a great challenge to be addressed.DNAassembled nanostructures especially the tetrahedral framework nucleic acids(tFNAs)are promising nanocarriers with preeminent biosafety,low biotoxicity,and high transport efficiency.The tFNAs also have a relative long-term maintenance for structural stability and excellent endocytosis capacity.We therefore synthesized a tFNA-based delivery system of AMF for multi-organ radioprotection(tFNAs@AMF,also termed nanosuit).By establishing the mice models of accidental total body irradiation(TBI)and radiotherapy model of Lewis lung cancer,we demonstrated that the nanosuit could shield normal cells from IR-induced DNA damage by regulating the molecular biomarkers of anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative stress.In the accidental total body irradiation(TBI)mice model,the nanosuit pretreated mice exhibited satisfactory alteration of superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities and malondialdehyde(MDA)contents,and functional recovery of hematopoietic system,reducing IRinduced pathological damages of multi-organ and safeguarding mice from lethal radiation.More importantly,the nanosuit showed a selective radioprotection of the normal organs without interferences of tumor control in the radiotherapy model of Lewis lung cancer.Based on a conveniently available DNA tetrahedron-based nanocarrier,this work presents a high-efficiency delivery system of AMF with the prolonged half-life and enhanced radioprotection for multi-organs.Such nanosuit pioneers a promising strategy with great clinical translation potential for radioactivity protection.

橙皮苷和橙皮素对电离辐射致小鼠心血管损伤的防护作用研究

本研究以C57BL/6J小鼠为对象,探讨橙皮苷和橙皮素对其电离辐射致心血管损伤的防护作用。将小鼠随机分为空白对照组(NC组)、照射对照组(IR组)、橙皮苷低剂量组(L组200 mg/kg)、橙皮苷中剂量组(M组400 mg/kg)、橙皮苷高剂量组(H组800 mg/kg)和橙皮素低剂量组(L组50 mg/kg)、橙皮素中剂量组(M组100 mg/kg)、橙皮素高剂量组(H组200 mg/kg)8个组。照前2 h采用灌胃方式,空白对照组和照射对照组给予等量溶媒,除空白对照组外,各组小鼠均接受单次2 Gy的^(60)Coγ射线照射。分别于照射后24 h和48 h,对小鼠的免疫、抗氧化和DNA损伤三方面指标进行检测。结果显示,与照射组相比,给予橙皮苷和橙皮素的小鼠的肝脏指数均显著降低,但未表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,说明橙皮苷和橙皮素可能对辐射损伤小鼠的器官具有一定的保护作用;给予橙皮苷和橙皮素的小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6等炎性因子均显著降低,且具有剂量-效应关系,高剂量组表现更突出;给予橙皮苷和橙皮素均可显著降低小鼠主动脉丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量,表明两种处理具有显著的抗氧化作用;给予橙皮苷和橙皮素能降低照射后小鼠主动脉组织γ-H2AX foci数量,且具有剂量依赖性关系,表明两种处理能减轻照射后小鼠主动脉DNA的损伤。本研究的结果表明橙皮苷和橙皮素对照射致小鼠血管损伤具有一定的保护作用。

Assessment of radiation protection knowledge and practices among radiographers in the central region of Ghana

Objective:To assess the radiation protection practices and knowledge among radiographers in the central region of Ghana.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out among practicing radiographers in three selected hospitals.The study was carried out from January to October 2021.A self-administered questionnaire comprising three sections was given out to 20 participants to answer.Data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)version 25.0 and logistic regression analysis.Results:The study revealed that over ninety percent of the radiographers had dosimeters but only 25%wear them always.Adherence to radiation protection measures and practices was found to be generally fairly satisfactory,but was high in the age group 35-45.However,Knowledge of radiation protection practices amongst the radi-ographers was generally high.Working experience of fewer than 5 years(P=0.035)gave a high odds ratio(OR)and was of a significant value in determining the radiation training and courses undertaken by these radiographers.Conclusions:The adherence to radiation protection practices was fairly satisfactory,and the knowledge of radi-ation protection practices was generally high,but that is not enough.There is more room for improvement to ensure knowledge is put into practice to enhance proper safety measures,ensure effective work,and overall reduce the negative effects of ionizing radiation.

电离辐射铅防护用具的应用与管理专家共识

为了帮助各医疗机构科学规范使用及管理铅防护用具,促进医务人员的职业安全与健康,特制定《电离辐射铅防护用具的应用与管理专家共识》(以下简称共识)。通过系统文献检索,综合国内多领域专家两轮函询的意见后制定了本共识。该共识在用具的选择、配置、清洁与维护及检验等4个方面进行专业指导,旨在为广大从事介入放射学的医务工作者提供临床借鉴。

核料位计在连续重整装置中的应用

核料位计常用于连续重整装置催化剂料位的测量,料位的精准监测对于催化剂再生单元的料位控制有着至关重要的作用。简述了核料位计的测量原理,对比了核料位计的典型配置、规格参数、标定方法等,强调了国家标准对核料位计的安全防护等要求事项,以及在工程应用中的安装注意事项,并以某套220万t/a连续重整装置为实例,分析了核料位计的实际应用,对连续重整装置中核料位计的选型与工程设计提供参考。

辐射防护与核安全专业基础课程群课程思政建设与思考

该文以“立德树人”为专业课程思政设计之本,在体系构建和资源建设层面提出我校辐射防护与核安全专业基础课程群课程思政的基本理念。立足专业课程内涵构建课程思政体系,将学科历史、课程背景、专业实例作为课程思政载体,并通过阐析各载体中的主要元素,引导学员树立远大理想,探寻科学规律,达到提升思想境界、厚植家国情怀的课程思政育人目标。最后,通过具体的专业内容,对专业课程思政的理念和方案进行教学实践。