Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health.In this study,the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey.The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed.Finally,several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows:to promote delineation in a more scientific way,to safeguard the sanctity of the law,to make better plan on water saving,and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.

Protection Planning for Rural Centralized Drinking Water Source Areas in Chongqing

Protection planning is made for rural centralized drinking water source areas according to current situations of rural drinking water and existing problems of centralized drinking water source areas in Chongqing,and in combination with survey,analysis and evaluation of urban-rural drinking water source areas in whole city.There are engineering measures and non-engineering measures,to guarantee drinking water security of rural residents,improve rural ecological environment,realize sustainable use of water resource,and promote sustainable development of society.Engineering measures include conservation and protection of water resource,ecological restoration,isolation,and comprehensive control of pointsource and area-source pollution.Non-engineering measures include construction of monitoring system for drinking water source area,construction of security information system for rural centralized drinking water source area,and construction of emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents in rural water source areas.

Study on Control Scheme for Nonpoint Source Pollution in Dahe Reservoir Water Source Protection Area of Dianchi Lake Basin

[ Objective] The research aimed to study control scheme for nonpoint source pollution in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin.[ Method] On the basis of the SPOT5 satellite remote sensing imagery in 2010 and field investigation of GPS record, ecological design for nonpoint source pollution control in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Dianchi Lake basin was conducted. Then, the effects of optimization measures were evaluated by the reductions of N and P outputs on different land-use types. E Resultl Control functions of the water source protection area on soil erosion and the emissions of N, P and other pollutants would be promoted after optimization. The optimization meas- ures had a significant effect for prevention and control of the non-point source pollution in the water source protection area. [ Conclusion] The re- search provided scientific basis for promoting ecological construction of the small green basin in Dahe Reservoir water source protection area of Di- anchi Lake basin.

Riparian habitat quality as an indicator of land use/land cover effects on riverine water quality

Riparian land use/land cover(LULC)plays a crucial role in maintaining riverine water quality by altering the transport of pollutants and nutrients.Nevertheless,establishing a direct relationship between water quality and LULC is challenging due to the multi-indicator nature of both factors.Water quality encompasses a multitude of physical,chemical,and biological parameters,while LULC represents a diverse array of land use types.Riparian habitat quality(RHQ)serves as an indicator of LULC.Yet,it remains to be seen whether RHQ can act as a proxy of LULC for assessing the impact of LULC on riverine water quality.This study examines the interplay between RHQ,LULC and water quality,and develops a comprehensive indicator to predict water quality.We measured several water quality parameters,including pH(potential of hydrogen),TN(total nitrogen),TP(total phosphorus),T_(water)(water temperature),DO(dissolved oxygen),and EC(electrical conductivity)of the Yue and Jinshui Rivers draining to the Han River during 2016,2017 and 2018.The water quality index(WQI)was further calculated.RHQ is assessed by the InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs)model.Our study found noticeable seasonal differences in water quality,with a higher WQI observed in the dry season.The RHQ was strongly correlated with LULC compositions.RHQ positively correlated with WQI,and DO concentration and vegetation land were negatively correlated with T_(water),TN,TP,EC,cropland,and construction land.These correlations were stronger in the rainy season.Human-dominated land,such as construction land and cropland,significantly contributed to water quality degradation,whereas vegetation promoted water quality.Regression models showed that the RHQ explained variations in WQI better than LULC types.Our study concludes that RHQ is a new and comprehensive indicator for predicting the dynamics of riverine water quality.

Eco-environmental vulnerability assessment for large drinking water resource： a case study of Qiandao Lake Area, China

The Qiandao Lake Area （QLA） is of great significance in terms of drinking water supply in East Coast China as well as a nationally renowned tourist attraction. A series of laws and regulations regarding the QLA environment have been enacted and implemented throughout the past decade with the aim of negating the harmful effects associated with expanding urbanization and industrialization. In this research, an assessment framework was developed to analyze the eco-environ- mental vulnerability of the QLA from 1990-2010 by integrating fuzzy analytic hierarchy process （FAHP） and geographical information systems （GIS） in an attempt to gain insights into the status quo of the QLA so as to review and evaluate the effectiveness of the related policies. After processing and analyzing the temporal and spatial variation of eco-environmental vulnerability and major environ- mental issues in the QLA, we found that the state of eco- environmental vulnerability of the QLA was acceptable, though a moderate deterioration was detected during the study period. Furthermore, analysis of the combination of vulnerability and water quality indicated that the water quality showed signs of declination, though the overall status remained satisfactory. It was hence concluded that the collective protection and treatment actions were effective over the study period, whereas immediately stricter measures would be required for protecting the drinking water quality from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Finally, the spatial variation of the eco-environmental vulnerability assessment also implied that specifically more targeted measures should be adoptedin respective regions for long-term sustainable develop- ment of the QLA.

南通市集中式饮用水水源地安全状况及保护措施探讨

水源地是保障饮水安全的源头,饮水安全关系着经济社会的高质量发展及社会安定。南通市滨江临海,区域水资源条件优越,全市已全面实现引江区域供水。本文从水量、水质两个方面对南通市4个集中式饮用水水源地的安全状况进行了综合评价,对潜在的安全隐患进行了全面分析。结果表明,南通市4个集中式饮用水水源地所在河段水量充沛,供水保证率达100%,取水口水质能够达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准。根据分析结果,结合南通市集中式饮用水水源地的特点,提出了集中式饮用水水源地保护对策与建议,旨在为集中式饮用水水源地的长效管理和保护提供技术支撑。

水源保护下搬迁农户生计脆弱性评估框架分析——以韶关南水湖搬迁安置区为例

为了促进水源保护,水源地农户常被搬迁安置和限渔退捕,其生计脆弱性较为突出。以韶关南水湖搬迁安置区为例,基于“暴露性-敏感性-适应性”框架,构建了农户生计脆弱性评价框架,对农民生计脆弱性进行实证分析。结果表明:农户生计脆弱性总体较高,突出体现在生计适应性和生计暴露性两个方面;不同类型农户脆弱性存在差异,农户生计脆弱性会因村子和县城的距离、非渔业经营技能、职业类型的不同而存在差异;农户生计脆弱性受到就业机会、转产技能、生计多样性等因素的影响。

长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制

指导重要饮用水水源地保护是《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》和“三定”规定赋予水行政主管部门的法定职责,也是维系流域供水安全保障的底线。通过对长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护管理现状的回顾分析,针对保护管理中存在的水源地名录准入退出机制不健全、安全评估制度不完善、资金投入保障机制不足等问题,提出了完善水源地安全保障规划体系、规范水源地名录管理机制、强化水源地安全评估和保护、严格水源地保护考核等长效机制构建思路和后续工作建议。研究成果对于落实《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》饮用水水源地保护要求、贯彻长江经济带绿色发展和长江大保护建设的要求、推动长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制建设具有重要意义。

不同乡村地域类型农户生计资本和生计策略特征及影响因素——以于桥水库流域为例

农户生计方式不仅决定了农户的收入,还对区域环境产生了深刻的影响。不同乡村地域类型是影响农户生计资本和生计策略的重要因素。本研究通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查获取于桥水库流域512份农户生计的一手数据,构建了农户生计资本评价指标体系,依据收入结构划分农户生计策略,分析不同乡村地域类型的农户生计资本和生计策略特征,并利用多元回归方程解析生计资本对生计策略的影响。结果表明:流域内农户生计非农化成为普遍现象,纯非农型和非主农辅型生计策略占比分别为29.5%和42.6%。不同生计策略农户的生计资本存在显著差异:纯非农和非主农辅农户的总生计资本、人力资本、社会资本和金融资本显著高于纯农业和农主非辅农户,纯农业和农主非辅农户的自然资本显著高于纯非农型农户。不同乡村地域类型农户的生计资本水平和生计策略选择具有明显差异。经济作物区农户的总生计资本、自然资本显著高于其他地区,传统粮产区的金融资本最低。水库周边区生计策略主要为纯非农型,山地林木区和城镇周边区主要是非主农辅型,传统粮产区和经济作物区主要是纯非农型和非主农辅型,文化旅游区主要是非主农辅型和农主非辅型。人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地破碎化程度、土壤肥力、劳动力占比、家庭人口平均年龄、交通工具和家庭人均收入等指标对农户生计策略选择具有显著影响。不同乡村地域类型生计资本和生计策略差异主要与地理区位、自然资源、社会资源和政策相关。最后,提出基于乡村地域特征的农户生计的针对性优化策略,为促进农户生计可持续发展提供参考。

引江补汉工程取水口饮用水水源保护区划分

引江补汉工程是南水北调中线工程的后续水源,为保障汉江中下游干流水质安全和湖北省补水区城乡生活供水安全,有必要在工程取水口周边划定饮用水水源保护区。在充分考虑水质保护要求、交通航运、港口建设发展、应急响应需求等因素的基础上,针对三峡调度运行不同水位情况、工程引水代表流量和相应水质条件设计工况情景,基于水动力水质模型计算和应急响应时间估算结果,提出引江补汉工程龙潭溪取水口水源保护区范围建议,为将来保护区划定提供技术支撑。计算结果表明,以龙潭溪取水口为中心划分饮用水水源保护区的径向距离应≥1.3 km。

饮用水源保护区地方法规建设现状与法律保护对策分析

文章将H省作为研究对象,通过对国家和H省在饮用水水源地保护方面的法律制度体系进行了梳理,并对其法规建设现状展开了分析。结果显示,在饮用水水源地保护法规建设方面,H省存在的困境主要包括饮用水水源地保护法律制度体系不完整,饮用水水源地应急制度缺乏操作性,饮用水水源地法律责任体系不完善3方面。结合H省饮用水水源地保护立法情况,制定了《H省饮用水水源地保护条例》,建立各项具体法律制度;同时对饮用水水源地保护区制度进行完善,统一饮用水水源水质标准,对地下水资源的开发利用提出了新的要求和相应对策。《H省饮用水水源地保护条例》应健全饮用水水源地应急制度,注意事前监测预警、事后应急处置衔接,通过防治结合,做到减少水源污染事故损失、保障饮用水安全;建立健全生态补偿机制,确保资金到位。

饮用水水源保护区常见风险源及相应的防范措施

水是生命的源泉,所有生物的生存都离不开水。饮用水源对人类的生存至关重要。近年来,随着我国经济快速发展,对生态环境造成诸多损害,各类污染问题频发,导致大量饮用水源被破坏,对人类的生存造成极大的影响和威胁。本文从饮用水水源保护区常见风险源入手,总结了几点策略,希望切实强化饮用水水源保护区常见风险防范效果。

南水北调中线生态保护措施对水源区碳中和的影响——以南阳市为例

为研究南水北调中线工程调水后采取的生态保护措施对水源区碳中和的影响,以南阳市为研究区域,梳理保障南水北调调水工程运营颁布的相关政策,利用碳排放、碳吸收测算模型分别测算水源区的碳排放量和碳吸收量,分析政策驱动引致的生态保护行动对南水北调水源区减排固碳能力的影响。研究发现:南阳市的碳排放量以2014年为结点整体呈先增长后下降的阶段性特征,碳吸收量整体呈现显著上升变化趋势;南阳市的碳吸收量大于碳排放量,整体已达到“碳中和”要求;水污染治理、节能减排、水土流失治理、林业建设等保障调水的生态保护措施通过增加水源区的减排固碳能力,促进“双碳”目标实现。研究结果为双碳目标实现提供决策参考。

生态敏感地区农村生活污水治理规划研究——以长春市乐山镇为例

农村生活污水治理对改善农村人居环境、建设美丽乡村具有重要作用,水源地周边农村生活污水治理对城市饮用水安全保障具有重大意义。以水源地生态敏感地区典型乡镇(长春市乐山镇)为例,通过对水源地敏感因素以及区域现状进行调查分析,根据规划村庄类型、实际发展情况,合理预测污水量,布局污水收集及处理设施。研究表明:农村区域应建立差异化的生活污水治理模式,划分“镇区、村屯、重大项目”三类区域,采用集中收集与分散处理相结合的方式处理农村生活污水;同时应突出“全域治理”的总体目标,统筹上下游乡镇,优化调整污水处理设施服务范围,实现污水设施共建共享。

农村饮用水水源地保护措施研究

水是人类赖以生存和发展的资源,饮用水安全是人民群众身体健康、生活安定的重要基础。然而在部分农村,由于特殊的环境和资源条件的影响,饮用水安全问题长期存在,尤其是随着城市化进程的加快和农业生产的发展,农村饮用水安全问题愈发突出,加强农村饮用水安全管理刻不容缓。基于此,本文指出农村饮用水管理存在的问题,提出农村饮用水水源地保护的措施,以供参考。

长江流域重要饮用水水源地生态隔离带建设体系研究

指导饮用水水源地保护工作是《长江保护法》、国务院机构改革方案赋予新时期水行政主管部门的重要职责与使命。《长江经济带发展规划纲要》明确提出“建设沿江、沿河、环湖水资源保护带和生态隔离带,增强水源涵养和水土保持能力”。在流域饮用水水源地现状梳理基础上,分析长江流域饮用水水源地生态隔离防护建设存在的布局不合理、系统性差、监督管控措施不到位等问题,以长江流域302重要饮用水水源地为重点,提出饮用水水源地生态隔离带的构建思路。依此为基础,构建了包含陆域隔离防护带建设、滨水缓冲带建设、水域净化带建设3个层次的生态隔离带建设布局,提出了生态隔离带建设格局、内容和措施要求。研究成果对贯彻落实《长江经济带发展规划纲要》《长江保护法》水源地保护要求,全面实施长江流域饮用水水源地生态隔离带建设、强化流域管理治理具有重要指导意义。

粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案优化方法分析——以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例

饮用水安全与人民群众的生活健康密切相关,集中式饮用水水源保护区的划定是保证水质安全的重要措施。本文以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例,分析粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案的优化方法。其间充分调研韶关市乡镇饮用水水源地现状,分析水源保护区划分技术路线,探讨划分方案优化方法,并提出划定后的建设管理建议,为后续乡镇饮用水水源保护提供科学依据。

湖库型饮用水水源地水体PAEs变化特征及风险评价

为探究湖库型饮用水水源地水体邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的季节变化特征和健康风险状况,以玉溪市城区东风水库和飞井海水库水体为研究对象,基于2021~2023年逐月水质监测数据,分析了研究水体PAEs质量浓度水平、季节变化规律及分布特征,并开展了成人和儿童的健康风险评估。结果表明:①2021~2023年,研究水体中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)的检出率较高(≥94.4%),其中DBP检出质量浓度的平均值和最大值分别为0.48μg/L和2.91μg/L,DEHP的平均值和最大值分别为1.12μg/L和3.94μg/L,均未超过中国水质卫生标准(GB 5749-2022)和水质量标准(GB 3838-2002)规定限值。②研究水体DBP和DEHP质量浓度的月均值分布具有显著的季节性差异,两者质量浓度大小随季节变化规律具有一致性,均表现为夏、秋两季>春、冬两季,从不同水量期来看,两者质量浓度大小表现为丰水期>枯、平水期,且研究水体中DEHP质量浓度月均值普遍高于同期DBP。③经饮水和皮肤渗入途径,DBP对成人和儿童的最大非致癌健康风险值处于10-3水平,为无风险,而DEHP对成人和儿童的最大致癌健康风险值达到1.57×10^(-6)和2.07×10^(-6)水平,存在潜在致癌健康风险,应予以重视。饮水是致癌和非致癌健康风险的主要暴露途径,须重点关注由其引起的致癌风险。

兴宁市农村饮用水水源地的铁与锰本底分析

以兴宁市农村饮用水水源地为研究对象,收集历史例行监测数据,筛选有代表性的水源地,制定监测方案开展序列月度监测,形成本底值数据库,通过正态检验、异常值剔除等数理统计方法计算最小值、最大值、5%分位数、95%分位数和中位数,对水源地的铁与锰本底值进行表征。基于本底值研究成果,水源地达标考核时剔除本底影响,达到客观评价水源地水环境质量的目的,为后续优化水源地水环境管理和评价提供技术支撑。

川中丘陵河流型饮用水水源保护区土壤重金属特征及生态风险评价

为研究川中红层丘陵区河流型饮用水水源保护区土壤重金属的分布特征、来源及其生态风险,以濛溪河集中式饮用水水源保护区土壤为研究对象,共采集40个表层土壤样品,统计分析重金属分布特征及差异,运用相关性分析、聚类分析以及主成分分析研究重金属来源和影响因素,采用单因子污染指数、地累积指数和潜在生态风险对水源保护区土壤重金属进行生态风险评价。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属平均含量Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg,其中,Cu、Cd在一级保护区的平均含量大于二级保护区,Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Hg在二级保护区的平均含量相对较高。土壤重金属主要来源为成土母质,同时受人类农业生产活动影响。一级保护区土壤Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、As、Hg、Cd均未超标,二级保护区左岸土壤Cd元素有2个点位超标,超标倍数较小,综合潜在风险指数评级为轻微生态危害,其中Cu、Ni、Pb、As、Cr为低风险,仅Cd和Hg存在中风险和较高风险,无高风险和极高风险等级分布,其中Cd产生较高风险,占2.5%,Cd和Hg不会对生态造成影响。另外,根据水源地水质的历史监测数据,水源保护区内土壤重金属难以对饮用水水源水质安全造成影响。