Legislative Protection for Women's Rights and Interests after the Founding of the People's Republic of China

The process of legislative protection for women’s rights and interests of the new China can be divided into two phases: The first phase is from the establishment of the People’s Republic of China to the adoption of the policy of reform and opening up to the outside

Improvement of Legislation System of Protecting Women’s Rights and Interests in China——Taking the Amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests as an Opportunity

The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests has been amended twice since it was promulgated 1992,and it has formed a relatively complete legislation system together with relevant laws and regulations,accumulating experience of judicial application in practice.In the current proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests,the main issues that should be considered are:First,the legislative purpose of this law should be reviewed to clarify the three legislative positions of the Law on Women’s Rights and interests,in terms of protection,practice and foundation.Second,it is necessary to grasp whether the text content is appropriate and rectify any defects in the existing text.Third,it should explore how to reform and implement specific systems from the micro perspective to improve the specific systems of women’s personal,property,and social rights and interests.Fourth,it should strengthen the systematic interaction with other norms at different levels and implement the principle of gender equality stipulated in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.Fifth,attention should be paid to the necessity of invoking the Law in judicial practice,the possibility of operation and the effectiveness of enforcement.The proposed amendment of the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and interests should also sum up the experience of local legislation and judicial decisions and improve the quality of judicial application of the law so that is truly responds to the practical needs and challenges of the protection of women’s rights and interests and the implementation of gender equality in the new era.

Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests in Macao

1. Introduction With China＇s reform and opening up, great achievements have been witnessed by all of us in the protection of human rights, the basic pursuit of which is gen- der equality. Remarkable achievements have also been accomplished in the pro- tection of women＇s rights and interests. It has been 12 years since Macao＇s mann to its motherland. Over these years, Macao, under the framework of the ＂Basic Law＂ has successfully practiced the great concept of ＂one country, two systems,

China Keen to Protect Women’s Rights, Interests——An interview with Zhao Shaohua, vice-chairwoman of the All-China Women’s Federation

EDITOR＇S NOTE： Slated for September 2008, the Tenth National Congress of the Chinese Women will review the achievements the country has made over the past five years in promoting women＇s rights and interests and formulate the targets for the protection endeavor over the next five years. The five years since the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Women have witnessed a constant improvement in the status of the Chinese women and in their human rights conditions. Following is a transcript of an interview given our staff reporters by Zhao Shaohua, vice-chairperson of the All-China Women＇s Federation （ACWF） and member of the ACWF Secretariat, on how women＇s rights and interests are protected in China.

Creating an Institutional Environment for Protecting the Rights and Interests of China’s Dispatched Labor

Employment is fundamental in improving the livelihood of the people and social security is the source ofhuman happiness. This is how the international community protects and improves basic human rights. It is also the policy China has adopted to achieve sustainable economic and social development. Furthermore, it is clear evidence of China＇s respect and protection of human rights.

Broad-based Network for Protecting the Rights and Interests of Women and Children——A story about the Women's Federation of Qinhuangdao City

The room is in utter chaos, with chairs piling up in a comer and the cable TV not connected to the power source. But one thing is put in place： a slogan on the wall ＂Creating an outstanding WFQ team for the benefit of all women and children.＂

A Judicial Empirical Study on the Principle of “the Best Interests of the Child”——From the Principles of National Conventions to the Building of Adjudication Norms

“The best interests of the child”is an essential principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.Due to the abstractness and ambiguity of this principle,its application is inevitably subject to the judge’s personality.Through empirical analysis,we can find that the judicial documents invoking the principle of“the best interests of the child”by Chinese courts show a significant increase in the number of disputes,types of disputes,and pronounced regional characteristics.The application of this principle by the courts is highly consistent with the judicial interpretative documents issued by the Supreme People’s Court.The invocation of this principle plays the role of interpreting the provisions of the law,the value basis for discretion,and the value orientation for shaping new rules in adjudication.At the same time,it is plagued by a lack of guidelines for the application of principles,invocations that serve the will of judges,and imperfect thinking in weighing the various factors involved.The application of this principle should be improved by setting normative standards for the principle of“the best interests of the child”,increasing case guidance for invoking the principle,and enhancing the professionalism of judges.

高校“非升即走”制度下教师权益保障困境及破解路径

随着“非升即走”成为我国高等学校教师聘任的主流制度,高校教师的权益保障问题在人事制度改革和相关立法中的重要性和紧迫性日益凸显。结合理论研究和司法实践来看,我国高校教师面临的权益保障困境主要表现为“学术青椒”的尴尬:在“非升即走”聘用合同签订前,高校教师的法律身份模糊;在签订合同时,高校教师的主体性尤其是平等参与权缺失;在履行合同中,高校教师权利救济渠道不畅。这些问题的主要原因在于“学术锦标赛”的异化:高校人事管理的相关法律内容模糊、高校办学自主权边界不清和“非升即走”制度的价值偏离。破解“非升即走”制度下高校教师权益保障的现实困境的关键在于学术生态的优化:国家层面应明确“非升即走”聘用合同是“具有行政要素的劳动合同”的法律属性,重构高校教师“兼具公权与私权性质的特殊劳动者”的法律身份,完善高校教师聘任的相关法律体系;高校层面应重塑“非升即走”的制度价值,充分发挥制度的激励和促进作用,完善“非升即走”制度内容及配套措施,健全教师权益保障机制。

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women

ContentsChapter Ⅰ General ProvisionsChapter Ⅱ Political RightsChaptet Ⅲ Rights and Interests Relating to Culture and EducationChapter Ⅳ Rights and Interests Relating to WorkChapter Ⅴ Rights and Interests Relating to PropertyChapter Ⅵ Rights Relating to the PersonChapter Ⅶ Rights and Interests Relating to Marriage and FamilyChapter Ⅷ Legal ResponsibilityChaptet Ⅸ Supplementary

SA8000标准与《中华人民共和国劳动法》比较分析

SA8000作为一个以保护劳工权益为内容的社会责任管理体系,从童工、强迫性劳动、健康与安全、 自由结社与集体谈判、平等就业、惩罚性措施、工作时间、工资薪酬、管理系统等九个方面给予企业规范性要 求。而《中华人民共和国劳动法》作为中国市场经济条件下保护劳动者权益的法律,对此也有明确规定。中国企 业应当按照《中华人民共和国劳动法》指引,完善企业劳动制度,才能应对SA8000标准的推行。

A Study on the Capital System Reform Tendency of Chinese company

This paper will analyze the history and evolvements of capital system in order to grasp the tendency of capital system reform. Managers should give more attention to the establishing of reform institution and the supervising of company capital system＇ s operation in the process of reform. Managers should also attach great importance to the third party and creditors when they value the interests of shareholders. It is imperfect to only emphasis or value the interests of the shareholders or the third party and creditors. In addition, creditor＇ s self-protection of civil action should obtain much more approaches in the process of reform.

我国企业破产重整程序中债权人利益保护问题

根据《中华人民共和国企业破产法》的规定,企业在出现破产情形时,其往往存在两种选择,一种是直接“死掉”,另一种则是进行企业重整进而使企业“活过来”。从实践操作层面上看,当企业经营出现资不抵债的情形时,宣告企业死亡往往是最先被考虑的选择,这也反映出人们对于破产制度的理解只是停留在破产清算这一层面。而随着清算制度的过度使用,清算制度的弊端日趋明显,如何解决企业困境,让企业起死回生被纳入考虑范围,破产重整制度也因此开始慢慢地衍生出来。破产重整制度在给予企业希望和保障债权人利益的同时,其中也暴露出一个问题,即在破产重整程序中,债权人处于弱势地位,如何保障债权人的利益成为一大问题。

内部控制质量与债权人保护研究——基于债务契约特征的视角

从债务契约特征的视角探讨内部控制对债权人的保护作用,并对比分析内部控制和公司治理在债权人保护方面的差异,通过研究发现:内部控制质量较高时,债权人会感知到更多的保护信号,并通过放宽债务契约条件表现出来,此时债权人会倾向持有更多的债务资本以及偏好更低的债务资本成本和更长的债务期限。另外,通过对比内部控制与公司治理在债权人保护方面的差异,发现在债权人保护方面,内部控制更具有增量作用。

农村宅基地流转的法律现状·缺陷及对策——以农民权益保护为视角

从用途限制、方式限制、对象限制及禁止抵押等4个方面对农村宅基地有关的现行法律规定进行梳理,发现现行法律规定的不足,如物权弱化、房地一体主义的理论困惑、土地管理法中的漏洞、对城镇居民购买宅基地的限制等。道出宅基地流转限制的危害,如会导致宅基地隐形交易;导致土地闲置、资源浪费;导致农民融资难;损害了土地所有者(农村集体经济组织)的利益等。提出建立宅基地流转的法定租赁模式作为农村宅基地流转问题的出路,具体说明了宅基地法定租赁模式的含义,从主体、客体、内容3方面阐述了宅基地法定租赁模式的具体内容,并明确了如何解决卖掉房屋的农民的居住问题,如何处理超标占用宅基地、如何分配宅基地租金、如何健全宅基地债权式流转相关的程序和手续等问题,以实现农村宅基地合法有效的流转,维护农民权益。

我国公司市场退出机制的缺失与完善——以债权人利益保护为中心

公司市场退出是指公司丧失商事主体资格而退出市场的行为,分为自愿退出和强制退出两种。我国现行法律、法规虽然对公司市场退出机制作了规定,但欠缺对债权人利益的有效保护。应通过建立公司人格否认制度、完善公司终止时的非破产清算制度、完善破产清算时债权人自治制度,以及确立人民法院在债权人利益保护中的最终地位、充分发挥司法审判的功能等途径来实现对债权人利益的保护。

股东创业成本最小化与债权人利益的虚假保护——公司资本制度的法经济学分析

一般认为公司资本制度具有两个功能:一是有效落实公司业务展开所需要的基础资本,二是借助公司注册资本保护债权人利益,但是世界范围内公司资本制度的发展却体现出逐渐放弃债权人保护功能的趋势。这个趋势背后的经济逻辑表明,债权人保护只是公司资本制度的虚假功能,追求股东创业成本最小化是其惟一的核心功能。

论消费者倾斜性保护的逻辑

消费者保护被普遍认可,但消费者保护立法的倾斜性原则却遭到质疑。倾斜性保护原则的成立有其历史必然性,是基于大工业、大行业时代提出的,旨在纠正社会经济生活中客观存在的实质不公平现象;有其社会基础,即由于在消费活动中消费者与经营者存在信息不对称、消费者明显的弱势地位,需要立法进行倾斜性权利配置,以维护正常的社会经济秩序。从一些先行工业化国家的立法来看,倾斜性保护的系列立法并没有损害企业的整体利益,更不会扭曲、破坏市场机制;我国的消费者保护立法实践也表明,倾斜性保护原则体现了现代社会公平价值和传统文化中的人本思想、彰显了消费者的消费尊严。

我国公司重整制度的检讨与建议——以债权人利益保护为视角

公司重整制度的目的是促进债务人复兴从而维护社会利益,是现代社会公力干预经济的体现,但这种公力干预必须限定在一定范围之内,即必须以不损害债权人的利益为前提。我国目前尚无现代意义上的公司重整制度①,已有的所谓“整顿”制度也被束之高阁。新《破产法草案》确立了重整制度,但从债权人利益保护着眼,仍有许多地方需要完善。

遗产继承中债权人利益保护问题探究

我国现行《继承法》侧重保护继承人的利益,而忽略了对遗产债权人利益的保护。在制度内容上存在着遗产债务范围过于狭窄,接受和放弃继承的期限不明确,对债权人利益保护和权利救济的具体制度缺失等明显缺陷。为此,当以《继承法》修订为历史契机,抓紧建立有条件的有限责任继承制度,进一步明确遗产和遗产债务的范围,完善遗产管理制度,增设对债权人利益保护和权利救济的具体制度等,以协调与平衡遗产继承中继承人与债权人之间的利益关系。