Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health.In this study,the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey.The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed.Finally,several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows:to promote delineation in a more scientific way,to safeguard the sanctity of the law,to make better plan on water saving,and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.

Protection Planning for Rural Centralized Drinking Water Source Areas in Chongqing

Protection planning is made for rural centralized drinking water source areas according to current situations of rural drinking water and existing problems of centralized drinking water source areas in Chongqing,and in combination with survey,analysis and evaluation of urban-rural drinking water source areas in whole city.There are engineering measures and non-engineering measures,to guarantee drinking water security of rural residents,improve rural ecological environment,realize sustainable use of water resource,and promote sustainable development of society.Engineering measures include conservation and protection of water resource,ecological restoration,isolation,and comprehensive control of pointsource and area-source pollution.Non-engineering measures include construction of monitoring system for drinking water source area,construction of security information system for rural centralized drinking water source area,and construction of emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents in rural water source areas.

Analysis of travel time, sources of water and well protection zones with groundwater models

This study compares numerical models with analytical solutions in computing travel times and radius of protection zones for a pumping well located in an unconfined aquifer with uniform recharge and in a semi-confined aquifer. Numerical models were capable of delineating protection zones using particle tracking method in both cases. However, protection zones defined by travel time criterion can only protect small percent of source water to the well; large percent of source water is not protected which may pose a risk of pollution of source water to the well. The case study of Leggeloo well field in the Netherlands indicates that although a well field protection area was enforced in 1980 s, elevated nitrate concentration has been monitored in the abstracted water since 1990 s. The analysis of protection areas shows that the current protection area only protects 37.4% of recharge water to the well field. A large protection area must be adopted in order to safeguard the sustainable water supply for the local community.

Agriculture and Water Sources Protection Zones in the Czech Republic

The area of interest is located in the South Moravia Region at the confluence of the Jihlava, Oslava and Rokytn^i rivers. Ivan^ice spring area comprises a series of hydrologic boreholes, it is the main water source for water supply of Ivan^ice and Rosice towns and provides water for 30,000 inhabitants. The risk analysis was created on the basis of water quality monitoring, hydrogeological assessment and terrain exploration and a revision of protection zones was proposed. The spring area is situated in nitrate vulnerable zones and recently nitrate concentrations have been decreasing. Water quality evaluation results： high concentration of manganese and iron, sometimes higher concentration of ammonium and COD. This area is intensively used for agriculture and it is necessary to make a compromise solution during protection zones proposal, The regime in protection zones can not affect manganese and iron concentration （their origin is in the natural geological environment）. Therefore, water treatment plant is in operation and its modernization is proposed. Furthermore, the paper deals with spring area intensification construction of a new hydrologic borehole, and managed and unmanaged infiltration of surface water. The proposal of protection zones revision consists of reduction to a 2nd level protection zone.

Groundwater protection:What can we learn from Germany?

For drinking water security the German waterworks proceed on a comprehensive concept,i.e.,the protection of all the regions from the recharge area to the client.It includes the protection of the recharge area by a precautionary management,a safe water treatment,a strict maintenance of the water distribution network,continuous control and an intensive training of staff.Groundwater protection zones together with effective regulations and control play a very important role.Three protection zones with different restrictions in land-use are distinguished.Water in reservoirs and lakes is also protected by Surface Water Protection Zones.Within the surrounding area the land-use is controlled,too.Special treatment is necessary if acidification happens caused by acid rain,or eutrophication caused by the inflow of sewage.Very important is the collaboration between waterworks and the farmers cultivating land in the recharge area in order to execute water-protecting ecological farming with the aim to reduce the application of fertilizers and plant protection agents.Probable financial losses have to be compensated by the waterworks.

长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制

指导重要饮用水水源地保护是《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》和“三定”规定赋予水行政主管部门的法定职责,也是维系流域供水安全保障的底线。通过对长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护管理现状的回顾分析,针对保护管理中存在的水源地名录准入退出机制不健全、安全评估制度不完善、资金投入保障机制不足等问题,提出了完善水源地安全保障规划体系、规范水源地名录管理机制、强化水源地安全评估和保护、严格水源地保护考核等长效机制构建思路和后续工作建议。研究成果对于落实《中华人民共和国水法》《中华人民共和国长江保护法》饮用水水源地保护要求、贯彻长江经济带绿色发展和长江大保护建设的要求、推动长江流域重要饮用水水源地保护长效机制建设具有重要意义。

不同乡村地域类型农户生计资本和生计策略特征及影响因素——以于桥水库流域为例

农户生计方式不仅决定了农户的收入,还对区域环境产生了深刻的影响。不同乡村地域类型是影响农户生计资本和生计策略的重要因素。本研究通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查获取于桥水库流域512份农户生计的一手数据,构建了农户生计资本评价指标体系,依据收入结构划分农户生计策略,分析不同乡村地域类型的农户生计资本和生计策略特征,并利用多元回归方程解析生计资本对生计策略的影响。结果表明:流域内农户生计非农化成为普遍现象,纯非农型和非主农辅型生计策略占比分别为29.5%和42.6%。不同生计策略农户的生计资本存在显著差异:纯非农和非主农辅农户的总生计资本、人力资本、社会资本和金融资本显著高于纯农业和农主非辅农户,纯农业和农主非辅农户的自然资本显著高于纯非农型农户。不同乡村地域类型农户的生计资本水平和生计策略选择具有明显差异。经济作物区农户的总生计资本、自然资本显著高于其他地区,传统粮产区的金融资本最低。水库周边区生计策略主要为纯非农型,山地林木区和城镇周边区主要是非主农辅型,传统粮产区和经济作物区主要是纯非农型和非主农辅型,文化旅游区主要是非主农辅型和农主非辅型。人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地破碎化程度、土壤肥力、劳动力占比、家庭人口平均年龄、交通工具和家庭人均收入等指标对农户生计策略选择具有显著影响。不同乡村地域类型生计资本和生计策略差异主要与地理区位、自然资源、社会资源和政策相关。最后,提出基于乡村地域特征的农户生计的针对性优化策略,为促进农户生计可持续发展提供参考。

引江补汉工程取水口饮用水水源保护区划分

引江补汉工程是南水北调中线工程的后续水源,为保障汉江中下游干流水质安全和湖北省补水区城乡生活供水安全,有必要在工程取水口周边划定饮用水水源保护区。在充分考虑水质保护要求、交通航运、港口建设发展、应急响应需求等因素的基础上,针对三峡调度运行不同水位情况、工程引水代表流量和相应水质条件设计工况情景,基于水动力水质模型计算和应急响应时间估算结果,提出引江补汉工程龙潭溪取水口水源保护区范围建议,为将来保护区划定提供技术支撑。计算结果表明,以龙潭溪取水口为中心划分饮用水水源保护区的径向距离应≥1.3 km。

饮用水源保护区地方法规建设现状与法律保护对策分析

文章将H省作为研究对象,通过对国家和H省在饮用水水源地保护方面的法律制度体系进行了梳理,并对其法规建设现状展开了分析。结果显示,在饮用水水源地保护法规建设方面,H省存在的困境主要包括饮用水水源地保护法律制度体系不完整,饮用水水源地应急制度缺乏操作性,饮用水水源地法律责任体系不完善3方面。结合H省饮用水水源地保护立法情况,制定了《H省饮用水水源地保护条例》,建立各项具体法律制度;同时对饮用水水源地保护区制度进行完善,统一饮用水水源水质标准,对地下水资源的开发利用提出了新的要求和相应对策。《H省饮用水水源地保护条例》应健全饮用水水源地应急制度,注意事前监测预警、事后应急处置衔接,通过防治结合,做到减少水源污染事故损失、保障饮用水安全;建立健全生态补偿机制,确保资金到位。

长江流域重要饮用水水源地生态隔离带建设体系研究

指导饮用水水源地保护工作是《长江保护法》、国务院机构改革方案赋予新时期水行政主管部门的重要职责与使命。《长江经济带发展规划纲要》明确提出“建设沿江、沿河、环湖水资源保护带和生态隔离带,增强水源涵养和水土保持能力”。在流域饮用水水源地现状梳理基础上,分析长江流域饮用水水源地生态隔离防护建设存在的布局不合理、系统性差、监督管控措施不到位等问题,以长江流域302重要饮用水水源地为重点,提出饮用水水源地生态隔离带的构建思路。依此为基础,构建了包含陆域隔离防护带建设、滨水缓冲带建设、水域净化带建设3个层次的生态隔离带建设布局,提出了生态隔离带建设格局、内容和措施要求。研究成果对贯彻落实《长江经济带发展规划纲要》《长江保护法》水源地保护要求,全面实施长江流域饮用水水源地生态隔离带建设、强化流域管理治理具有重要指导意义。

饮用水水源保护区常见风险源及相应的防范措施

水是生命的源泉,所有生物的生存都离不开水。饮用水源对人类的生存至关重要。近年来,随着我国经济快速发展,对生态环境造成诸多损害,各类污染问题频发,导致大量饮用水源被破坏,对人类的生存造成极大的影响和威胁。本文从饮用水水源保护区常见风险源入手,总结了几点策略,希望切实强化饮用水水源保护区常见风险防范效果。

农村饮用水水源地保护措施研究

水是人类赖以生存和发展的资源,饮用水安全是人民群众身体健康、生活安定的重要基础。然而在部分农村,由于特殊的环境和资源条件的影响,饮用水安全问题长期存在,尤其是随着城市化进程的加快和农业生产的发展,农村饮用水安全问题愈发突出,加强农村饮用水安全管理刻不容缓。基于此,本文指出农村饮用水管理存在的问题,提出农村饮用水水源地保护的措施,以供参考。

沿黄河地下水型饮用水源补给区划分——以郑州市九五滩水源地为例

地下水环境保护的关键工作之一是保护地下水型饮用水水源.为了科学保护水源地,须划定水源补给区.以郑州市的九五滩水源地为例,对不同傍河型水源补给区划分方法进行对比分析,并最终划定了九五滩水源补给区.结果表明,傍河型水源补给区宜结合水文地质分析法和数值法结果综合划定,河流侧向补给边界、隔水边界根据水文地质分析法结果确定,其他流量边界根据数值模型预测水源井相应时间的捕获区范围确定.九五滩水源补给区的北部边界位于黄河河道的北岸,西部边界为京广线铁路,东部边界为郑州黄河公路大桥,南部边界为沿黄快速通道,补给区面积为62.17 km^(2).研究结果可为该水源地地下水保护提供科学依据,也可为其他傍河型水源补给区划分提供参考.

粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案优化方法分析——以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例

饮用水安全与人民群众的生活健康密切相关,集中式饮用水水源保护区的划定是保证水质安全的重要措施。本文以韶关市乡镇水源地“划、立、治”工作实践为例,分析粤北地区乡镇集中式饮用水水源保护区划分方案的优化方法。其间充分调研韶关市乡镇饮用水水源地现状,分析水源保护区划分技术路线,探讨划分方案优化方法,并提出划定后的建设管理建议,为后续乡镇饮用水水源保护提供科学依据。

2022年阿克苏地区城镇地下饮用水源水质现状及管理探讨

通过分析阿克苏地区七县两市城镇地下饮用水枯水期和丰水期数据,查明阿克苏地区城镇地下饮用水源地水质类别为Ⅱ类-Ⅲ类,影响水质类别的指标为总α放射性、硫酸盐、总硬度、溶解性总固体和砷。由此探讨该地区城镇饮用地下水水质现状和存在的隐患问题,并提出相应的对策建议,为区域安全用水和地下水环境保护提供技术支持。

太湖渔洋山水源地近岸生态修复工程探索

从江苏省苏州太湖渔洋山水源地饮用水水源保护区的实际情况出发,分析水源地现状问题,研究确立水源地近岸生态修复措施,建设风浪削减和蓝藻拦截、鱼贝螺控藻引导水下生态修复工程、水下森林生态修复工程和长效管理等措施,确保饮用水水源地水质达标和长效安全。

区域集中式饮用水水源地管理与保护探讨

分段梳理近年来江苏省集中式饮用水水源地管理与保护的4个发展阶段,总结水源地管理和保护的工作经验与成效,依据集中式饮用水水源地管理与保护相关规范,结合江苏实际,提出未来水源地管理与保护工作建议。

启东市头兴港汇龙应急饮用水水源地保护区调整与划分分析

为加强饮用水水源地保护,确保启东市城乡居民饮水安全,在对头兴港汇龙应急水源地水质、污染源等进行深入分析的基础上,提出了饮用水水源地配套水厂取水口迁移的建议。采用类比经验法对迁移后取水口所在饮用水水源地进行了保护区划分,并对划分后的水源一级保护区、二级保护区及准保护区内存在环境问题,提出了有针对性的污染防治措施,为提升饮水安全保障水平提供技术支撑。

长江流域饮用水水源地名录管理的思考和建议

《长江保护法》规定了长江流域饮用水水源地名录管理的制度内容,也确认了水行政主管部门水源地保护的法定职责。为深入落实《长江保护法》要求,在全面分析长江流域饮用水水源地管理现状的基础上,分析了长江流域饮用水水源地名录管理形势要求,提出了加强长江流域饮用水水源地名录管理的工作思路和建议。研究成果可强化《长江保护法》饮用水水源地保护制度落实,为加强流域饮用水水源地管理提供决策依据,对建立以水源地名录管理为基础的水源地保护体系、复苏河湖生态环境具有深远的指导意义。

农村饮用水水源保护区优化调整研究与实践——以汕头市澄海区为例

保障农村饮水安全,事关民生国计,也是落实党中央、国务院关于打好水源地保护攻坚战和农业农村污染治理攻坚战的决策部署,而饮用水水源保护区的优化调整是保障饮用水安全的首要和关键步骤,也是最有效的措施。以汕头市澄海区饮用水水源保护区优化调整作为研究案例,提出因取水口迁移而申请取消原有饮用水水源保护区优化调整方案的论证重点为其必要性和可行性:在必要性论证中应重点关注优化调整的迫切性、法律依据、事实依据三方面;在可行性论证中应重点关注水资源量的充足性、取水口位置的合理性、水质的达标性三方面。通过案例分析提出优化调整后饮用水水源保护区规范建设与管理建议,可为农村饮用水源地优化调整及管理提供借鉴与参考。