Exploitation and Utilization of Insect Protein Feed Resources

The insect is the animal protein feed resource potential, the rapid repro- duction, large quantity, high protein content, and most species of insects can be used as livestock feed utilization, development of insect as feed resources, to pro- mote the development of China＇s animal husbandry and feed industry, has important significance.

Effect of New Fly Maggot Protein Feed on mRNA Expression of TOR Signaling Pathway-related Genes in Loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two kinds of test feed with equal nitrogen and energy were prepared by replacing 60% of the fish meal in the control group with the new fly maggot protein feed, i.e., Diet1(control group) and Diet2(60% fish meal replacement group). The feeding experiment was carried out in an indoor circulating water system, and the breeding period was 60 d. [Results] For the livers, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly higher than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while the expression of 4 EBP2 was lower than in the Diet1 group(P<0.05);and as to the muscles, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly lower than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while there was no significant change in the mRNA level of 4EBP2 between the two groups. [Conclusions] The replacement of fish meal by fly maggot cultures affected the mRNA expression of TOR, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 in loach livers and muscles.

Effects of replacing soybean meal with enzymolysis-fermentation compound protein feed on growth performance,apparent digestibility of nutrients,carcass traits,and meat quality in growing-finishing pig

Background Addressing the shortage of high-quality protein resources,this study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal(SBM)with different levels of enzymolysis-fe rmentation compound protein feed(EFCP)in the diets of growing—finishing pigs,focusing on growth perfo rmance,nutrients digestibility;carcass traits,and meat quality.Methods Sixty DLY(Durdcx LandracexYorkshire)pigs with an initial body weight of 42.76±2.05 kg were assigto 5 diietary treatments in a 2×2+1 factorial design.These dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal diet(CON),untreated compound protein feed(UCP)substitution 50%(U50)and 100%SBM(U100)diets,and EFCP substitution 50%(EF50)and 100%SBM(EF100)diets.Each treatment had 6 pens(replicates)with 2 pigs per pen,and the experiment lasted 58 d,divided into phaseⅠ(1-28 d)and phaseⅡ(29-58 d).Following phaseⅠ,only the CON,U50,and EF50 groups were continued for phaseⅡ,each with 5 replicate pens.On d 59,a total of 15 pigs(1 pig/pen,5pens/treatment)were euthanized.Results During phaseⅠ,the EF50 group had a higher average daily gain(ADG)in pigs(P<0.05)compared to the CON group,whereas the U50 group did not have a significant difference.As the substitution ratio of UCP and EFCP increased in phaseⅠ,there was a noticeable reduction in the final body weight and ADG(P<0.05),along with an increase in the feed-to-gain ratio(F/G)(P<0.05).In phaseⅡ,there were no significant differences in growth performance among the treatment groups,but EF50 increased the apparent digestibility of several nutrients(including dry matter,crude protein,crude fiber,acid detergent fiber,ash,gross energy)compared to U50.The EF50 group also exhibited significantly higher serum levels of neuropeptide Y and ghrelin compared to the CON and U50 groups(P<0.05),Moreover,the EF50 group had higher carcass weight and carcass length than those in the CON and U50groups(P<0.05),with no significant difference in meat quality.Conclusions The study findings suggest that replacing 50%SBM with EFCP during the growing-finishing period can improve the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and carcass traits of pigs without compromising meat quality This research offers valuable insights into the modification of unconventional plant protein meals and developing alternatives to SBM.

Effects of fermented protein feed on the growth performance of pond-raised crab

This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a pellet feed containing fermented proteins on pond-raised Chinese mitten crabs,Eriocheir sinensis in a 7-month crab feeding experiment in Gucheng Lake,Jiangsu province,China.The results showed that fermented protein could significantly increase mean weight gain,crab size and total yield compared with control group.Moreover,the mean weight of male crabs and the number of large-sized male crabs improved over those of the control group.However,feed efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the two groups.The amino acid content in the muscles of the female crabs of both the groups was higher than that in the muscles of the male crabs.The present study suggests that fermented compound protein may be one kind of potential protein sources for E.sinensis.

Nitrogen partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows with different phenotypic residual feed intake

Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) is an inheritable measure of feed efficiency that is independent on level of production. However, physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying divergent RFI are not fully elucidated.This study was conducted to investigate dietary nitrogen(N) partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows divergent in phenotypic RFI.Results: Thirty Holstein dairy cows(milk yield = 35.3 ± 4.71 kg/d;milk protein yield = 1.18 ± 0.13 kg/d;mean ± standard deviation) were selected for the experiment to derive RFI. After the RFI measurement period of 50 d, the 10 lowest RFI cows and 8 highest RFI cows were selected. The low RFI cows had lower dry matter intake(DMI, P < 0.05) than the high RFI cows, but they produced similar energy-corrected milk. The ratios of milk to DMI(1.41 vs. 1.24, P < 0.01) and energy-corrected milk to DMI(1.48 vs. 1.36, P < 0.01) were greater in low RFI cows than those in the high RFI cows. The low RFI cows had lower milk urea nitrogen than that in the high RFI cows(P = 0.05). Apparent digestibility of nutrients did not differ between two groups(P > 0.10). Compared with high RFI animals, the low RFI cows had a lower retention of N(5.72 vs. 51.4 g/d, P < 0.05) and a higher partition of feed N to milk N(29.7% vs. 26.5%, P < 0.05).Conclusions: The results suggest that differences in N partition, synthesis of microbial protein, and utilization of metabolizable protein could be part of the mechanisms associated with variance in the RFI.

Production Technology and Application of Slow-Release Non-protein Nitrogen Extruded Feed Additive

Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed. By designing the best formula and using chelating and emulsifying process, the slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed additives were produced. This product increases milk yield and improves milk quality, thus increasing economic efficiency.

Influence of fish meal quality on growth,feed conversion rate and protein digestibility in shrimp (Penaeus chinensis ) and red seabream (Pagrosomus major)

The effect of fishmeal quality on growth,feed conversion ratio and protein digestibility was studied in a growth experiment with shrimp and red seabream.The shrimp and fish were fed three diets varing in the quality of the fishmeal used in the respective feeds: low quality fish meal,good quality fish meal,and Peru fish meal.The experiment lasted for 2 months.The shrimp and fish fed the feed with good quality fish meal showed significantly better feed conversion ratio,weight gain rate,protein digestibility than the other groups.

非常规饲料的开发与高效利用

我国饲料原料供给链尚存结构性矛盾和人畜争粮等诸多弊端,着力开发和高效利用非常规饲料将成为当代养殖业健康可持续发展的研发重点。非常规饲料具有资源广、单一营养和生物活性成分高、饲料成本低等优势。同时,非常规饲料营养成分不平衡、用量限制、抗营养因子、适口性差和质量不稳定等限制因素也需要对应的技术手段攻克。文章综述了杂粕类、糟渣类、木本饲料、单细胞蛋白、动物源蛋白、谷物副产物、秸秆、中草药副产物和茶叶副产物等非常规功能型饲料的资源分布、营养特征、加工方式和应用实例。最后,探讨了建立非常规饲料资源利用与产业化的战略体系,展望了今后非常规饲料原料加工的创新技术,为加速解决我国粮油危机和多元化问题提供了新的角度。

超级微波消解ICP-OES法测定宠物饲料中硫含量及与总蛋白质相关性分析

建立了超级微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定宠物饲料中硫含量的新方法。系统探究了超级微波消解条件对消解液中残留碳含量(RCC)和残留酸量(RA)的影响,以这两项指标为依据,有效评估了消解效果,建立了优化微波消解条件的新策略。系统性研究了五种不同价态的硫形态对硫元素测定的影响,发现低价态硫标准物质在酸性条件下制备时,硫元素发射强度显著增强,而高价态硫标准物质在三种条件(酸性、中性和碱性)下制备时,硫元素发射强度均较稳定,为配制介质和硫标准物质的选择提供了有益的指导。研究发现,超级微波消解系统所创造的高温高压环境以及消解试剂的强氧化性条件,能有效消除低价态硫在酸性前处理条件下的发射强度增强效应。采用酸性条件配制高价态硫(SO_(4)^(2-))标准物质,并结合超级微波消解系统,能够实现宠物饲料中五种不同价态硫的准确测定。加标回收率为86.5%~108%,RSD值为1.69%~4.18%,检出限为6.2 mg·kg^(-1),与国家标准方法相比,该方法具有灵敏度高、成本低、绿色环保、工作效率高的优点。研究发现宠物饲料中硫含量与总蛋白质含量之间存在极显著正相关性(相关系数=0.819,p<0.01),可以为宠物饲料中总蛋白质含量的准确测定提供新思路和方向。

新型蛋白源在水产饲料中替代鱼粉的研究进展

鱼粉资源短缺,供应不稳定,价格昂贵且日益上涨,增加了养殖成本,并严重阻碍了水产养殖业的可持续发展。因此,在水产养殖业中探索可持续性强、营养价值高和价格低廉的优质鱼粉替代品至关重要。新型蛋白源营养价值高,富含蛋白质、矿物质和维生素,氨基酸分布均衡,且价格低廉,具有开发成为水产饲料中鱼粉替代品的良好前景。新型蛋白源主要分为昆虫蛋白源(如黄粉虫粉、蝇蛆粉和黑水虻幼虫粉等)和微生物蛋白源(如啤酒酵母、螺旋藻粉和乙醇梭菌蛋白等)。文章介绍了新型蛋白源的种类和营养特性,重点对新型蛋白源替代水产饲料中的鱼粉的应用效果进行综述,并简要探讨了新型蛋白源在实际生产应用中存在的问题和前景,以期为新型蛋白源在水产养殖业中的开发利用提供参考。

复合菌系半固态发酵水稻秸秆产蛋白饲料工艺研究

水稻秸秆通过微生物发酵生产蛋白质饲料,具有丰富的营养价值。试验以水稻秸秆为唯一碳源,添加麸皮作氮源,通过黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)和克鲁维毕赤酵母16(Pichia kluyveri 16)复合菌系进行半固态发酵,探究混菌发酵生产蛋白饲料的最佳发酵条件。结果表明,在水稻秸秆和麸皮培养基中,水稻秸秆∶麸皮=3∶1,半固态培养基水分初始pH 4.0,初始水分含量60%,黑曲霉接种量20%,黑曲霉发酵时间60 h,P. kluyveri 16发酵转速150 r/min,P. kluyveri 16接种量9%,P. kluyveri 16发酵时间4 d,此条件下发酵饲料粗蛋白含量为17.5%,比发酵前提高了2.1倍;真蛋白含量为14.5%,比发酵前提升了1.7倍。纤维素含量下降,氨基酸含量呈倍数增长。本研究对复合菌系半固态发酵水稻秸秆产蛋白饲料的工艺进行了探究,有效提高了水稻秸秆蛋白饲料的消化率,明显改善了水稻秸秆的营养价值,对开发新型秸秆蛋白饲料具有重要意义。

Feasibility of Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Proteins from Different Sources in Diets of Korean Rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in an indoor recirculation seawater system to investigate the effects of partial replacement of dietary fishmeal with proteins from five sources on the growth performance and feed utilization of Sebastes schlegeli. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated using fishmeal(FM, the control) as sole protein source, or proteins from five sources including poultry by-product meal(PBM), meat and bone meal(MBM), soybean meal(SBM), cottonseed meal(CSM) and canola meal(CNM). Fifteen percent of the crude protein provided by fish meal was replaced, respectively. The results showed that the differences in specific growth rate(SGR) and survival rate(SR) among fish fed PBM, MBM, SBM, CSM and whole FM diets were not significant. However, SGR and SR of fish fed CNM diet was significantly lower than that of other treatments. Feeding rate, feed conversion, nutrient retention showed similar patterns to that of growth. Fish fed CSM and CNM showed significantly lower apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC) of dry matter and gross energy than those fed others while fish fed CNM showed lower ADC of crude protein than those fed others(P<0.05). These results suggested that it was feasible to substitute 15% dietary protein provided by fishmeal with PBM, MBM, SBM and CSM, respectively, but not with CNM as the replacement with CNM reduced fish growth and feed utilization.

Effect of Feeding Strategies on Molecular Responses of Biotransformation Genes in Crassostrea gigas Exposed to Cadmium

Heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), are widespread pollutants of great environmental concern because of their ac- cumulation and toxicity. Environmental conditions can affect the accumulation and elimination of Cd in organisms. The aim of this study is to understand the respective responses of metallothioneins (MTs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes in the mantle and digestive gland of the oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to 10 g L 1 Cd for 28 days, followed by a depura- tion period of 35 days under different feeding strategies. The MT expression in the digestive gland was higher than in mantle, and was induced in a fluctuating pattern throughout the time of the whole experiment when the oyster was exposed to Cd. The results indicated an enhanced MT activity is required for Cd detoxification. Expression levels of P-gp in the mantle of Cd-exposed oysters fed with algae increased in the first two weeks of the accumulation phase. Then the induction weakened, but the expression still in- creased significantly compared with the control group fed without algae. The P-gp levels in the digestive gland were under-regulated during both the contamination and decontamination periods except in the group fed with Dicrateria inornata at day 0.083. The in- duction of P-gp is possibly related to the important role of pumping Cd out of the cell, while a major implication of P-gp expression inhibition would be a disruption of the protein synthesis. Hsp70 expression exhibited an overall decreasing trend. The highest relative hsp70 inhibition occurred during day 42 to day 63, with approximately 4-fold and 10-fold lower hsp70 levels as compared to the C.gigas feeding with no algae in the mantle and digestive gland, respectively. The induction of hsp70 may be explained by the re- folding of protein in presence of Cd, followed by the inhibition of hsp70 when the protein synthesis was disrupted.

Effects of the Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal by Insect or Algae Meal in Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply on Parameters of Gut Microbiology and Dietary Protein Quality

Insects or algae are considered future solutions to substitute imported feed proteins like soybean meal (SBM) in animal nutrition. The objective of this research, as part of the multidisciplinary project “Sustainability transitions”, focused on replacing 50% SBM by partly defatted larvae meal from black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) or the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis in meat type chicken diets. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects on body composition, protein quality, apparent precaecal digestibility (apcD) and parameters of intestinal microbiota. In total, 288 one-day-old male growing chickens (Ross 308) from a commercial hatchery were randomly allotted to 48 pens (6 birds per pen) across five diets, which were fed at a free choice level. The control diet utilized SBM, wheat and corn as main ingredients, and experimental diets replaced 50% of SBM by the alternative proteins under study. Amino acid (AA) supplementation of the final diets was conducted both at a basic level (diets HM, SM;Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and an extended level of AA fortification (diets HM+, SM+;extended supplementation of Lys, Met, Thr, Arg). After finishing the growth study, 4 individual birds per diet were slaughtered for whole body analyses to derive nutrient utilization and dietary protein quality parameters. Additionally, pooled chyme samples from 16 birds per diet (control, HM and SM) were analyzed to assess apcD and microbial parameters. Diets HM and SM with a basic level of AA fortification led to significant depressions in nutrient deposition and dietary protein quality. However, HM+ and SM+ diets with an extended level of AA supplementation led to significantly improved responses;however these were still generally not on par with the control diet. The HM+ diet provided superior CP deposition and dietary protein quality, as compared to the SM+ diet, but equal to the control diet. Results of gut microbiology yielded no significant effects due to feeding the alternative protein sources under study.

辣木叶的营养价值及其在家禽生产中的应用

辣木叶含有多种生物物质,其中含许多具有潜在药用功效的黄酮类、多酚类、苯丙素类、萜类、生物碱类、异硫氰酸酯类、有机酸等化合物,其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血脂等功效。辣木叶中还含有丰富的蛋白质和家禽所需的11种必需氨基酸,矿物元素和维生素也非常丰富,尤其是钙、铁、硒、维生素E、泛酸等。辣木叶作为家禽优良的饲料原料之一,替代部分蛋白质饲料,具有改善家禽生产性能,促进肠道健康、肉品质以及胫骨强度,以及改善蛋品质等作用。文章就辣木叶中的生物活性物质、营养成分以及在家禽生产中的应用进行综述,以期为辣木资源的饲料化和开发利用提供科学依据。

反刍动物营养与日粮中的蛋白替代技术策略

“大食物观”包含了饲料在内的粮食安全供给,我国饲料粮占粮食总量48.2%,其中蛋白质饲料资源短缺,对外依存度居高不下,给畜产品稳产保供、粮食安全带来隐患,制约着我国畜牧业的发展。牛羊等反刍动物产业既是重要的畜牧产业构成,也是民生产业,文章针对非蛋白氮、低蛋白日粮配制等技术在反刍动物营养与日粮中的应用以及蛋白替代策略进行论述,旨在为反刍动物养殖过程中开源节流、绿色可持续发展提供参考。

Analysis of Overall Popularization of Low-Protein Diet

The shortage of protein feed resources and environmental pollution restrict the healthy and sustainable development of breeding industry,so it is imperative to promote low protein diet. Based on the current industry trends and national policies, this paper analyzes the background con-ditions, significance and specific measures of popularizing low-protein diets, in order to provide policy, theoretical and technical support for the im-plementation of low-protein diets throughout the year.

昆虫蛋白开发应用进展及产业前景

昆虫是动物界中物种多样性最高的类群。昆虫不仅具有种类繁多、数量庞大、繁殖性能优良等特点,还含有丰富的营养成分。阐述了昆虫的营养价值,分析了昆虫蛋白在饲料及其他领域的应用现状,总结了昆虫蛋白产业发展过程中面临的问题,并对昆虫蛋白产业的发展前景进行了展望。利用昆虫生物转化废弃物生产昆虫蛋白,不仅能解决环保问题,还能解决饲料蛋白短缺问题,昆虫蛋白产业有益于经济和社会的可持续发展。

畜禽豆粕减量替代技术研究进展

一直以来,我国畜牧业对进口豆粕的依存度较高,近年来随着国际环境、贸易政策和全球气候的变化,豆粕的供应日益紧张,价格居高不下,制约了我国饲料业和畜牧业的发展。为保障我国饲料粮的供给安全,农业农村部部署“提效减量、开源替代”任务,豆粕减量替代工作刻不容缓、意义重大。文章综述了当前畜禽养殖行业中豆粕减量替代技术的研究进展,以期为饲料行业的发展提供参考。

黑水虻利用有机固废开发新型饲料蛋白与碳减排研发现状和展望

黑水虻作为一种重要的资源昆虫,可以处理多种有机固废,收获虫体生物质。黑水虻虫体富含蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质,在畜禽与水产的饲料中可有效替代鱼粉和豆粕而作为新型饲料蛋白资源。黑水虻幼虫处理有机固废还可以有效减少处理过程中的碳排放,将更多的碳元素以有机物的形式固定在虫体生物质上。文章从以下几个方面进行了综述:黑水虻转化不同有机固废,及其不同废弃物搭配对黑水虻转化及黑水虻营养的影响;微生物对黑水虻转化有机固废获得黑水虻生物质、蛋白的影响;黑水虻转化有机固废的无害化;黑水虻替代鱼粉和豆粕,是极具潜力的新型“开源”饲料蛋白;黑水虻中功能性蛋白(肽)的开发利用-用于饲料蛋白“节流”;黑水虻在固碳减排方面的作用;同时对黑水虻未来研究与开发方向进行了展望,以期为黑水虻资源的开发利用提供参考。