基于Fas/FasL介导的凋亡信号通路研究通管方对输卵管炎性不孕模型大鼠的作用机制

目的:探讨通管方对输卵管炎性不孕(SI)模型大鼠输卵管组织中Fas/FasL通路的影响。方法:采用经阴道内接种混合菌液的方法,建立输卵管炎性不孕大鼠模型。造模后,77只SD雌性大鼠随机分成空白组、假手术组、模型组、妇可靖胶囊组(0.29 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))、通管方低剂量组(7.515 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))、通管方中剂量组(15.03 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))、通管方高剂量组(30.06 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)),各组大鼠分别灌胃给药28 d后处死并取材。采用蛋白免疫印迹法(WB)检测SI模型大鼠输卵管组织中Fas、FasL蛋白及Caspase-1的表达水平,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测SI模型大鼠血清IL-4、IL-10、Caspase-1的表达变化。结果:与空白组比较,模型组血清中IL-4和IL-10的水平均明显降低,血清和输卵管组织中的Caspase-1水平明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,通管方各剂量组和妇可靖胶囊组降低了血清和输卵管组织中的Caspase-1的表达(P<0.01),上调了血清中IL-4和IL-10水平、输卵管组织中Fas和FasL蛋白的表达(P<0.05,P<0.01)。其中,通管方高剂量组的作用均明显优于其他剂量组和妇可靖胶囊组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:通管方可能通过调控Fas/FasL凋亡信号通路而消除SI模型大鼠输卵管炎症。

疏肝健脾颗粒对大鼠乳腺癌癌前病变组织Fas、FasL表达的影响

目的:观察疏肝健脾颗粒对模型大鼠乳腺癌癌前病变组织Fas、FasL表达的影响,探讨其阻断乳腺癌癌前病变发展的机制。方法:90只SD大鼠,随机分为6组,正常对照组、模型组、三苯氧胺组及疏肝健脾颗粒低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组。以雌孕激素与DMBA联合诱导乳腺癌癌前病变模型,各组分别给予生理盐水、三苯氧胺、疏肝健脾颗粒不同剂量干预60 d后,进行组织病理学及Fas、FasL表达的免疫组化检测。结果:模型组大鼠乳腺癌前病变率为69.2%,疏肝健脾颗粒各剂量组及三苯氧胺组的癌前病变发生率均低于模型组(P<0.01),模型组和疏肝健脾颗粒中、低剂量组部分大鼠乳腺组织发生浸润癌。正常对照组大鼠乳腺组织Fas蛋白表达较高,FasL蛋白表达在模型组大鼠乳腺组织表达较高,疏肝健脾颗粒各剂量组和三苯氧胺组Fas蛋白表达增强,FasL蛋白表达减弱,与模型组比较差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:疏肝健脾颗粒可以显著降低DMBA诱导的大鼠乳腺癌癌前病变的发生率,调控乳腺癌癌前病变组织Fas、FasL的表达是其部分作用机制。

Major royal-jelly proteins intake modulates immune functions and gut microbiota in mice

In this study,we investigated the effects of major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)on the estrogen,gut microbiota,and immunological responses in mice.Mice given 250 or 500 mg/kg,not 125 mg/kg of MRJPs,enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes in response to mitogens.The splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes activated by T-cell mitogens(Con A and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies)released high levels of IL-2 but low levels of IFN-γand IL-17A.The release of IL-4 was unaffected by MRJPs.Additionally,splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes activated by LPS were prevented by MRJPs at the same dose as that required for producing IL-1βand IL-6,two pro-inflammatory cytokines.The production of IL-1β,IL-6,and IFN-γwas negatively associated with estrogen levels,which were higher in the MRJP-treated animals than in the control group.Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that feeding mice 250 mg/kg of MRJPs maintained the stability of the natural intestinal microflora of mice.Additionally,the LEf Se analysis identified biomarkers in the MRJP-treated mice,including Prevotella,Bacillales,Enterobacteriales,Gammaproteobacteria,Candidatus_Arthromitus,and Shigella.Our results showed that MRJPs are important components of royal jelly that modulate host immunity and hormone levels and help maintain gut microbiota stability.

水飞蓟宾抑制Fas/FasL信号通路对肺结核大鼠炎症损伤及巨噬细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探究水飞蓟宾对肺结核(TB)大鼠肺部炎症损伤、巨噬细胞凋亡的影响,及对死亡受体Fas及其配体FasL的调控作用。方法:采用尾静脉注射结核分枝杆菌(Mtb)法制备TB大鼠模型,并随机分为模型组、水飞蓟宾组、Fas过表达重组蛋白(pcDNA-Fas)组、pcDNA-Fas阴性对照(pcDNA-NC)组、水飞蓟宾+pcDNA-Fas组,每组15只,另取15只大鼠为正常对照组。抗酸染色检测肺组织感染情况;HE染色观察肺组织病理变化;ELISA法检测肺组织TNF-α、IL-6表达;Annexin VFITC/PI双染结合流式细胞术检测肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率;Western blot检测Fas、FasL、caspase8、caspase3、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-2(MIP-2)表达水平。结果:与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织炎症因子表达、肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率升高,肺组织Mtb感染及干酪样坏死严重,Fas/FasL介导的caspase8/3凋亡途径活化(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,水飞蓟宾组大鼠肺组织炎症因子表达、肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率降低,肺组织Mtb感染及干酪样坏死缓解,Fas/FasL介导的caspase8/3凋亡途径活性降低(P<0.05)。pc-DNA-Fas可进一步激活Fas/FasL介导的caspase8/3凋亡途径活化,加重肺组织Mtb感染及干酪样坏死,促进肺组织炎症损伤及巨噬细胞凋亡,并减弱水飞蓟宾发挥的抗Fas/FasL活化、抗炎及抗巨噬细胞凋亡作用(P<0.05)。结论:水飞蓟宾可能通过抑制Fas/FasL信号通路发挥抗Mtb感染、抗肺组织巨噬细胞凋亡及抗肺部炎症损伤作用。

穿心莲内酯通过抑制Fas/FasL信号轴降低子宫内膜癌Ishikawa/DPP细胞对顺铂的耐药性

目的:探讨穿心莲内酯(Andro)调节脂肪酸合成酶(Fas)/脂肪酸合成酶配体(FasL)信号轴对子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞顺铂(DDP)耐药性的影响。方法:采用0、5、10、20μg/mL DDP分别处理Ishikawa细胞和顺铂耐药的Ishikawa/DPP细胞,0、5、10、25、50μmol/L Andro处理Ishikawa/DDP细胞,MTT法检测细胞增殖情况并为后续实验选择合适的给药剂量。将Ishikawa/DDP细胞随机分为对照组、DDP组(DDP干预)、Andro组(DDP、Andro干预)、pcDNA3.1-NC组(转染pcDNA3.1+DDP、Andro干预)、pcDNA3.1-Fas/FasL组(转染pcDNA3.1-Fas/FasL+DDP、Andro干预),24 h后,采用qPCR法检测Fas、FasL mRNA的表达,平板克隆形成实验、Transwell实验和流式细胞术分别检测细胞克隆能力、细胞迁移与侵袭和细胞凋亡,WB法检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、BAX、Bcl-2、MMP-2、PD-L1、多药耐药蛋白-1(MDR-1)及Fas、FasL蛋白表达。结果:DDP以剂量依赖的方式抑制Ishikawa和Ishikawa/DPP细胞增殖,并且与Ishikawa细胞比较,Ishikawa/DPP细胞对DDP的敏感性更低(均P<0.05);Andro以剂量依赖性的方式抑制Ishikawa/DPP细胞的增殖(均P<0.05)。Ishikawa/DPP细胞中Fas、FasL的表达水平均高于Ishikawa细胞(均P<0.05)。选取20μg/mL DDP和25μmol/L Andro为干预剂量,干预时间24h。与对照组比较,DDP组Ishikawa/DPP细胞中PD-L1、MDR-1、Fas、FasL mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),而克隆形成率、迁移与侵袭细胞数、凋亡率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);与DDP组比较,Andro组Ishikawa/DPP细胞中Fas、FasL mRNA表达水平、细胞克隆形成率、迁移与侵袭细胞数、PCNA、Bcl-2、MMP-2、PD-L1、MDR-1、Fas、FasL蛋白表达水平显著降低,BAX蛋白表达水平及凋亡率显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),pcDNA3.1-NC组与Andro组类似;与pcDNA3.1-NC组比较,pcDNA3.1-Fas/FasL组Ishikawa/DPP细胞上述指标变化均被逆转(P<0.05)。结论:Andro可能通过抑制Fas/FasL信号轴来抑制Ishikawa/DPP细胞增殖、迁移与侵袭,促进凋亡,从而降低细胞对DDP的耐药性。

Essential proteins identification method based on four-order distances and subcellular localization information

Essential proteins are inseparable in cell growth and survival. The study of essential proteins is important for understanding cellular functions and biological mechanisms. Therefore, various computable methods have been proposed to identify essential proteins. Unfortunately, most methods based on network topology only consider the interactions between a protein and its neighboring proteins, and not the interactions with its higher-order distance proteins. In this paper, we propose the DSEP algorithm in which we integrated network topology properties and subcellular localization information in protein–protein interaction(PPI) networks based on four-order distances, and then used random walks to identify the essential proteins. We also propose a method to calculate the finite-order distance of the network, which can greatly reduce the time complexity of our algorithm. We conducted a comprehensive comparison of the DSEP algorithm with 11 existing classical algorithms to identify essential proteins with multiple evaluation methods. The results show that DSEP is superior to these 11 methods.

Prognosis value of heat-shock proteins in esophageal and esophagogastric cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins(HSPs)are molecular chaperones that play an important role in cellular protection against stress events and have been reported to be overex-pressed in many cancers.The prognostic significance of HSPs and their regulatory factors,such as heat shock factor 1(HSF1)and CHIP,are poorly understood.AIM To investigate the relationship between HSP expression and prognosis in esophageal and esophagogastric cancer.METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA recommend-ations(PROSPERO:CRD42022370653),on Embase,PubMed,Cochrane,and LILACS.Cohort,case-control,and cross-sectional studies of patients with eso-phagus or esophagogastric cancer were included.HSP-positive patients were compared with HSP-negative,and the endpoints analyzed were lymph node metastasis,tumor depth,distant metastasis,and overall survival(OS).HSPs were stratified according to the HSP family,and the summary risk difference(RD)was calculated using a random-effect model.RESULTS The final selection comprised 27 studies,including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(21),esophagogastric adenocarcinoma(5),and mixed neoplasms(1).The pooled sample size was 3465 patients.HSP40 and 60 were associated with a higher 3-year OS[HSP40:RD=0.22;95%confidence interval(CI):0.09-0.35;HSP60:RD=0.33;95%CI:0.17-0.50],while HSF1 was associated with a poor 3-year OS(RD=-0.22;95%CI:-0.32 to-0.12).The other HSP families were not associated with long-term survival.HSF1 was associated with a higher probability of lymph node metastasis(RD=-0.16;95%CI:-0.29 to-0.04).HSP40 was associated with a lower probability of lymph node dissemination(RD=0.18;95%CI:0.03-0.33).The expression of other HSP families was not significantly related to tumor depth and lymph node or distant metastasis.CONCLUSION The expression levels of certain families of HSP,such as HSP40 and 60 and HSF1,are associated with long-term survival and lymph node dissemination in patients with esophageal and esophagogastric cancer.

Interplay between the glymphatic system and neurotoxic proteins in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders:current knowledge and future directions

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with abnormal aggregation and accumulation of neurotoxic proteins,includingα-synuclein,amyloid-β,and tau,in addition to the impaired elimination of these neurotoxic protein.Atypical parkinsonism,which has the same clinical presentation and neuropathology as Parkinson’s disease,expands the disease landscape within the continuum of Parkinson’s disease and related disorders.The glymphatic system is a waste clearance system in the brain,which is responsible for eliminating the neurotoxic proteins from the interstitial fluid.Impairment of the glymphatic system has been proposed as a significant contributor to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease,as it exacerbates the aggregation of neurotoxic proteins and deteriorates neuronal damage.Therefore,impairment of the glymphatic system could be considered as the final common pathway to neurodegeneration.Previous evidence has provided initial insights into the potential effect of the impaired glymphatic system on Parkinson’s disease and related disorders;however,many unanswered questions remain.This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the growing literature on the glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders.The focus of this review is on identifying the manifestations and mechanisms of interplay between the glymphatic system and neurotoxic proteins,including loss of polarization of aquaporin-4 in astrocytic endfeet,sleep and circadian rhythms,neuroinflammation,astrogliosis,and gliosis.This review further delves into the underlying pathophysiology of the glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders,and the potential implications of targeting the glymphatic system as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.

Exploration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory peptides from walnut dreg proteins based on in silico and in vitro analysis

Walnut dreg protein hydrolysates(WDPHs)exhibit a variety of biological activities,however,the cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitory peptide of WDPHs remain unclear.The aim of this study was to rapidly screen for such peptides in WDPHs through a combination of in silico and in vitro analysis.In total,1262 peptide sequences were observed by nano liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry(nano LC-MS/MS)and 4 novel COX-2 inhibitory peptides(AGFP,FPGA,LFPD,and VGFP)were identified.Enzyme kinetic data indicated that AGFP,FPGA,and LFPD displayed mixed-type COX-2 inhibition,whereas VGFP was a non-competitive inhibitor.This is mainly because the peptides form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with residues in the COX-2 active site.These results demonstrate that computer analysis combined with in vitro evaluation allows for rapid screening of COX-2 inhibitory peptides in walnut protein dregs.

Analysis and Review of Downregulated Actin Cytoskeletal Proteins in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Actin, a highly conserved protein, plays a dominant role in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Late diagnosis and the aggressive nature of NSCLC pose a significant threat. Studying the clinic pathological properties of NSCLC proteins is a potential alternative for developing treatment strategies. Towards this, 35 downregulated actin cytoskeletal proteins on NSCLC prognosis and treatment were studied by examining their protein-protein interactions, gene ontology enrichment terms, and signaling pathways. Using PubMed, various proteins in NSCLC were identified. The protein-protein interactions and functional associations of these proteins were examined using the STRING database. The focal adhesion signaling pathway was selected from all available KEGG and Wiki pathways because of its role in regulating gene expression, facilitating cell movement and reproduction, and significantly impacting NSCLC. The protein-protein interaction network of the 35 downregulated actin cytoskeleton proteins revealed that ACTG1, ACTR2, ACTR3, ANXA2, ARPC4, FLNA, TLN1, CALD1, MYL6, MYH9, MYH10, TPM1, TPM3, TPM4, PFN1, IQGAP1, MSN, and ZXY exhibited the highest number of interactions. Whereas HSPB1, CTNNA1, KRT17, KRT7, FLNB, SEPT2, and TUBA1B displayed medium interactions, while UTRN, TUBA1B, and DUSP23 had relatively fewer interactions. It was discovered that focal adhesions are critical in connecting membrane receptors with the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, protein kinases, phosphatases, and adapter proteins were identified as key signaling molecules in this process, greatly influencing cell shape, motility, and gene expression. Our analysis shows that the focal adhesion pathway plays a crucial role in NSCLC and is essential for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Research Progress on Plant Anti-Freeze Proteins

Plant antifreeze proteins(AFPs)are special proteins that can protect plant cells from ice crystal damage in low-temperature environments,and they play a crucial role in the process of plants adapting to cold environ-ments.Proteins with these characteristics have been found infish living in cold regions,as well as many plants and insects.Although research on plant AFPs started relatively late,their application prospects are broad,leading to the attention of many researchers to the isolation,cloning,and genetic improvement of plant AFP genes.Studies have found that the distribution of AFPs in different species seems to be the result of independent evolu-tionary events.Unlike the AFPs found infish and insects,plant AFPs have multiple hydrophilic ice-binding domains,and their recrystallization inhibition activity is about 10–100 times that offish and insect AFPs.Although different plant AFPs have the characteristics of low TH and high RI,their DNA and amino acid sequences are completely different,with small homology.With in-depth research and analysis of the character-istics and mechanisms of plant AFPs,not only has our understanding of plant antifreeze mechanisms been enriched,but it can also be used to improve crop varieties and enhance their freezing tolerance,yield,and quality through genetic engineering.In addition,the study of plant AFPs also contributes to our understanding of freezing resistance mechanisms in other organisms and provides new research directions for thefield of biotech-nology.Therefore,based on the analysis of relevant literature,this article will delve into the concepts,character-istics,research methods,and mechanisms of plant AFPs,summarize the latest research progress and application prospects of AFPs in plant,and provide prospects for the future development of AFP gene research.

Fas/FasL传导通路研究电针对慢性萎缩性胃炎小鼠的作用机制

目的探讨电针合募配穴对慢性萎缩性胃炎小鼠Fas/FasL传导通路的影响,揭示电针治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎的作用机制。方法制备慢性萎缩性胃炎小鼠模型。将已成模的慢性萎缩性胃炎小鼠分为模型组10只、普通针刺组、电针组各20只,并另设10只为对照组。对照组、模型组不进行操作;普通针刺组予合募配穴(中脘-足三里)普通针刺治疗;电针组予合募配穴(中脘-足三里)电针治疗,采用免疫组化法检测各组小鼠胃组织中Fas和FasL的表达水平。结果治疗前普通针刺组、电针组、模型组的体质量都显著低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗14 d后普通针刺组、电针组的体质量高于模型组(P<0.05),电针组治疗14 d后的体质量与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗前普通针刺组、电针组、模型组的血清IL-6、IL-1β含量都高于对照组(P<0.05),治疗14 d后普通针刺组、电针组的血清IL-6、IL-1β含量低于模型组(P<0.05),电针组治疗14 d后的血清IL-6、IL-1β含量与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗14 d后普通针刺组、电针组、对照组的胃黏膜组织病理形态评分与黏膜组织Fas蛋白、FasL蛋白相对表达水平都低于模型组(P<0.05),电针组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论电针在慢性萎缩性胃炎小鼠的应用能介导Fas/FasL传导通路的表达,抑制血清IL-6、IL-1β的表达,促进恢复小鼠的体质量,能改善小鼠的胃黏膜病理状况。

黄芩苷通过调节Fas/FasL信号通路减轻小鼠癫痫持续状态神经细胞凋亡的机制

目的探讨黄芩苷通过调节Fas/FasL信号通路减轻小鼠癫痫持续状态(SE)神经细胞凋亡的机制。方法45只雄性ICR小鼠按随机数字表法分为三组:对照组、SE组、黄芩苷治疗组。采用腹腔注射海人酸建立小鼠癫痫模型,对照组注入等量的生理盐水,黄芩苷治疗组腹腔注射100 mg/kg的黄芩苷。通过原位末端标记法(TUNEL)染色观察小鼠海马CA1区神经细胞的凋亡;免疫组化观察海马组织中Fas、FasL的表达与分布;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测海马组织中天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-3、caspase-8 mRNA的含量;免疫印迹试验检测Fas、FasL和caspase-8蛋白的表达量。结果黄芩苷治疗组海马CA1区神经细胞的凋亡数明显低于SE组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同时,黄芩苷治疗组海马中caspase-3、caspase-8mRNA和Fas、FasL、caspase-8蛋白的含量均低于SE组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论黄芩苷能够减轻小鼠癫痫发作后海马神经细胞的凋亡,其机制可能与抑制Fas/FasL信号通路及降低其下游的caspase-8、caspase-3的表达有关。

The DUF579 proteins GhIRX15s regulate cotton fiber development by interacting with proteins involved in xylan synthesis

Cotton provides the most abundant natural fiber for the textile industry.The mature cotton fiber largely consists of secondary cell walls with the highest proportion of cellulose and a small amount of hemicellulose and lignin.To dissect the roles of hemicellulosic polysaccharides during fiber development,four IRREGULAR XYLEM 15(IRX15)genes,GhIRX15-1/-2/-3/-4,were functionally characterized in cotton.These genes encode DUF579 domain-containing proteins,which are homologs of AtIRX15 involved in xylan biosynthesis.The four GhIRX15 genes were predominantly expressed during fiber secondary wall thickening,and the encoded proteins were localized to the Golgi apparatus.Each GhIRX15 gene could restore the xylan deficient phenotype in the Arabidopsis irx15irx15l double mutant.Silencing of GhIRX15s in cotton resulted in shorter mature fibers with a thinner cell wall and reduced cellulose content as compared to the wild type.Intriguingly,GhIRX15-2 and GhIRX15-4 formed homodimers and heterodimers.In addition,the GhIRX15s showed physical interaction with glycosyltransferases GhGT43C,GhGT47A and GhGT47B,which are responsible for synthesis of the xylan backbone and reducing end sequence.Moreover,the GhIRX15s can form heterocomplexes with enzymes involved in xylan modification and side chain synthesis,such as GhGUX1/2,GhGXM1/2 and GhTBL1.These findings suggest that GhIRX15s participate in fiber xylan biosynthesis and modulate fiber development via forming large multiprotein complexes.

Characterization of physicochemical and immunogenic properties of allergenic proteins altered by food processing:a review

Food allergens are mainly naturally-occurring proteins with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-binding epitopes.Understanding the structural and immunogenic characteristics of allergenic proteins is essential in assessing whether and how food processing techniques reduce allergenicity.We here discuss the impacts of food processing technologies on the modification of physicochemical,structural,and immunogenic properties of allergenic proteins.Detection techniques for characterizing changes in these properties of food allergens are summarized.Food processing helps to reduce allergenicity by aggregating or denaturing proteins,which masks,modifies,or destroys antigenic epitopes,whereas,it cannot eliminate allergenicity completely,and sometimes even improves allergenicity by exposing new epitopes.Moreover,most food processing techniques have been tested on purified food allergens rather than food products due to potential interference of other food components.We provide guidance for further development of processing operations that can decrease the allergenicity of allergenic food proteins without negatively impacting the nutritional profile.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NlInR2 mutants:Analyses of residual mRNA and truncated proteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a powerful genome manipulation tool in insects.However,little is known about whether mRNA and protein of a target gene are completely cleared in homozygous mutants.This study generated homozygous mutants of the insulin receptor gene 2(NlInR2)in the brown planthopper(Nilaparvata lugens)using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.Both frameshift mutants,E5_D17 and E6_I7,differentiated towards long wings,but there were differences in wing morphology,with E5_D17 showing wing deformities.Subsequent investigations revealed the presence of residual expression of NlInR2 mRNA in both mutants,as well as the occurrence of spliceosomes featuring exon skipping splicing in E5_D17.Additionally,the E5_D17 exhibited the detection of N-terminally truncated NlInR2 protein.RNA interference experiments indicated that the knockdown of NlInR2 expression in the E5_D17 mutant line increased the proportion of wing deformities from 11.1 to 65.6%,suggesting that the residual NlInR2 mRNA of the E5_D17 mutant might have retained some genetic functions.Our results imply that systematic characterization of residual protein expression or function in CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutant lines is necessary for phenotypic interpretation.

麻黄升麻汤对肝纤维化患者肝功能及血清Fas、Fasl的影响研究

【目的】探究麻黄升麻汤对肝纤维化患者肝功能和血清凋亡相关因子Fas、Fasl及肝纤维化指标的影响。【方法】将120例肝纤维化肝郁脾虚、寒热交错证患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各60例。对照组给予西医常规治疗,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用麻黄升麻汤治疗,疗程为2周。观察2组患者治疗前后肝功能指标和血清凋亡相关因子Fas、Fasl及肝纤维化指标的变化情况。【结果】(1)肝功能方面:治疗后,2组患者的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和总胆红素(TBIL)水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且治疗组的下降作用均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(2)凋亡相关因子方面:治疗后,2组患者血清Fas、Fasl水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且治疗组的下降作用均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)肝纤维化方面:治疗后,2组患者血清透明质酸酶(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)、层粘连蛋白(LN)水平均较治疗前改善,且治疗组的改善作用均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。【结论】麻黄升麻汤可有效改善肝纤维化肝郁脾虚、寒热交错证患者肝功能,抑制凋亡相关因子Fas、Fasl和血清肝纤维化指标的表达。

Let-7e-5p调控Fas/FasL影响小鼠变应性鼻炎发病的机制研究

目的探讨let-7e-5p对小鼠变应性鼻炎的影响及机制。方法将18只BALB/c小鼠按随机数字表法均分为对照(Control)组、变应性鼻炎(AR)组、let-7e-5p激动剂阴性对照(AR+agomir-NC)组、let-7e-5p激动剂(AR+agomir)组、let-7e-5p抑制剂阴性对照(AR+antagomir-NC)组和let-7e-5p抑制剂(AR+antagomir)组。除Control组外,其余组应用卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏建立AR模型,AR+agomir组和AR+antagomir组同时给予let-7e-5p agomir或let-7e-5p antagomir进行干预,末次激发致敏后对小鼠变应性鼻炎进行评分,HE染色观察鼻黏膜组织,统计嗜酸性粒细胞数量,real-time PCR检测let-7e-5p、Fas、FasL m RNA表达,Western blot检测Fas、FasL蛋白表达,酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清免疫球蛋白E(IgE)、特异性IgE(sIgE)、干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-4、IL-13水平,双荧光素酶实验分析let-7e-5p和Fas、FasL的靶向关系。结果与Control组比较,AR组小鼠变应性鼻炎评分升高,鼻黏膜增生明显,嗜酸性粒细胞数量增加,let-7e-5p mRNA表达及IFN-γ、IL-12水平下降,Fas、FasL表达及IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平升高(均P<0.05)。与AR+agomir-NC组比较,AR+agomir组小鼠变应性鼻炎评分降低,鼻黏膜结构清晰,嗜酸性粒细胞数量减少,let-7e-5p mRNA表达及IFN-γ、IL-12水平升高,Fas、FasL表达及IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平下降(均P<0.05)。与AR+antagomir-NC组比较,AR+antagomir组小鼠变应性鼻炎评分升高,鼻黏膜增厚,嗜酸性粒细胞数量增加,let-7e-5p mRNA表达减少,Fas、FasL表达及IgE、sIgE、IL-4、IL-13水平升高(均P<0.05),IL-12、IFN-γ水平差异无统计学意义。与NC+3’UTR-WT组比较,let-7e-5p agomir+3’UTR-WT组荧光素酶活性下降(P<0.05)。结论Let-7e-5p通过靶向调节Fas/FasL影响1型辅助性T细胞(Th1)/2型辅助性T细胞(Th2)平衡,从而参与AR小鼠变应性鼻炎发病的进展。

Changes in milk fat globule membrane proteins along lactation stage of Laoshan dairy goat

The milk fat globule membrane(MFGM)is a complex structure with numerous functions,and its composition is affected by many factors.There have been few systematic investigations on goat MFGM proteome profiling during lactation.Individual milk samples from 15 healthy dairy goats were obtained at six lactation time points for investigation of the MFGM proteome using both data-independent acquisition(DIA)and data-dependent acquisition(DDA)proteomics techniques combined with multivariate statistical analysis.Using the DIA method,890 variably abundant MFGM proteins were discovered throughout the lactation cycle.From 1 to 240 d,butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1,lipoprotein lipase,perilipin-2,and adipose triglyceride lipase were upregulated,while APOE,complement C3,clusterin,and IgG were downregulated.Furthermore,from 1 to 90 d,annexin A1,annexin A2,and antithrombin-ll were downregulated,then upregulated by d 240.Albumin had a high degree of connectedness,indicating that it was a key protein,according to protein-protein interaction research.Overall,our findings gave new insights into the biological features of MFGM protein in goat milk throughout lactation,which may aid in the creation of specialized MFGM products and infant formula.