Prof.Ye Chuanhui's Experience in Treating Nephritic Proteinuria

In the occurrence and development of glomerulonephritis, proteinuria is themain manifestation, which is easily recurrent but not easily got rid of in a short period of time. It may remain even after disappearance of the general symptoms. In some patients, there are no symptoms and signs at all in the initial stage, except proteinuria, the only distinct manifestation. Prof. Ye Chuanhui, from Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has accumulated rich experience for treating this disorder, which is introduced in the following.……

Renal biopsy reports in nephritic syndrome:Update

BACKGROUND Nephritic syndrome(NiS)is a major indicator of serious renal diseases necessitating kidney biopsies for histopathological evaluations,but due to the lack of comprehensive reviews in the literature,the current understanding of the syndrome and its significance is limited.AIM To collect all the evidence retrievable from the literature on the diagnoses made on the renal biopsies performed for NiS as the indication to the procedure.METHODS A literature search was conducted to find studies reporting final diagnoses on renal biopsies in NiS patients.Data were pooled and analyzed with stratifications on age and regions.Meta-analyzes were performed using Stata v.9.RESULTS Overall,26414 NiS patients from the total number of 96738 kidney biopsy diagnoses reported by 47 studies from 23 countries from all continents(except sub-Saharan Africa)were found and analyzed.NiS was the indication for renal biopsy in 21%of the patient populations across the reviewed studies.Immunoglobulin A(IgA)nephropathy was the single most frequent diagnosis in these patients(approximately 38%)followed by lupus nephritis(approximately 8%)and Henoch Schönlein purpura(approximately 7%).IgA nephropathy was the most frequent diagnosis reported for the NiS patients from the East Asia,comprising half of all the cases,and least prevalent in South Asia.Considering the age subgroups,adult(vs pediatric or elderly)patients were by far the most likely age group to be diagnosed with the IgA nephropathy.A myriad of such regional and age disparities have been found and reported.CONCLUSION As the indication for renal biopsy,NiS represents a very distinctive epidemiology of final renal disease diagnoses compared to the other major syndromes.

Hidden renal disease in a female patient with long-lasting isolated gestational proteinuria followed by hypertension

Background: The prevalence of asymptomatic renal scarring, such as a focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), was suggested to be high in women who develop preeclampsia. FSGS is a risk factor for endstage renal disease. Objective: To document preeclamptic women with proteinuria that developed eight weeks prior to hypertension with confirmed FSGS postpartum. Case: A 20-year-old nulliparous Japanese woman with a negative dipstick test result at gestational week (GW) 18 exhibited proteinuria 1+ on dipstick test at GW 22. Proteinuria determined from the random urine protein to creatinine ratio (P/Cr, g/g) was increased from 3.7 at GW 26 to 4.6 and 8.9 at GW 28 and 30, respectively. She developed hypertension (142/66 mmHg) at GW 30. Due to increased edema, emergency cesarean section was performed at GW 33. She gave birth to an otherwise healthy female small-for-gestational-age infant, weighing 1290 g. Postpartum course was uneventful except for persisting proteinuria: P/Cr of 9.8 just before delivery decreased to 3.6 and 1.7 on postpartum weeks 9 and 17, respectively. Renal biopsy on postpartum week 13 revealed FSGS in this patient. Conclusion: Hidden FSGS may have manifested as preeclampsia in this patient. This case highlighted the need to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic FSGS among women who later develop preeclampsia.

Isolated proteinuria as an initial sign of severe preeclampsia

Two pregnant women who initially developed proteinuria alone followed by serious preeclampsia are presented to emphasize that there is no adequate technical term to express the period of proteinuria alone based on the current criteria of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Case 1 exhibited a urinary protein concentration of 46 mg/dL in the absence of hypertension, and abdominal pain due to placental abruption with hypertension at gestational week (GW) 29–3/7 and 29–4/7, respectively. Case 2 exhibited a urinary protein/creatinine ratio of 2.67, developed hypertension, required cesarean section, and developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome at GW 28–1/7, 29–6/7, and 32–0/7, and on postpartum day 2, respectively. As women with proteinuria alone are not diagnosed as having preeclampsia and as a diagnosis of gestational proteinuria can be made only at 12 weeks postpartum, a prospective technical term applicable to the condition of proteinuria alone is needed to increase physicians’ attention to this condition.

Evaluation of thyroid profile among children aged 1-15 years with nephrotic syndrome:An observation study

BACKGROUND The interaction between the kidney and the thyroid is important for normal function of both organs.In nephrotic syndrome,proteinuria leads to loss of several proteins,which in turn causes hypothyroidism.AIM To assess the thyroid function in children with nephrotic syndrome.METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary center,Bhopal,from February 2020 to January 2021.Consecutive children aged 1-15 years admitted with nephrotic syndrome(first-time diagnosed and all relapse cases)were included in the study.A thyroid profile was sent along with routine investigations,and thyroid hormone status was assessed in nephrotic syndrome children.RESULTS Of the 70 patients,39(55.7%)showed abnormal thyroid profiles;19(27.1%)had overt hypothyroidism,and 20(28.6%)had subclinical hypothyroidism.Overt hypothyroidism was seen in 16.1%of newly diagnosed cases,40%of second relapses,and 2.7%of frequently relapsed cases(P<0.001).The mean serum free T3 and free T4 levels in frequent relapses were 2.50±0.39 ng/dL and 0.78±0.12 ng/dL,respectively,which were significantly lower than in newly diagnosed cases(2.77±0.37 ng/dL and 0.91±0.19 ng/dL,respectively).The mean thyroidstimulating hormone(TSH)level was significantly higher in frequent relapses (5.86±1.56μIU/mL)and second relapse(5.81±1.78μIU/mL)than in newly diagnosed cases(4.83±0.76μIU/mL)and first relapse cases(4.74±1.17μIU/mL),(P<0.01).CONCLUSION An abnormal thyroid profile was commonly observed in children with nephrotic syndrome,and overt hypothyroidism was more common in frequent relapse cases.Therefore,thyroid screening should be a part of the management of nephrotic syndrome so that hypothyroidism can be detected and managed at an early stage.

原发性膜性肾病患者血清IL-6与尿蛋白水平的相关性及其与中医证型关系的探讨

目的:探究细胞因子与原发性膜性肾病(primary membranous nephropathy,PMN)患者尿蛋白、中医证型及预后的关系。方法:本研究为前瞻性研究,纳入2021年06月—2022年3月在中日友好医院行肾活检诊断为PMN的患者81例作为疾病组,另纳入健康人群22例为对照组。测量治疗前所有患者血清IL-6、IL-17的水平,并对疾病组进行中医辨证分型及长期随访。运用SPSS 26.0进行数据分析。结果:疾病组血清IL-6水平明显高于对照组(P<0.001),且其IL-6水平与尿蛋白存在相关性。两组在血清IL-17水平上未表现出明显差异。在中医证型上,IL-6升高组以脾肾阳虚证和血瘀证为多见,IL-6正常组多为气虚证。预后方面,相比于IL-6正常组,IL-6升高组的临床缓解率低,达到中位缓解的时间长。结论:PMN患者存在微炎症状态,血清IL-6水平与尿蛋白水平、中医证型及预后显著相关。

以血尿为分类因素的IgA肾病CKD1~4期患者中医证型差异

目的:通过探讨临床表现为单纯蛋白尿、蛋白尿伴血尿的IgAN患者二者间中医证型差异,阐明血尿证候基础,为IgAN临床辨证分型及指导其治疗提供参考依据。方法:采用流行病学现场调查的方法,收集230例IgAN患者的临床及病理资料,根据有无血尿症状分为单纯蛋白尿组(A组107例)和蛋白尿伴血尿组(B组123例)。观察比较两组间临床指标、病理分型、中医证型的差异,再分别与血尿进行相关性分析。结果:(1)一般资料:两组间年龄、性别、体重指数、病程、血压差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)生化指标:B组Scr、24 h UTP高于A组(P<0.05),eGFR低于A组(P<0.05);两组UA、BUN、Alb差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)病理资料:B组系膜增殖评分(M)、毛细血管内增生性病变(E)高于A组(P<0.05);两组肾小球节段性硬化或黏连(S)、肾小管萎缩或间质纤维化(T)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)中医证型:本虚证A组以脾肾气虚证多见(36.45%),B组以气阴两虚证多见(42.28%);标实证A组以血瘀证多见(50.94%),B组以湿热证多见(57.39%)。(5)血尿的相关因素分析:将两组患者临床指标、病理资料、中医证型分别与血尿进行logistic回归,肾衰竭、中大量尿蛋白(24 h UTP≥1.0 g)、M1、E1、气阴两虚证、湿热证P<0.05,且OR值>1,与血尿相关。结论:(1)CKD1~4期IgAN患者血尿的证候基础可能为气阴两虚兼湿热,蛋白尿的证候基础可能多为脾肾气虚和血瘀;分布规律尤其在CKD1~2期患者更明显。(2)与单纯蛋白尿的IgAN患者相比,血尿可能是蛋白尿伴血尿患者预后不良的因素之一。在治疗时应充分认识到血尿在病程中的重要性,不能忽略血尿的治疗。

禾肾丸通过调控ANGPTL3治疗阿霉素肾病大鼠蛋白尿及血脂代谢紊乱的实验研究

目的:探讨禾肾丸通过调控血管生成素样蛋白3(ANGPTL3)治疗阿霉素肾病大鼠蛋白尿及血脂代谢紊乱的作用机制。方法:50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,空白组:不作特殊处理,仅予以每日清晨蒸馏水灌胃;模型组:造模成功后每日清晨蒸馏水灌胃;禾肾丸组:造模成功后每日清晨以禾肾丸灌胃;对照组:造模成功后每日清晨以泼尼松灌胃;联合用药组:造模成功后每日清晨以泼尼松、禾肾丸灌胃,各组均灌胃8周。密切观察各组大鼠造模及研究期间各种行为学改变,检测和比较各组大鼠造模前1 d及造模后第2、4、6、8周末24 h尿蛋白水平,同时检测和比较各组大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等血脂指标及血清ANGPTL3表达水平。分析各组大鼠血清ANGPTL3表达水平与血脂指标及造模后第8周末24 h尿蛋白水平的相关性。结果:禾肾丸组、对照组及联合用药组大鼠造模后第8周各种行为学改变均优于模型组;各组大鼠造模前1 d 24 h尿蛋白水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),造模后第2、4周模型组、禾肾丸组、对照组及联合用药组大鼠24 h尿蛋白水平均明显高于空白组(P<0.05),而组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),造模后第6、8周禾肾丸组、对照组大鼠24 h尿蛋白水平明显高于联合用药组和低于模型组(P<0.05),而禾肾丸组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);模型组、禾肾丸组、对照组及联合用药组大鼠TC、TG、LDL-C等血脂指标及血清ANGPTL3表达水平均明显高于空白组(P<0.05),而HDL均明显低于空白组(P<0.05),且禾肾丸组、对照组大鼠TC、TG、LDL-C及ANGPTL3均低于模型组和高于联合用药组(P<0.05),HDL-C均高于模型组和低于联合用药组(P<0.05),而禾肾丸组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);各组大鼠血清ANGPTL3表达水平与TC、TG、LDL-C及24 h尿蛋白均呈正相关关系(P<0.05~P<0.01),而与HDL-C呈负相关关系(P<0.05~P<0.01)。结论:禾肾丸可能通过调控ANGPTL3而起到治疗阿霉素肾病大鼠蛋白尿及血脂代谢紊乱的作用。

Nutcracker syndrome

The nutcracker phenomenon [left renal vein(LRV) entrapment syndrome] refers to compression of the LRV most commonly between abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery.Term of nutcracker syndrome(NCS) is used for patients with clinical symptoms associated with nutcracker anatomy.LRV entrapment divided into 2 types:anterior and posterior.Posterior and right-sided NCSs are rare conditions.The symptoms vary from asymptomatic hematuria to severe pelvic congestion.Symptoms include hematuria,orthostatic proteinuria,flank pain,abdominal pain,varicocele,dyspareunia,dysmenorrhea,fatigue and orthostatic intolerance.Existence of the clinical features constitutes a basis for the diagnosis.Several imaging methods such as Doppler ultrasonography,computed tomography angiography,magnetic resonance angiography and retrograde venography are used to diagnose NCS.The management of NCS depends upon the clinical presentation and the severity of the LRV hypertension.The treatment options are ranged from surveillance to nephrectomy.Treatment decision should be based on the severity of symptoms and their expected reversibility with regard to patient's age and the stage of the syndrome.

儿童期起病的Bartter综合征1型伴肾功能损害一例

Bartter综合征(BS,OMIM#601678)是一种罕见的遗传性失盐性肾病,临床主要特点为低钾性代谢性碱中毒,伴继发性肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活化。BS 1型根据报道多为产前型及新生儿型BS,症状通常在出生前后或婴儿期出现,伴有严重的失盐表现,肾功能多为正常。本文报道一例儿童期起病并伴有蛋白尿及肾功能损害的BS 1型患者。该患儿因羊水过多早产,但生后无显性症状,直至3岁开始出现多饮、多尿伴夜尿增多,未特殊重视,5岁余就诊时已有血肌酐升高伴有尿蛋白阳性,入院后诊断慢性小管间质病变,慢性肾脏病2期。经氯离子清除试验明确存在髓袢升支粗段小管功能异常,后基因测序确诊BS 1型。经积极控制并发症,患儿肾功能有所回升。长期随访中患儿尿蛋白仍有所增加,估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)缓慢下降,目前处于慢性肾脏病2期。因此,临床需注意产前型BS患儿生后可能不立即出现典型临床表现,直至儿童期方出现相关临床症状,可能会出现肾功能损害,需要及时识别,可通过氯离子清除试验与Gitelman综合征进行临床鉴别。早期诊断及治疗后对改善预后极为关键。

Crumbs homolog 2 mutation in two siblings with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Crumbs homolog 2(CRB2)is a recently discovered gene that is closely related to the maintenance of normal polarity in podocytes;mutations can directly lead to steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS).However,the characteristics of nephrotic syndrome(NS)caused by CRB2 mutations have not been described.CASE SUMMARY We report a novel compound heterozygous mutation of the CRB2 gene in two siblings with SRNS.The two siblings had edema,proteinuria,hypoproteinemia and hyperlipidemia.Both their father and mother had normal phenotypes(no history of NS).Whole exon sequencing(WES)of the family showed a novel compound heterozygous mutation,c.2290(exon 8)C>T and c.3613(exon 12)G>A.Glucocorticoid therapy(methylprednisolone pulse therapy or oral prednisone)and immunosuppressive agents(tacrolimus)had no effect.During a 3-year follow-up after genetic diagnosis by WES,proteinuria persisted,but the patient was healthy.CONCLUSION CRB2 mutations related to SRNS often occur in exons 7,10,and 12.Clinical manifestations of SRNS caused by CRB2 mutations are often less severe than in other forms of SRNS.

单基因突变在激素耐药性肾病综合征发病机制中的研究进展

激素耐药性肾病综合征(SRNS)是儿童慢性肾脏病的常见病因之一,伴有快速进展至终末期肾病的显著风险。随着高通量测序技术的发展,目前已发现70多种孟德尔遗传模式的单基因突变与SRNS发病相关,这些基因大多与足细胞功能相关。明确SRNS患儿单基因学诊断,可指导患儿临床诊疗与遗传咨询,避免过度应用激素/免疫抑制剂治疗,同时为SRNS患儿的靶向点治疗提供可能。本文就SRNS主要单基因突变类型的分子机制、基因检测和特异性治疗等予以归纳和总结。

Immunoglobulin A glomerulonephropathy:A review

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Meng et al published in the World Journal of Clinical Cases.We comprehensively review immunoglobulin A nephro-pathy(IgAN),including epidemiology,clinical presentation,diagnosis,and management.IgAN,also known as Berger's disease,is the most frequent type of primary glomerulonephritis(GN)globally.It is mostly found among the Asian population.The presentation can be variable,from microscopic hematuria to a rapidly progressive GN.Around 50%of patients present with single or recurring episodes of gross hematuria.An upper respiratory infection and tonsillitis often precede these episodes.Around 30%of patients present microscopic hematuria with or without proteinuria,usually detected on routine examination.The diagnosis relies on having a renal biopsy for pathology and immunofluorescence microscopy.We focus on risk stratification and management of IgAN.We provide a review of all the landmark studies to date.According to the 2021 KDIGO(kidney disease:Improving Global Outcomes)guidelines,patients with non-variant form IgAN are first treated conservatively for three to six months.This approach consists of adequate blood pressure control,reduction of proteinuria with renin-angiotensin system blockade,treatment of dyslipidemia,and lifestyle modifications(weight loss,exercise,smoking cessation,and dietary sodium restrictions).Following three to six months of conservative therapy,patients are further classified as high or low risk for disease progression.High-risk patients have proteinuria≥1 g/d or<1 g/d with significant microscopic hematuria and active inflammation on kidney biopsy.Some experts consider proteinuria≥2 g/d to be very high risk.Patients with high and very high-risk profiles are treated with immunosuppressive therapy.A proteinuria level of<1 g/d and stable/im-proved renal function indicates a good treatment response for patients on immu-nosuppressive therapy.

基于一种矩阵和权重改进的MW-Apriori算法探讨名老中医李培旭教授治疗慢性肾脏病蛋白尿用药规律

目的通过一种改进Apriori算法对名老中医李培旭教授运用中医药治疗慢性肾脏病蛋白尿中药处方配伍及规律进行分析,以期对临床治疗有指导作用。方法收集2018年1月—2021年1月期间李培旭教授诊治慢性肾脏病蛋白尿临床数据建立数据库,运用基于矩阵和权重改进的MW-Apriori算法,进行统计分析其中用药规律及药物组合特点,从而得出核心证型和核心处方。结果共收集处方1239张,病例391例,涉及到药物共214味,其中使用频次>10次的有135味,累计使用频次17467次,药物种类共21类,使用频次排名前5类分别为清热药、补虚药、利水药、解表药、活血药,性味归经方面,使用较多为寒性、平性及甘味药。在药物组合关联规则中显示连翘-金银花组合是所有药物组合中出现频次最高,甘草作为单味药物出现频次最高,且关联性最强,关联性较强药物为:金银花、连翘、黄柏、生地、黄芪、柴胡、泽泻、当归、白芍、蒲公英,总结出常见证型9种,常用药物50味,并从中得出核心证型及核心处方各4种,核心药物24味。结论通过对李培旭教授治疗慢性肾脏病数据分析,肾病蛋白尿的原发病较多,病机以湿热致肾闭精泄,本虚标实,虚实错杂,病程冗长,湿热(毒)蕴结为基本证型,治疗以祛邪通闭、益气养阴为主,选药多注重寒性、平性及甘味药物,研究得出核心证型和核心处方较为准确客观反映李教授学术思想,对临床具有一定指导意义。

低分子肝素钙联合贝那普利治疗原发性肾病综合征患者的疗效分析

目的探讨低分子肝素钙与贝那普利联合治疗原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患者的疗效。方法选取2022年1月至2023年12月某医院就诊的106例PNS患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法将其分为试验组和对照组,每组53例。对照组给予贝那普利治疗,试验组给予低分子肝素钙联合贝那普利治疗,两组均持续治疗1个月。比较两组治疗前后肾功能指标[尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)和尿蛋白(24 h尿蛋白定量)]、凝血功能指标[凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和纤维蛋白原(FIB)]、血脂指标[总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]、微炎症指标[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、超敏C蛋白(hs-CRP)]、血管内皮功能指标[血管性血友病因子(vWF)、内皮素-1(ET-1)和一氧化氮(NO)]水平及治疗期间不良反应发生率。结果与对照组相比,治疗后试验组血清BUN、Cr、β2-MG水平和24 h尿蛋白定量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组PT、APTT延长,血清FIB、TC、TG和LDL-C水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组血清TNF-α、IL-6、hs-CRP水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组血清vWF、ET-1降低,血清NO水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组治疗期间不良反应发生率为13.21%,与对照组的7.55%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论低分子肝素钙联合贝那普利治疗可有效促进PNS患者肾功能恢复,改善微炎症状态和血管内皮功能,调节血脂水平,安全性较好。

张敏从瘀论治慢性肾炎综合征蛋白尿经验介绍

蛋白尿是慢性肾炎综合征常见临床症状,严重影响患者健康及生活质量。张敏教授认为脾肾亏虚是蛋白尿产生的根本病机,瘀是蛋白尿形成的致病因素,“虚、湿、热”是致瘀的常见病理因素。张教授临床以自拟消蛋白方为主方进行加减化裁治疗,主张分期论治,将从瘀论治理念贯穿整个治疗过程。张教授认为早期脾肾亏虚,久虚成瘀,治以补益脾肾、益气活血;中期由虚蕴久化湿,湿浊瘀阻脉络,以祛风除湿、活血化瘀法治疗;晚期因湿瘀郁而化热,阻滞肾络,治以化瘀消癥、清热通络。张教授强调疾病到了晚期或是经激素、免疫抑制剂等治疗后往往是虚、湿、热兼杂,应在自拟消蛋白方基础上灵活加减用药。张教授临床常用黄芪、白术等大量补气药以补肾健脾,巧用三七、鱼腥草及地龙等虫类药活血化瘀,重视祛风除湿、活血通络,使治疗达到事半功倍,缩短病程,直达病所,减轻患者痛苦。

肝硬化合并肾病综合征患者使用人血白蛋白的安全性及有效性

目的评估使用人血白蛋白在肝硬化合并肾病综合征患者中的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性纳入2018年1月至2021年11月间因腹水就诊于我院的101例肝硬化合并肾病综合征患者。所有患者接受口服利尿剂及静脉注射白蛋白治疗。汇总患者基线资料,评价治疗前后血清白蛋白及肌酐水平变化。治疗前后白蛋白升高水平大于中位值(1.8 g/L)的定义为治疗有反应组,反之定义为无反应组,并分析相关影响因素。结果治疗结束后,所有患者腹水相关腹胀症状得到临床缓解,治疗过程中无1例发生急性肾损伤。32例患者在出院后6个月内因腹水反复住院。治疗后血清白蛋白水平显著升高[(26.5±5.9)g/L vs.(29.9±4.9)g/L,P<0.001],治疗前后血清肌酐水平差异无统计学意义[(111.9±118.4)μmol/L vs.(108.5±87.9)μmol/L,P=0.816]。53例患者归为有反应组,有反应组与无反应组患者在年龄、性别、肝硬化病因、24 h蛋白尿等方面差异无统计学意义。但是,有反应组血清肌酐水平[(84.1±51.2)μmol/L vs.(142.7±158.4)μmol/L,P=0.017]及尿素氮水平[(8.7±5.1)mmol/L vs.(11.8±9.1)mmol/L,P=0.039]明显低于无反应组。多因素分析结果显示,血清肌酐水平是治疗无反应的独立危险因素,危险比为1.025(95%CI:1.010~1.049,P=0.037)。进一步进行相关分析显示,基线白蛋白水平与住院时间(r=-0.340,P=0.001)、每日白蛋白使用量(r=-0.546,P<0.001)和基线蛋白尿水平(r=-0.654,P<0.001)分别呈负相关。结论肝硬化合并肾病综合征患者使用静脉人血白蛋白治疗腹水是安全有效的;肾功能影响血清白蛋白水平和对治疗的反应。

无症状尿检异常型IgA肾病患者中医证治特点及其对蛋白尿缓解的影响

目的:探讨无症状尿检异常型IgA肾病(IgAN)患者的中医证治特点,分析中医证治对蛋白尿缓解的影响。方法:回顾性分析广东省中医院116例无症状尿检异常型IgAN患者中西医临床资料。根据血尿水平分为尿红细胞计数(URBC)≤100个/μL组与URBC>100个/μL组,探讨两组患者的中医证治特点。收集随访资料,以蛋白尿缓解为结局,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析蛋白尿累积缓解率,COX回归模型分析蛋白尿缓解的影响因素。结果:纳入患者多有疲倦乏力、口干、腰脊酸痛的表现;中医本证多为脾肾气虚证、气阴两虚证,兼证主要为湿热夹瘀证、血瘀证。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,本证组间及兼证组间的蛋白尿累积缓解率差异均无统计学意义,但腰脊酸痛组的蛋白尿累积缓解率显著低于无腰脊酸痛组(P<0.05)。COX单因素回归分析显示,血尿程度重、腰脊酸痛为蛋白尿缓解的危险因素,三芪口服液、益肾化湿颗粒可促进蛋白尿缓解(P<0.05)。COX多因素回归模型显示,中医证型对蛋白尿缓解无影响(P>0.05),三芪口服液可促进蛋白尿缓解(P<0.05)。结论:镜下血尿程度重(URBC>100个/μL)、伴有腰脊酸痛是无症状尿检异常型IgAN患者蛋白尿缓解的危险因素,三芪口服液可有助于蛋白尿缓解。

以大量蛋白尿为表现的糖尿病肾脏病临床特点及中医证型分析

目的:探讨以大量蛋白尿为表现的糖尿病肾脏病患者的临床特点及中医证型分布规律。方法:回顾性纳入近三年住院治疗且基线24 h尿蛋白定量>3.5 g的糖尿病肾脏病患者。依据血清白蛋白水平分为大量蛋白尿伴低蛋白血症(≤30 g/L)的肾病综合征组和大量蛋白尿无低蛋白血症(>30 g/L)的肾病范围蛋白尿组,比较两组患者的临床特点及中医证型分布。结果:本研究共纳入以大量蛋白尿为表现的糖尿病肾脏病患者94例,其中肾病综合征组52例(55.32%),肾病范围蛋白尿组42例(44.68%)。肾病范围蛋白尿组在高血压病程、身体质量指数、三酰甘油等方面显著高于肾病综合征组,24 h尿蛋白定量显著低于肾病综合征组。中医证型方面,肾病综合征组脾肾气虚证及湿热证显著多于肾病范围蛋白尿组,而气阴两虚证显著少于肾病范围蛋白尿组。结论:糖尿病肾脏病存在单纯大量蛋白尿型患者,此类患者白蛋白水平大于30 g/L,蛋白尿可能与肥胖及高血压导致的肾小球血流动力学改变相关。脾肾气虚证及湿热证更易发生低蛋白血症,而气阴两虚证较少出现低蛋白血症。

应用附子大黄药对治疗蛋白尿临床经验

肾病综合征患者由于肾脏功能受损,过滤蛋白能力异常,导致尿液排出过量蛋白,因此患者常伴有蛋白尿症状。典型症状表现为尿液浑浊、起泡等。蛋白尿作为肾脏综合征的主要临床表现及危险因素,常贯穿于疾病发生发展的全过程。临床上,积极控制尿蛋白、保护肾功能、改善预后对患者的康复至关重要。中医药的辨证治疗在防治蛋白尿、延缓肾脏损伤方面具有一定优势。山东中医药大学附属医院焦安钦教授具有多年的临床经验,在诊疗中擅长应用附子配伍大黄治疗肾炎蛋白尿,本病以正虚为本,湿浊、瘀阻为常见致病因素亦是病理产物,贯穿疾病始终,导致病程迁延,故临床治疗应以补脾益肾为本,祛湿泄浊与活血化瘀并用,以味辛甘、性大热、归经心脾肾之附子为君药,能大补脾肾阳虚,与味苦、性寒、归经脾胃之大黄相伍,脾肾相依,一寒一热,去性存用,温下湿浊,活血通脉,泄实邪而不伤正,可达到以通为补、标本同治的效果,并取得了不错的疗效。文章通过临床案例介绍附子大黄药对的用法、注意事项等,以期为治疗蛋白尿提供借鉴。