An efficient transient gene expression system for protein subcellular localization assay and genome editing in citrus protoplasts

Protoplast has been widely used in biotechnologies to circumvent the breeding obstacles in citrus, including long juvenility, polyembryony, and male/female sterility. The protoplast-based transient gene expression system is a powerful tool for gene functional characterization and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in higher plants, but it has not been widely used in citrus. In this study, the polyethylene glycol(PEG)-mediated method was optimized for citrus callus protoplast transfection, with an improved transfection efficiency of 68.4%. Consequently, the efficiency of protein subcellular localization assay was increased to 65.8%, through transient expression of the target gene in protoplasts that stably express the fluorescent organelle marker protein. The gene editing frequencies in citrus callus protoplasts reached 14.2% after transient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 constructs. We demonstrated that the intronic polycistronic tRNAgRNA(inPTG) genome editing construct was functional in both the protoplast transient expression system and epicotyl stable transformation system in citrus. With this optimized protoplast transient expression system, we improved the efficiency of protein subcellular localization assay and developed the genome editing system in callus protoplasts, which provides an approach for prompt test of CRISPR vectors.

体细胞杂交在蔬菜作物上的研究与前景

体细胞杂交是一种将植物不同种、属,甚至科间的原生质体诱导融合,然后离体培养获得再生植株的技术。原生质体融合能克服传统育种的杂交生理障碍问题,实现不同材料间核质基因的重组,传递优异基因,创制并获得含目标性状的新种质,拓宽育种材料的遗传背景,同时能快速创制雄性不育材料,极大地缩短育种年限,是作物进行突破育种的有效手段和强大的性状改良工具。本文对该技术在蔬菜上的发展历程、研究和应用领域进行综述,重点总结了十字花科、茄科、伞形科蔬菜作物原生质体分离再生和体细胞杂交的研究进展,展望了体细胞杂交技术在蔬菜作物中的应用前景,讨论了该技术在应用过程中面临的问题与对策,为体细胞杂交在蔬菜上的广泛应用提供参考。

菠萝叶基原生质体分离与瞬时转化体系的建立

【目的】研究菠萝叶基原生质体的高效分离方法,并对制备的原生质体进行瞬时转化,为利用菠萝原生质体进行菠萝基因功能研究提供技术支持。【方法】以‘巴厘’菠萝(Ananas comosus,‘Comtede Paris’)幼嫩叶片的叶基为材料,采用3因素3水平正交试验L _(9)(3^(3))分析纤维素酶质量浓度(6,12,20 g/L)、离析酶质量浓度(3,6,9 g/L)和甘露醇浓度(0.4,0.5,0.6 mol/L)对分离原生质体产量与活力的影响;同时,利用单因素试验(设置酶解时间2,4,6 h)筛选制备原生质体的最适酶解时间,确定分离菠萝叶基原生质体的最适条件;在最适条件下制备原生质体,采用聚乙二醇(PEG)介导法转化质粒,建立菠萝原生质体瞬时转化体系。【结果】L 9(33)正交试验结果显示,不同处理分离的原生质体产量为1.01×10^(6)~1.93×10^(6)g^(-1),纤维素酶质量浓度是决定原生质体产量的关键因素;原生质体活力为65.55%~87.00%,甘露醇浓度对原生质体活力的贡献最大。最适酶解条件为:菠萝叶基在含12 g/L纤维素酶、6 g/L离析酶、0.6 mol/L甘露醇的酶液中避光酶解4 h,产量可达1.96×10^(6)g^(-1),活力为85.54%。菠萝叶基原生质体通过PEG介导法转化pAN580-WRKY75质粒后,可在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到核内的绿色荧光信号。【结论】确定了菠萝叶基原生质体的最适分离条件与瞬时转化方法,建立了适用于菠萝基因功能分析的原生质体瞬时表达体系。

响应面法优化罂粟科植物叶片原生质体的制备条件

【目的】系统优化罂粟科(Papaveraceae)植物叶片原生质体提取的影响因素,建立其高效的原生质体提取体系。【方法】以花菱草(Eschscholtzia californica Cham.)幼苗为罂粟科模式植物,通过单因素试验对影响原生质体产量和活力的预制液浓度、酶解液组成、酶解时间进行考察,借助响应面Box-Behnken设计预测最佳提取方案,并将最佳方案在罂粟亚科(Papaveroideae)、角茴香亚科(Hypecooideae)和荷包牡丹亚科(Fumarioideae)的代表性植物中进行验证。【结果】当预制液浓度为0.8 mol/L、酶解时间6 h、酶解液组成为1.5%纤维素酶+0.4%离析酶+0.3%果胶酶时,花菱草原生质体的产量和活力最为理想,与响应面法的预测结果一致,能够成功获取罂粟科植物叶片的原生质体。【结论】本研究方法可实现罂粟科植物叶片原生质体的高效提取,为后续瞬时表达体系、亚细胞定位、单细胞测序等研究提供技术支撑。

植物原生质体分离及其瞬时转化的应用

原生质体已被广泛应用于亚细胞定位、基因表达分析、蛋白-蛋白互作、基因编辑等方面。笔者总结了酶解法分离植物原生质体的影响因素,电穿孔和PEG介导的方法对原生质体瞬时转化效率的影响和瞬时转化的应用。植物的种类、不同的PEG浓度、转染时间、DNA浓度和原生质体数量都会影响PEG介导法对原生质体瞬时转化效率。电穿孔法必须在脉冲电压、脉冲长度、脉冲数、细胞数、DNA浓度都适宜的条件下才能达到最佳转化效率。本文为更多植物原生质体分离体系和瞬时转化体系的建立提供参考。

光果柱花草转基因毛状根及其原生质体制备体系的建立

光果柱花草(Stylosanthes leiocarpa)是柱花草属(Stylosanthes Sw.)中可用于林果园间作的一个野生种。截至目前,光果柱花草的转基因体系尚未建立。本研究以光果柱花草的子叶节为外植体,比较不同的发根农杆菌菌株与潮霉素B浓度对毛状根诱导率及转基因阳性率的影响。结果发现,以K599为诱导菌株且培养基添加8 mg·L^(-1)潮霉素B为筛选压,是最优的毛状根诱导条件,诱导率达23.33%,阳性率为100%。在此基础上,利用转基因毛状根制备原生质体,结果表明,添加2.5%纤维素酶和2%离析酶,以及8 h的酶解时间为最优条件,原生质体的产量达2.745×10^(5)个·g^(-1),活力为91.02%,制备的原生质体100%为转基因细胞。本研究成功建立了一种发根农杆菌介导的光果柱花草转基因毛状根诱导体系及原生质体制备体系,为后续光果柱花草的基因功能研究奠定了基础。

深色有隔内生真菌S12菌株遗传转化体系的建立及GFP标记菌株的获得

【目的】建立深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophyte,DSE)的遗传转化体系,获得绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的DSE转化子,为研究DSE在植物根系的侵染定殖行为和侵染定殖规律奠定基础。【方法】以前期从健康枸杞根系分离的1株DSE菌株枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)S12菌株为供试材料,确定潮霉素B对其的最低抑制质量浓度,然后研究菌龄(13,15,17,19和21 h)、酶解时间(1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0和3.5 h)、崩溃酶质量浓度(10,15,20,25,30和35 mg/mL)和渗透压稳定剂种类(NaCl、KCl、CaCl_(2)和MgSO_(4))对S12菌株原生质体制备的影响。采用聚乙二醇(PEG)介导原生质体转化法将PDL2质粒(含hph和gfp基因)转入S12菌株,对所获转化子进行表型、GFP荧光、PCR及拮抗活性(以尖孢镰刀菌枸杞专化型Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Lycium barbarum LR-1菌株为靶标菌)检测,筛选与野生型S12菌株无明显差异且带有GFP标记的转化子。【结果】S12菌株在YPD液体培养基中培养17 h,以0.7 mol/L NaCl为稳渗剂,用30 mg/mL的崩溃酶酶解2.5 h,原生质体制备数量最多,为4.53×10^(6)mL^(-1)。通过PEG介导,将PDL2质粒(含hph和gfp基因)转入S12菌株,可得47株转化子,转化效率2.35株/μg,从中筛选出10株生长速度和产孢量与野生型S12菌株无明显差异的转化子。荧光观察、PCR和拮抗活性检测结果表明,外源基因已成功整合到S12菌株中,成功建立了S12菌株的遗传转化体系,并获得了GFP标记菌株,有6株转化子对LR-1菌株的抑菌率与野生型S12菌株无明显差异。【结论】成功建立了遗传稳定性良好的S12菌株遗传转化体系,筛选出了6株抑菌效果与野生型菌株相当的转化子。

莲腐败病菌遗传转化体系的构建

由共享镰刀菌Fusarium commune引起的莲腐败病是我国莲生产上的主要病害之一。本研究以强致病力菌株FCN23为供试菌株,通过PEG介导的遗传转化法研究了菌龄、酶解时间和渗透压稳定剂等对原生质体制备的影响。结果表明,分生孢子在YPD液体培养基培养24 h获得新鲜菌丝,在酶解时间为2.5 h,渗透压稳定剂为0.7 mol/L NaCl溶液时原生质体制备效率最高。进而将遗传霉素的抗性基因和绿色荧光蛋白基因转入莲腐败病菌原生质体中,获得了稳定表达的转化子,能够稳定遗传gfp基因,说明莲腐败病菌的遗传转化体系构建成功。该体系的建立为莲腐败病菌的侵染过程及基因功能研究奠定了基础。

高压电晕电场诱变野生草原黑蘑原生质体的初步研究

为提高草原黑蘑菌丝体生长速度,采用高压电晕电场诱变技术处理草原黑蘑原生质体,通过设置4、5、6、7 kV的电压,分别进行30、60、90、120、150、180、210、240、270 s的处理,统计致死率,结合拮抗试验,初步筛选快速生长的新型突变菌株。结果显示,电压为6、7 kV时致死率均为100%,电压为4、5 kV时可获得原生质体再生菌落,致死率为8.45%~81.69%,其中4 kV处理150 s时致死率最高,为81.69%,是获得突变菌株的最佳致死条件;通过再生菌落的形态观察及拮抗试验,获得14株突变菌株,经生长量及生长速率的测量,发现诱变菌株生长后期4 kV的电压较5 kV更有利于促进菌丝体的生长量,在4 kV和5 kV处理条件下获得了生长速度较CK提高的11株正向突变菌株。高压电晕电场诱变技术可为草原黑蘑菌种的新品种选育提供参考。

PEG介导的广东虫草原生质体遗传转化体系建立及其应用

【目的】广东虫草是我国特有珍稀食药用菌,其营养成分丰富、活性功效显著,已获批新资源食品,产业化应用前景广阔。建立广东虫草原生质体制备及遗传转化方法,可为广东虫草新品种选育及基因功能研究提供参考依据。【方法】以广东虫草菌丝体为材料,采用单因素分析方法对原生质体制备过程中酶解组合、酶解时间、酶解温度、复苏培养基及抗性标记进行筛选。同时以潮霉素抗性标记质粒pCAMBIA1300为转化片段,采用单因素分析方法对PEG介导的原生质体转化过程中亚精胺浓度、PEG加入间隔时间、抗生素添加时间进行筛选。并以广东虫草中的锌指半胱氨酸转录因子CgPro1敲除片段为目的转化片段,对转化系统进行验证。【结果】广东虫草原生质体制备的最佳组合条件为:采用含有裂解酶+崩溃酶的混合酶体系(1∶1)对广东虫草的菌丝体进行酶解,且酶解温度28℃、酶解时间为5.5 h时原生质体得率最高;原生质体复苏过程中,TB3复苏培养基对广东虫草原生质体的复苏效果最好、其次为0.6mol/L KCl-PDA;PEG介导原生质体转化过程中,加入5 mmol/L亚精胺、PEG加入间隔时间10 min、原生质体复苏3 d后添加250μg/mL潮霉素抗性标记进行筛选,转化效率最高。此外,通过建立的转化系统获得3个CgPro1敲除突变株及3个杂合子,表型分析结果显示,该基因参与广东虫草子实体发育过程。【结论】建立了成熟的广东虫草原生质体制备及PEG介导的遗传转化体系,可为今后广东虫草基因功能、蛋白定位等遗传操作研究奠定良好基础,同时为广东虫草遗传育种提供重要应用参考。

STUDIES ON COLOR TYPE VARIANTSFROM MUTAGENIZED PROTOPLASTS OFPORPHYRA HAITANENSIS CHANG ET ZHENG& P. YEZOENSIS UEDA (RHODOPHYCEASE )

Isolated protoplasts from thalli of Porphyra haitanensis and Porphyra yezoensis were treated with colchicine or irradiated by ultraviolet (UV ). Several types of color variants were observed among the protoplast offspring. After treatment with colchicine: (1) 0.04-0.09% of red type variants in P. haitanensis were obtained; (2) The rate of red type variants and the variegated chimeral thalli composed of red type and wild type of sectors were 6.31- 1.11% in P. yezoensis. After irradiation with UV: (1) 3.5- 10.5% of red type variants in P. yezoensis were obtained: (2) 0.5-2-0% of red type variants and the variegated chimeral thalli composed of red type and wild type of sectors were obtained in P. haitanensis. Colchicine and UV’s mutangenic effects on P. yezoensis protoplasts were stronger than those on P. haitanensis protoplasts. The most efficient concentration of colchicine was 0.05%. The optimal length of UV-radiation was 1/2 min (radiation distance 5 cm). The red type variants induced, by colchicine

Efficient gusA Transient Expression in Porphyra yezoensis Protoplasts Mediated by Endogenous Beta-tubulin Flanking Sequences

Endogenous tubulin promoter has been widely used for expressing foreign genes in green algae, but the efficiency and feasibility of endogenous tubulin promoter in the economically important Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta) are unknown. In this study, the flanking sequences of beta-tubulin gene from P. yezoensis were amplified and two transient expression vectors were con-structed to determine their transcription promoting feasibility for foreign gene gusA. The testing vector pATubGUS was constructed by inserting 5’- and 3’-flanking regions (Tub5’ and Tub3’) up- and down-stream of β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gusA), respectively, into pA, a derivative of pCAT?3-enhancer vector. The control construct, pAGUSTub3, contains only gusA and Tub3’. These con-structs were electroporated into P. yezoensis protoplasts and the GUS activities were quantitatively analyzed by spectrometry. The results demonstrated that gusA gene was efficiently expressed in P. yezoensis protoplasts under the regulation of 5’-flanking sequence of the beta-tubulin gene. More interestingly, the pATubGUS produced stronger GUS activity in P. yezoensis protoplasts when com-pared to the result from pBI221, in which the gusA gene was directed by a constitutive CaMV 35 S promoter. The data suggest that the integration of P. yezoensis protoplast and its endogenous beta-tubulin flanking sequences is a potential novel system for foreign gene expression.

Optimization of Isolation and Culture of Protoplasts in Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i>) Cultivar Regen-SY

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an important forage crop belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is cultivated across the world for fodder and originated in Asia. Alfalfa cultivar Regen-SY was used in this study which is a hybrid of first-generation self-parents from Regen-S (M. sativa) and Regen-Y (Medicago falcata) research cultivars. The main objective of the study was to optimize conditions for the isolation and liquid culture of alfalfa Regen-SY protoplasts. Several factors like enzyme combination, incubation time, plant age, centrifugation speed and shaker speed affecting protoplast isolation and culture were optimized in the study. The yield and viability of the protoplasts was determined by using hemocytometer and Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) staining respectively. Results showed that factors like enzyme combination, incubation time, plant age, centrifugation speed and Mannitol concentration significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affect protoplast yield and viability whereas shaker speed didn’t result in any significant difference in the yield and viability of protoplasts. Using optimum conditions protoplasts were cultured in the liquid medium and microcalli formation was achieved after five weeks of the culture. The protocol established in this study will assist researchers in the isolation and culture of protoplasts in alfalfa and will accelerate the research processes like protoplast fusion and genetic engineering.

Studies on the isolation and culture of protoplasts from Kappaphycus alvarezii

In this study, protoplasts were successfully isolated from Kappaphycus alvarezii using snail enzymes, abalone enzymes and cellulase. The optimum enzymic ratio was fixed to be 20% of abalone enzyme, 12% of cellulase and the osmotic stabilizer was 2.0 mol/L glucose. The optimum enzymic hydrolysis conditions were found to be dark enzymolysis at 30°C continuing for 4.0 h. The resultant density and yield of protoplasts achieved 32.60×10^4 mL-1, 65.20×10^4 g-1 tissue for Kappaphycus alvarezii. Finally, under the temperature of 20°C, light intensity of 1 500–2 000 lx and photoperiod of 12 h/d, two developmental pathways were investigated：（1） callus-like cell mass and regenerated plantlet occurred on protoplast;（2） young shoots and calluslike cell mass occurred in tissue blocks after enzymolysis.

Isolation and callus formation of Gracilariopsis bailiniae(Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) protoplasts

This paper reports the first successful isolation of protoplasts from G racilariopsis bailiniae and their callus formation. The base solution type, concentration of isolating enzymes, concentration of sorbitol, incubation time, temperature and pH of the enzyme solution were tested to optimize the protoplast yield. The optimized isolation conditions were: 40% base solution 3(deionized water containing 25 mmol/L MESTris and 25 mmol/L CaCl 2 ·2 H 2 O) and 60% crude Marinomonas sp. YS-70 agarase solution, containing 2% w/v cellulase, 1% w/v macerozyme R-10 and 0.4 mol/L sorbitol, with incubation for 4 h at 28°C and pH 6.5. The highest yield of viable protoplasts, which was obtained in these conditions, was(1.75±0.25)×10 6 cells/g fresh weight. Cell wall regeneration of most protoplasts from G. bailiniae was complete within 60 h and the first division of cells happened after ≥3 days. Two division types were observed in the first division of protoplasts from G. bailiniae— asymmetric division and symmetric division. After the first division, the cells underwent a series of divisions to form callus cell masses.

The protoplasts isolation,culture and shoots regeneration of broccoli(Brassica oleracea var.italica)

Eight F1-hybrid cultivars of broccoli were studied.We obtained cell division,celled colonies and p-calli in 5 cultivars,roots and shoots regeneration in one cultivar.The leavesof propagated plantlets in vitro were cut into 1—2mm pieces,isolated with an enzyme solutioncontaining 2% cellulase and 1%macerase on a rotary shaker（50 rpm,21℃,3h,2500 lux light）,and purified with a 0.5M sucrose solution.The purified protoplasts were placed on a drop of 1%agarose.2—3 ml liquid medium was added around the agarose drops,and all of the cultures wereincubated at 25℃ under light（4000 lux）for 16 hours.3—5 days after isolation the cell divisionwas found.About 7 days after incubation 4 multicellular colonies were formed.After 3—5 wksome p-calli were developed.When the p-calli were 2—3 mm in diameter it was transferred to asolidified medium.Once they were developed to 1 cm in diameter they were transferred on a re-generation medium.About 5 months after incubation some roots and shoots grown from the calliwere

Factors affecting the production and regeneration of protoplasts: the case of the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora from roots of orchids

Protoplast isolation is relevant for many different applications and has been principally used in proceduresnvolving genetic manipulation. In this study, the age of mycelium, osmotic stabilizers, enzyme, incubation temperature and incubation time were evaluated in terms of their effects on protoplast yield. The young mycelia （3 d） of Tulasnella calospora were digested for 6 h at 30℃ in a mixture of 1.2 mol·L-1 MgSO_4 ＋ 10 mmoI·L-1 K2HPO4 as the osmotic stabilizer, with a 1.0% lysing enzyme and 1.5% driselase： more than 106 protoplasts mL-1 were obtained. When collected 3y density gradient centrifugation, the concentration of protoplasts can reach 107-108 protoplasts mL-1, an amount suitable enough for experiments of transformation in fungi. For every 10_5 protoplasts, about 15-25 protoplasts can egenerate after 24-36 h cultivation in a liquid medium and after 8-10 d in an agar medium. This study produced an efficient method for protoplast production, reverting them into a typical mycelia morphology using a Tulasnella calospora solate.

PEG Delivery of a Wheat Storage Protein Gene into Rice Protoplasts

An effiecent cell suspension culture system has been initiated using callus obtained frommature seeds of the Chinese Japonica variety Eryi 105 as a source.Over the last 12 months,using the'Nottingham Method',protoplasts have been produced from these cell suspen-sions,and via the PEG method of transformation.45 regenerated plants were obtained fromDNA-treated protoplasts selected by 80μg/ml G418.The research of molecular analysis onthose plantlets is being carried on by Plant Genetic Manipulation Group,Department of LifeScience,University of Nottingham,U.K.

Plant regeneration of protoplasts isolated from suspension cells derived from leaf blale of Oryza sative

We used the leaf blade of rice (cultivars were Nonghu 6, Sugeng 2, Huyou 2 and Hanfeng) as initial material for protoplast culture, and a great number of regenerated plants were obtained. Rice seeds were sterilized and germinated. The immature leaves were cut into 3-5 mm pieces when the third or forth leaf appeared. Leaf pieces were inoculated on MS medium with 2,4-D 4 mg/1, NAA 2mg/1 and IAA Img/1. After 2 wk culture, calli were induced and subcultured once or twice for multiplication. 3-5 g calli were transferred to the modified MS liquid medium with 2,4-D 2 mg/1 and KT 0.5mg/1 for suspension culture. Embryogenic cell suspension was established after 2 mo culture. The effect of the growth period of suspension cells on the

Rice Protoplasts Isolated Directly from Mature-Embryo-Derived Calli

Mature-embryo-derived calli or japonica rice (Oryza sativa L)Taipei 309 were used for replicated protoplast isolation experiments. Six out of nine callus lines produced protoplasts with satisractory yield of 5. 20×106～8. 96× 106 protoplasts/g FW(fresh weight).The remaining three callus lines Initiated from seeds of cryopreserved- callus-derived plants had rooty calli, resulting in low yield or protoplasts and a large number or isolated banana- shape intact cells. Viability or protoplasts ranged 87.46% ～94.15%.The average size or Protoplasts was 207. 49～379. 04μm2 in different callus lines.Comparitive experiments were also carried out using both calli and suspension culture cells for protoplast isolation. The results demonstrated that protoplast isolation of calli was a substantially simplified and reliable method for preparing rice protoplasts.