Influence of Symbiotic Interaction between Fungus, Virus, and Tomato Plant in Combating Drought Stress

The influence of the three-way interaction between the fungus (Curvularia protuberata), virus (CThTV), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in combating drought stress was evaluated in this study. The plants in this greenhouse experiment were grown under conditions of 400 ± 150 μmol·m-2·s-1 photon flux density, 45% to 50% relative humidity (RH), and 30°C ± 2°C. Tomato seeds were germinated and inoculated with the combination of the fungus and virus at the seedling stage. The plants were allowed to grow for two weeks and randomly selected individuals were utilized. The selected plants were grown in one gallon pots containing organic potting soil. The treatments included non-symbiotic (NS), virus-free (VF), and symbiotic (An) plants. Each treatment received twelve samples and each sample was allowed to grow for an additional two weeks under drought stress. At that time, plants were exhibiting drought stress symptoms including visible wilting. Six samples from each treatment were utilized in determining selected physiological responses of tomato at pre-anthesis stage. The remaining six samples from each treatment were re-watered once and allowed to grow until they reached the anthesis stage. When they showed visible signs of wilting, the same physiological responses measured during pre-anthesis were conducted. The samples of each treatment were utilized at the end of each stage in determining photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, photosynthetic pigments, water potential, and soluble sugar content. Plant growth, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, water potential, and soluble sugar content were similarly affected by the various treatments. However, carotenoids were significantly higher at pre-anthesis in the symbiotic plants in comparison to other treatments. Additionally, photosynthesis appeared to be significantly higher at anthesis compared to pre-anthesis for all treatments.

Influence of Dimensions of UHMW-PE Protuberances on Sliding Resistance and Normal Adhesion of Bangkok Clay Soil to Biomimetic Plates

A number of investigations into application of polymers for macro-morphological modification of tool surface have been carried out. These researches, with extensive stress on convex or domed protuberations as one of the widely used construction units, have tried to harness benefits from using polymers in agriculture. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene （UHMW-PE） has proved an emerging polymer in its application to reduce soil adhesion. This research was conducted to study the effect of shape （flat, semi-spherical, semi-oblate, semi short-prolate and semi long-prolate） and dimensions （base diameter and dome height） on sliding resistance and normal adhesion of biomimetic plates. To incorporate both shape and size, a dimensionless ratio of height to diameter （HDR） was introduced to characterize the effect of construction unit＇s physique. Experiments were conducted in Bangkok clay soil with dry （ 19.8% d.b.）, sticky （36.9% d.b.） and flooded （60.1% d.b.） soil conditions respectively. Soil at sticky limit exhibited the highest sliding resistance （77.8 N） and normal adhesion （3 kPa to 7 kPa）, whereas these values were 61.7 N and 〈0.2 kPa in dry, and 53.7 N and 0.5 kPa to 1.5 kPa in flooded soil conditions. Protuberances with HDR ≤ 0.5 lowered sliding resistance by 10% - 30% and the same reduced normal adhesion by 10% - 60%. The amount of reduction in both sliding resistance and normal adhesion was higher in flooded soil. Lighter normal loads obviously produced lesser resistance and adhesion.

Selective endoscopic ligation for treatment of upper gastrointestinal protuberant lesions

This study explored the clinical value of endoscopic ligation for the treatment of upper gastrointestinal(GI)protuberant lesions in children.According to the appearance and size of lesions,we used different ligation techniques for the treatment of the lesions.Endoscopic ultrasonography was used for preliminary characterization of the lesions.One case diagnosed with PeutzJeghers syndrome was successfully treated by a detachable snare.Two cases with semi-pedunculated or broad-base lesions originating from the submucosal layer of the upper GI were treated with endoscopic variceal ligation;endoscopic examination showed that one case had complete healing 11 wk after ligation,while an ulcer scar was observed at the ligation site after 6 wk in the other case.All lesions were successfully ligated at the first attempt.No significant complications occurred either during or after the procedure.Selective endoscopic ligation of upper GI lesions is an effective and safe treatment for upper GI protuberant lesions in children.

New Theory of Effusive and Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

In this study, we presented new theory of effusive and explosive of volcanic eruptions. New explanation of eruption mechanisms was done by using the Elemental Buoyancy Theory and new K-Th-U structure of Earth, developed early by author. During investigation of effusive eruptions, it was given clear answer on the question why the light chemical elements, mainly silicon and sulfur compound, currently dominate in the volcanic ashes, gases, and in the magma lavas. At investigation of explosive mechanism, we analyzed 38 strong eruptions with Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) more than 4+. It was shown that there is a link between the planet configurations and volcanic eruptions. It can be found that volcano eruptions occurred at the different types of planet alignments. The phenomenon does depend neither on planet mass nor on the relative positions of planets. Also the phenomenon does not depend on the distance between planets, but often eruptions were observed when the distances between planets are multiple units. Also in work, it was demonstrated that the planet alignment affects not only natural processes on the Earth, but also impact the Sun activity. Based on the comparison phenomenon on the Earth and Sun, we get new mechanism to rapidly rising up pressure under the lithospheric planes by gravity vortexes. This gravity vortex was called as terrestrial magmatic protuberances.

Submucosal protuberance caused by a fish bone in the absence of preoperative positive signs:A case report

BACKGROUND Submucosal protuberance caused by fish bone insertion into the digestive tract has rarely been reported.These cases usually include patients with clear signs such as a history of fish intake,pain,and dysphagia,as well as positive findings on endoscopy and imaging.Here,we report a case of a fish bone hidden in the submucosal protuberance of the gastric antrum during endoscopic submucosal dissection without preoperative obvious positive signs.CASE SUMMARY A 58-year-old woman presented with epigastric pain for the past 20 d and a submucosal protuberance.Abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography did not indicate the presence of a fish bone.We assumed the cause to be an ordinary submucosal eminence and performed an endoscopic submucosal dissection to confirm its essence.During the operation,a fish bone approximately 20 mm in length was found incidentally.CONCLUSION Our report could potentially prevent the oversight of embedded fish bones and associated adverse effects in patients with similar presentation.

Modified surgical method of supra-and infratentorial epidural hematoma and the related anatomical study of the squamous part of the occipital bone

BACKGROUND Supra-and infratentorial acute epidural hematoma(SIEDH)is a common posterior cranial fossa epidural hematoma located at the inner surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone(SOB).Traditionally,surgical treatment of the SIEDH requires a combined supra-infratentorial craniotomy.AIM To analyze the morphological characteristics of the SOB and introduce a single supratentorial craniotomy for SIEDH.METHODS Skull computed tomography(CT)scan data from 32 adult patients were collected from January 1,2019 to January 31,2020.On the median sagittal plane of the CT scan,the angle of the SOB(ASOB)was defined by two lines:Line A was defined from the lambdoid suture(LambS)to the external occipital protuberance(EOP),while line B was defined from the EOP to the posterior edge of the foramen magnum(poFM).The operative angle for the SIEDH(OAS)from the supra-to infratentorial epidural space was determined by two lines:The first line passes from the midpoint between the EOP and the LambS to the poFM,while the second line passes from the EOP to the poFM.The ASOB and OAS were measured and analyzed.RESULTS Based on the anatomical study,a single supratentorial craniotomy was performed in 8 patients with SIEDH.The procedure and the results of the modified surgical method were demonstrated in detail.For males,the ASOB was 118.4±4.7 and the OAS was 15.1±1.8;for females,the ASOB was 130.4±5.1 and the OAS was 12.8±2.0.There were significant differences between males and females both in ASOB and OAS.The smaller the ASOB was,the larger the OAS was.The bone flaps in 8 patients were designed above the transverse sinus intraoperatively,and the SIEDH was completely removed without suboccipital craniotomy.The SOB does not present as a single straight plane but bends at an angle around the EOP and the superior nuchal lines.The OAS was negatively correlated with the ASOB.CONCLUSION The single supratentorial craniotomy for SIEDH is reliable and effective.

Aerodynamic load control on a dynamically pitching wind turbine airfoil using leading-edge protuberance method

The aerodynamic loads of wind turbine blades are substantially affected by dynamic stall induced by the variations of the angle of attack of local airfoil sections.The purpose of the present study is to explore the effect of leading-edge protuberances on the fluctuation of the aerodynamic performances for wind turbine airfoil during dynamic stall.An experimental investigation is carried out by a direct force measurement technique employing force balance at a Reynolds number Re=2×105.The phase-averaged and instantaneous aerodynamic loads of the pitching airfoil,including the baseline and the wavy airfoil,are presented and analyzed.The phase-averaged results indicate that the effects of dynamic stall for the wavy airfoil can be delayed or minimized compared to the baseline airfoil,and the negative damping area of the wavy airfoil is significant decreased in full-stall condition.These effects of leading-edge protuberances are more notable at a higher reduced frequency.For the instantaneous aerodynamic loads of the wavy airfoil,there is an observable reduction in fluctuations compared with baseline case.Furthermore,spectral analysis is applied to quantitatively undercover the nonstationary features of the instantaneous aerodynamic loads.It is found that the leading edge protuberances can reduce the harmonics of the aerodynamic force signal,and enhance the stability of the aerodynamic loads under different reduced frequencies.In conclusion,leading-edge protuberances are found effective to reduce the fluctuation characteristics of the aerodynamic loads during the dynamic stall process,and help to improve the stability and prolong the service life of the wind turbine blades.

A Review on Modeling of Bionic Flow Control Methods for Large-Scale Wind Turbine Blades

Due to complicated working conditions,the normal operating large-scale wind turbine blades are often suffering from some inevitable problems,i.e.,friction adhesion,flow separation and acoustic noise,which may significantly affect the aerodynamic performance of the blades and thus the wind turbine system.Therefore,effective measurements must be taken to solve these issues.Correspondingly,several novel bionic flow control methods by mimicking shark skin,whale fin and owl wing,i.e.,riblet,leading-edge protuberance and trailing-edge serration,have been recently studied,and good progresses have been made in terms of effectiveness,analysis and mechanism.However,these potential techniques are unable to be widely applied within wind energy community due to the lack of reasonable modeling methods,clearly reflecting the effect of bionic structures on the flow field around,which results in incapability to carry out further optimal design of bionic blade.To this end,this review paper first concentrated on a summary of the control mechanisms of three bionic techniques.Based on this,some feasible ideas of model buildup were proposed.Finally,the flow analyses around the typical blade airfoils were chosen as case studies to verify the feasibility and accuracy of these simulation methods.

Performance of the bio-inspired leading edge protuberances on a static wing and a pitching wing

It is shown that the leading edge protuberances on the flippers of a humpback whale can significantly improve the hydrodynamic performance. The present study numerically investigates the flow control mechanisms of the leading edge protuberances on a static wing and a pitching wing. For static wings, the performance in both laminar flow and turbulent flow are studied in the context of the flow control mechanisms. It is shown that the protuberances have slight effects on the performance of static wings in laminar flow. Also, it could be deduced that non-uniform downwash does not delay the stall occurrence in either laminar flow or turbulent flow. In turbulent flow, the leading edge protuberances act in a manner similar to vortex generators, enhancing the momentum exchange within the boundary layer. Streamwise vortices do contribute to the delay of the stall occurrence. The normal vorticity component also plays an important role in delaying the stall occurrence. However, for the pitching wing, the effect of leading edge protuberances is negligible in turbulent flow. Detailed analysis of the flow field indicates that for the wing with the leading edge protuberances, the leading edge vortices become more complex, while the thrust jet and the vortices in the wake are not changed significantly by the leading edge protuberances.