Survey and Evaluation of Reserve Arable Land Resources in Xinjiang's Makit County

Using " limiting factor" evaluation method,we make survey and evaluation of reserve arable land resources in Makit County.The results show that 9876.1 ha of land resources can be reclaimed in the county;there is no mining land to be reclaimed;9447.58 ha of grassland can be reclaimed,and it is mainly distributed in Gazikule Township and Kizilawat Township.We make the following recommendations:broadening investment channels and increasing capital investment for arable land consolidation;combining unused land development and environmental protection;making suitability evaluation of reserve arable land resources and determining reasonable direction and path of development and reclamation.

Dynamics of Land Use and the Evolution of Agroforestry Practices in the Dja Biosphere Reserve (DBR) Southeast Cameroon

The study had as objective to investigate the land use/land cover change from 1980 to 2019 in the Dja Biosphere Reserve using GIS and remote sensing techniques and the evolution of agroforestry practices. Semi structured questionnaires were administered to 320 farmers who were randomly selected from 35 villages of the Dja Biosphere Reserve characterized by the presence of agroforestry systems. The land use map revealed six classes which were dense humid forest, perennial crop-based agroforestry practices, river, wetland, built up and bare areas. Between 1980 and 2008, dense humid forest lost -4.9% of its area to the benefits of perennial crop-based agroforestry practices, built up and bare land. Between 2008 and 2019, dense humid forest gain 1.77% of its area due to increase in perennial crop-based agroforestry practices and a subsequent increase in vegetation cover. Perennial crop-based agroforestry practices and built up increase progressively from 1980 to 2019. Farmers perceived hunting (36.3%), slash and burn agriculture (43.3%) and harvesting of tree-based products (20.3%) as the anthropogenic activities impacting the reserve negatively. The evolution of agroforestry practices were observed on the field, but the precise area under agroforestry practices in the study area need to be estimated. As a mitigation strategy to livelihood needs as well as the rehabilitation of degraded land, the conversion of pure cultivated agricultural land into agroforestry is a major opportunity.

Analysis of Impervious Surface Area, and the Impacts on Soil-Based Agriculture and the Hydrologic Cycle: A Case Study in the Agricultural Land Reserve in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

The province of British Columbia, Canada, has established an Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) to protect the most suitable soil landscapes for agriculture. Increases in population and urbanization have resulted in development challenges on ALR lands. The Metro Vancouver area is the most productive agricultural area in British Columbia as well as the most rapidly growing urban region. The increase in impervious areas has decreased the amount of arable land for soil-based agriculture and altered the hydrological cycle. Analysis using a combination of aerial imagery and GIS found that impervious areas comprise about 10 percent of the ALR within Metro Vancouver. Farm residences and greenhouses have the largest effect on reducing the soil surface for water infiltration. This decrease in area has negatively influenced the ecosystem heath of the region, as well as, decreasing the amount of agricultural land for soil based agriculture and both surface and groundwater dynamics.

Land Use/Land Cover Changes of Ago-Owu Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Remote sensing (RS) and GIS are important methods for land use assessment and land cover transition. In this study, land use/land cover changes in the Ago-Owu Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria have been assessed. Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI were acquired for 1986, 2002 and 2017 respectively. The three scenes corresponded to path 190 and row 055 of WRS-2 (Worldwide Reference System). The processing of the imagery was preceded by the clipping of the study area from the satellite image. The boundary of the reserve was carefully digitized and used to clip the imagery to produce an image map of the forest reserve. Using the supervised image classification procedure, training sites were used to produce land use/land cover maps. The same classification scheme was used for the 1986, 2002 and 2017 images to facilitate the detection of change. The differences in the area covered by the different polygons between the three sets of images were measured in km2. The results show that during 1986 and 2017, there is a dramatic increase of build-up areas with a change of 55.65 km2 and sparse vegetation (farmland and grassland) with a change of 53.97 km2, while a dramatic decrease of dense vegetation (forest areas) with a change of 109.61 km2. The consequence of these results is that over the years, the population of people living in the forest reserve has increased and many of them are engaged in farming, leading to an increase in farmland. In addition, logging activities continued unabated in the forest reserve, as demonstrated by a sharp increase in the deforested area within the reserve. The maps produced in this study will serve as a planning tool for the Osun State Forestry Department to plan reforestation activities for the forest reserve.

Spatial Pattern of Land Cover Change Using Remotely Sensed Imagery and GIS: A Case Study of Omo-Shasha-Oluwa Forest Reserve, SW Nigeria (1986-2002)

Spatial patterns of land cover changes in the Omo-Shasha-Oluwa Forest Reserves were conducted on Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries of 1986 and 2002 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Extent of tree plantation (Gmelina arborea) grew from about 145 sq. km in 1986 to about 322 sq. km in 2002 (122% increase). The natural forest declined from about 2569 sq. km in 1986 to about 2253 sq. km by 2002, while the non-forest areas increased by some 5% from 341 km2?in 1986 to about 490 km2?by 2002. Land cover pattern and its changes in the study area are linked to both natural and anthropogenic processes such as illegal logging, demand for soft wood for industries and expansion of settlements. The conversion of natural forest into monoculture plantations should be discouraged because they do not give room for biodiversity. Specific forestry and environmental laws and regulations that significantly address landscape changes in reserved and protected areas should be enforced to reduce activities that negatively affect the forest reserves. There is also the need to develop a wider and more integrated GIS system of the forest and other land resources in the country to assist different kinds of planning and management activities.

Evaluation of Arable Land Reserve Resources and Analysis of Restrictive Factors: A Case Study of Hangjin Banner in Inner Mongolia

Taking land available for cultivation and mining land available for reclamation in Hangjin Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,using land use database of 2012 as evaluation base,it made evaluation of arability of 677 021. 40 hm2 reserve land resources by the restrictive factor evaluation method. Besides,it analyzed main restrictive factors of arable land reserve resources in Hangjin Banner. Results indicate that the total area arable land reserve resources is 52 200. 02 hm2,accounting for 7. 71% of total area evaluated. Irrigation condition and soil thickness are major factors restricting development of arable land reserve resources in the study area. It is expected to provide reference for development of arable land reserve resources and land consolidation project in Hangjin Banner.

Analysis of Factors Instigating Land Use Conflicts in Selected Forest Reserves of Ondo State, Nigeria

Practice of agriculture and other none forestry uses in forest reserves often generates conflict owing to the former’s incompatibility with the latter. The need to identify the factors that triggers this conflict is germane to sustainable forest resources management. Thus, this paper report findings on various factors instigating land use conflicts in the high forest zone of Ondo state, Nigeria. Idanre and Oluwa forest reserves in the state were purposively selected for the study. Household counting was carried out in order to obtain a population in each settlement using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique. Fifty percent sampling intensity of individuals in settlements within and around the sites was used to select a total of 302 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected using both interview schedule guide and focus group discussion. Means, frequency counts and percentages were employed for descriptive analysis while factor analysis was used to identify the various factors instigating land use conflicts. Majority of the respondents were male (80.8%), married (86.1%), Yorubas (69.9%), farmers (69.6%) with a mean age of 43 ± 7.9 years. Boundary dispute (= 2.60), Resource control conflict (= 2.31), Inheritance conflict (= 2.11) as well as conflict between human/cultural and natural use (= 1.66) were the major types of conflicts identified in the study area. Four major factors that amplified the causes of land use conflicts in the forest reserves were: Cultural (settling land dispute cultural values between different ethnic group and access to land ownership);Economic (desperate for short term monetary gain , unpaid rent to landlords and unauthorised sale of common or collectively owned land);Social factors (increase in number of people and several people claiming the same land), and Political factors (breach of contract with government and changes in government policies on the use of forest).

Prospects and Challenges of Village Land Forest Reserves Management in Mbarali District, Tanzania

Prospects and challenges of Village Lands Forest Reserves (VLFRs) in Mbarali district, southern Tanzania were investigated. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, in-depth key informant interviews, physical field visits and documentary reviews. A total of 44 subjects were involved in the study. SPSS, Microsoft Excel and content analysis were used in data analysis. Findings indicated that inadequate capacity building, passive community participation and involvement in VLFRs management fostered the continued forest degradation and deforestation in the study area. It was further observed that on average 2.04 ha of forest was being lost every year through anthropogenic activities, mainly farm expansion, charcoal business and firewood. In order to achieve VLFRs sustainability, the study recommends improvement of relationship and coordination among VLFRs key stakeholders, participatory preparation of forest management plans, enforcement of community forest management bylaws, and use of energy saving stoves to reduce overdependence on forests as source of energy.

Landscape influences and management countermeasures of ginseng planting near Changbai mountain nature reserve

Ginseng planting in Northeast China brings economic benefits but affects forest landscape integrity and native ecological processes.In order to quantify the impacts of ginseng planting on the forest landscape,Fusong County in Jilin Province was selected as a study area.The number and distribution of ginseng fields over different time was quantified based on remote sensing and ground surveys.Grid analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to study the impacts of ginseng planting on the landscape.The results showed that altitudes and slopes of ginseng fields increased and became increasingly scattered and smaller closer to the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve.Ginseng fields and abandoned fields increased total patches and total area of the local forested landscape,and shared edge lengths between ginseng fields and forests,resulting in continuous fragmentation of the landscape.Although the total area of existing and abandoned ginseng fields accounts for a small fraction of the total landscape,their negative impacts on ecosystem conservation is significant.The local government needs to rationally plan ginseng planting,scientifically implement the restoration of abandoned ginseng lands,and enhance awareness of ginseng farmers to environmental stewardship.Our study has important significance for maintaining the healthy and stable development of the local ginseng industry and for improving the quality of regional ecological environment.

Drivers of Land Cover Dynamics for Pugu and Kazimuzumbwi Forest Reserves in Kisarawe, Tanzania

Forests that are close to growing urban centres have been subject to constant deforestation and degradation from various factors. This study assesses the drivers of land cover dynamics in Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves in the context of urban and peri-urban expansion of Dar es Salaam for the past three decades. The study adopted review of relevant literature and household survey from three settlements surrounding the forest reserves. One hundred and fifty (150) households were collected from Buyuni, Chanika and Masaki in Ilala and Kisarawe and administered with semi-structured questionnaire to collect information on migration, use of forest products by communities and perception on climate change and variability. SPSS computer program was used to analyse the questionnaire data while tables and graphs were adopted for presentation of the results. Rural-urban and internal urban migration in Dar es Salaam was identified as one of the primary drivers of land cover dynamics in peri-urban areas and adjoining environments. The migration was intensified by push drivers which include urban growth, market of land and reliance on forest product among community members as source of their livelihoods. The increased rainfall variability accompanied with high temperature has contributed to frequent droughts which compromises rainfed agriculture. Thus, the successful conservation of the forest will require strengthened enforcement of protection measures supported with introduction of alternative livelihood strategies for majority of poor community members.

Integrated Assessment of Forest Cover Change and Above-Ground Carbon Stock in Pugu and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves, Tanzania

A study was conducted to estimate the forest cover change, quantify and map tree above-ground carbon stock using Remote sensing and GIS techniques together with forest inventory. Landsat images of 1980, 1995 and 2010 acquired during dry season were used in the estimation of cover changes. Supervised image classification using Maximum Likeli-hood Classifier was performed in ERDAS Imagine software to analyze the images and further analysis was performed in Arc GIS 9.3 software. Stratified sampling procedure was used to select concentric inventory plots in Pugu Forest Reserve (PFR) and Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve (KFR). Plots were laid according to NAFORMA, and the tree parameters in each sampling plot were collected. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used to compute the above-ground bio- mass for each plot using an empirical equation relating wood basic density and tree height. The above-ground carbon was calculated using a conversion factor of 0.49. Geostatistical method in ArcGIS was used to analyze and map carbon. Results revealed that for the periods 1980-1995 and 1995-2010, Closed Forest in PFR decreased by 4.5% and 25.3% respectively, while for KFR, Closed Forest decreased by 11.9% and 31.3% respectively. The mean carbon density for PFR and KFR were respectively 5.72 tC/ha and 0.98 tC/ha while carbon stocks were 14 730.41 tC and 7 206.46 tC re- spectively. The revealed low carbon densities were attributable to decline in area under Closed Forest in the two Forest Reserves. The study recommends concerted efforts to enhance proper management of the forests so that the two forest reserves may contribute to REDD initiatives.

Quantifying Forest Loss in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve (Center Region, Cameroon)

This study was carried out in the forest reserve of Mbalmayo, Center Region of Cameroon, with the aim to analyze the dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) changes over the past 30 years. The databases used were made up of 3 Landsat satellite images (5TM of 1990, 7ETM+ of 2005 and 8OLI of 2020). The satellite images were processed using ArcGIS and Erdas Imagine software. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted to investigate the relationships between the local population and the forest reserve. The Mbalmayo forest reserve is consisted of seven main land cover namely: mature secondary forest, young secondary forest, savanna, fallows and crops, built, bare soil and water surface. The dynamics of the forest cover undergoes more significant changes between the years 1990-2005 with losses estimate at 4762 ha compared to the years 2005-2020 (2231 ha), with a marked decrease in the area of dense forests. This regression is much more important in dense forest vegetation. The forest cover lost 6993 ha (26.92%) of its surface, which corresponds to an average rate of deforestation of 233.1 ha/year. The survey revealed the need for NTFPs for the Mbalmayo reserve forest populations. Indeed, all respondents agreed that they use non-timber forest products from the forest, mainly for medication (37%), wood (34%) and food (24%). Therefore, it becomes urgent to redefine a management plan for the Mbalmayo forest reserve which will define how the forest must be managed in order to avoid the loss of large areas of forests disappearing each year under the human action, which exerts pressure on forest species, thus leading to their possible disappearance.

苍山洱海国家级自然保护区土地利用格局

目的:了解云南苍山洱海国家级自然保护区(以下简称“保护区”)土地利用结构及特征,掌握土地利用的景观格局,为保护区整合优化及后期管理提供指导。方法:以相关调查数据为基础,基于GIS技术,对保护区土地利用现状、景观格局及矛盾冲突进行分析。结果:苍山片区以林地和草地为主(面积占比96.43%),洱海片区以水体为主(面积占比98.02%);研究区域林地、水域和草地景观形状较为规整,景观破碎度较低,受人为干扰较少;保护区的景观多样性较丰富,但分布不均;保护区各类矛盾冲突图斑面积占保护区总面积的2.44%,矛盾冲突地块主要分布于缓冲区和实验区,以耕地和集体人工商品林为主,采矿用地、城镇建成区和村庄对保护区的影响程度最大。结论:保护区土地结构较为合理,苍山片区管理上要以森林防火、生物多样性保护、地质遗迹保护为主;洱海片区要以湿地保护,特别是水体质量维护和提升,以及水生动植物保护为主。

制度变迁视域下土地储备治理体系的优化逻辑

土地储备治理体系是国家加强全民所有土地资产管理、优化土地资产配置、增强土地市场有效供给的重要基础。随着我国城市化进程的加快,土地发展权利益分配、权利归属等问题凸显,其中因土地储备治理体系滞后而带来的问题较为常见。以制度变迁为视域,梳理土地储备体系的法理考察与实践演进,探讨土地储备治理体系的优化逻辑和具体路径,将为高效配置土地资源、提升城市品质、促进经济社会发展提供新动能、新模式和新路径,具有重要的理论和现实意义。本研究以重庆为例,从土地储备治理体系的现状出发,对近年来土地储备总体经营情况、重点功能片区土地经营效益、土地储备治理体系展开实证分析,实践表明土地储备治理体系土地储备融资渠道得到拓宽,有力支持了当地经济建设,土地储备财务风险得到控制,土地储备监管更为便捷,土地储备促进了重大项目工程建设的推进,土地储备中心加强了一级市场调控,建立储备土地信息库,科学编制储备计划,加快推进前期开发,统筹安排各类资金等工作。不足之处在于,土地储备机构职能权限界限不清,储备整治工作资金保障机制不太健全,国土空间规划引领土地储备整治工作的机制尚未建立,土地储备前期开发、系统性风险问题未得到足够重视。基于理论和实证分析,研究认为应以土地确权带动土地流转,以土地流转激活土地储备,强化土地价值管理,增强土地附加功能,健全土地储备体系有助于有效利用未开发的土地资源、减少土地资源的闲置和流失、保障土地资源发展权。进而从宏观上提出以土地确权带动农村土地流转,以土地流转激活土地储备不断创新的改革路径;从微观上提出应理顺土地储备组织治理体系、优化土地储备资金融资体系、完善土地增值收益分配体系、优化城市空间治理体系、加强土地储备系统性风险应对,进一步规制宏观经济下行、土地价值下跌等系统性风险等方面进行完善的具体路径。

供水工程影响下中国北方地区耕地后备资源开发潜力

灌溉水源是北方地区耕地后备资源能否有效开发的关键。当前,中国正在推动国家水网工程规划建设,为北方地区耕地后备资源开发提供了新的机遇。在以往研究基础上,该研究考虑北方地区已建、在建及规划的供水工程,基于自然适宜、利用高效、发展稳定三方面评价准则,结合三维魔方空间分类方法,开展了雨养情景和供水灌溉情景下耕地后备资源开发潜力分析。结果表明:雨养农业情景下,北方地区勉强适宜(Ⅱ级)、中度(Ⅲ级)和高度(Ⅳ级)适宜的耕地后备资源面积分别为2.9万、1.0万和0.6万km^(2)。灌溉农业情景下,耕地后备资源面积明显增加,勉强适宜(Ⅱ级)、中度(Ⅲ级)和高度(Ⅳ级)适宜的耕地后备资源面积将分别达到5.4万、7.6万和6.5万km^(2),主要集中于新疆、内蒙古和甘肃3省(自治区)。该研究结果可为中国耕地后备资源开发利用及国家水网工程效益发挥提供参考。

我国主要耕地后备资源时空变化特征及可持续利用战略

【目的】耕地是粮食生产的基石,保证耕地数量的稳定,是守住粮食安全战略底线的必要条件。通过分析我国主要耕地后备资源时空演变规律,为科学统筹耕地资源的保护和管理提供理论依据。【方法】中国科学院资源环境数据中心以Landsat遥感影像数据作为主数据源,通过人工目视解译构建了国家尺度多时期土地利用/土地覆盖专题数据库(CNLUCC)。本研究基于该数据库,将全国分为东北、华北、长江中下游、西北、西南和东南六大区域,运用GIS空间叠加分析方法,分析了我国2000、2010和2020年主要耕地后备资源面积变化和空间分布格局。【结果】2000、2010和2020年我国主要耕地后备资源面积分别为11774.57万hm^(2)、11803.50万hm^(2)和12932.22万hm^(2),以西北和西南地区面积最大,长江中下游地区最小。2000—2010年与2010—2020年间,我国主要耕地后备资源数量全国范围内总体呈增加趋势,其中2010年比2000年增加了28.93万hm^(2),2020年比2010年增加1128.72万hm^(2),但不同区域的变化幅度具有较大差异。2000—2010年间,华北地区和西北地区主要耕地后备资源在减少,西北地区的减少幅度大于华北地区;2010—2020年间,东南、西北、华北和东北地区均在减少,其中以东北地区减少幅度最大。通过耕地的新增和流失平衡分析,草地和未利用地流向耕地的面积高于耕地流向草地和未利用地的面积,流向建设用地是研究期内耕地净流失的主要原因。【结论】我国耕地保护形势依然严峻,耕地后备资源区域分布极不平衡,占补空间越来越小。因此,需严格统筹规划耕地资源,因地制宜地有序开发利用,加强耕地重点区域和用途的监管。

基于人地耦合的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园分区管理策略

为探索城市近郊保护地综合保护和管理办法,形成科学可持续的管理体系,本文以醴陵市城市近郊的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园为研究对象,基于ASTER GDEM高程数据(N27E113)对保护地进行空间划分,运用ArcGIS中网络分析、服务区构建、空间分析、重要度评价法分析园内道路、周边构筑物所带来的人类活动对保护地各区域的影响及其差异,评估保护地生态功能的服务可达性;基于人地耦合的视角,在50 m×50 m分辨率水平上,将保护地划分为5个功能区域并制定了针对性的管理策略。其中,森林生态系统保育区施行严格封闭管理,森林资源多样性保育区适当进行人为干预保育特色物种,城市森林景观区加强多层、多季相森林景观营造,管理挑战与生境保护区应加强边界管理并划定人为活动影响预警区,有的放矢地开展定期巡视;文化旅游区应适度开发人文、自然景观,促进社区与保护地间的良性循环。本研究在实现城市近郊保护地与城市社区良性互动的基础上,针对仙岳山省级森林公园各区域空间特征、功能及其与城市的关系提出一套科学、可行的管理策略及实现路径,为城市近郊自然保护地的管理工作提供参考。

云南省近20年间地表覆盖变化及其对自然保护地体系构建影响研究

对GlobeLand30涉及云南省2000、2010、2020年共15个分幅图进行地表解译,利用点数测算法对各类地表覆盖测算面积,并对地表变化的时空特征进行比较研究,分析其对自然保护地体系构建的影响。结果表明,近20年间云南省9种地表覆盖类型中耕地、林地、草地和灌木地呈“1增3减”、湿地和冰川永久积雪覆盖有所减少、水体先减后增、裸地先增后减、人造地表持续增加等变化特征。全省16个州(市)人造地表扩占耕地并非主导,多数州(市)的林、草、灌地表覆盖面积有所减少,人造地表扩占林草灌是首要矛盾。承载自然保护地的5种主要地表覆盖减少,提出监测地表覆盖变化以维护自然保护地的边界建设稳定性,以省级地表覆盖的视角研发省级荒野地图作为规划底数底图,识别最不被打扰的地理空间纳入自然保护地体系规划的设想。

“全地类”一体化收储的实践探索与思考

探索建立“全地类”一体化土地储备制度是全面行使自然资源所有者职责,推进自然资源统一治理的重要路径。文章在探究土地储备“全地类”一体化收储的概念内涵的基础上,分析了当前“全地类”土地储备的现实需求,以杭州、上海、宁波、深圳等城市为例,梳理总结当前我国典型城市土地储备“全地类”收储的实践做法,进而提出新时期建立土地储备“全地类”一体化收储制度的建议:①构建经济-社会-生态三位一体的土地储备价值目标;②建立多方协同土地储备治理体系;③创新“全地类”土地储备新模式;④优化“全地类”一体化收储流程。

基于杭州市实践的新时期土地储备转型升级路径研究

土地储备制度是优化土地资源配置和增强土地市场有效供给的重要基础,杭州市作为土地储备制度典型模范城市,经过近20年的探索实践,在制度探索以及实践方面处于全国前列。本研究系统梳理杭州市土地储备实践模式的运作机制、工作流程、资金管理、收储标准以及数字化管理等方面的实践做法,结合定量分析探讨杭州市土地储备制度运行效益,进而提出新时期土地储备转型升级路径和方法,以期为完善新时期土地储备制度提供参考。