Multi-mode Multi-frequency GNSS-IR Combination System for Sea Level Retrieval

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),geodetic GNSS receivers have been utilized to monitor sea levels using GNSS-Interferometry Reflectometry(GNSS-IR)technology.The multi-mode,multi-frequency signals of GPS,GLONASS,Galileo,and Beidou can be used for GNSS-IR sea level retrieval,but combining these retrievals remains problematic.To address this issue,a GNSS-IR sea level retrieval combination system has been developed,which begins by analyzing error sources in GNSS-IR sea level retrieval and establishing and solving the GNSS-IR retrieval equation.This paper focuses on two key points:time window selection and equation stability.The stability of the retrieval combination equations is determined by the condition number of the coefficient matrix within the time window.The impact of ill-conditioned coefficient matrices on the retrieval results is demonstrated using an extreme case of SNR data with only ascending or descending trajectories.After determining the time window and removing ill-conditioned equations,the multi-mode,multi-frequency GNSS-IR retrieval is performed.Results from three International GNSS Service(IGS)stations show that the combination method produces high-precision,high-resolution,and high-reliability sea level retrieval combination sequences.

Science Letters:Multi-frequency proportional-resonant (MFPR) current controller for PWM VSC under unbalanced supply conditions

This letter presents a multi-frequency proportional-resonant （MFPR） current controller developed for PWM voltage source converter （VSC） under the unbalanced supply voltage conditions. The delta operator is used in place of the shift operator for the implementation of MFPR by using a low-cost fixed-point DSE The experimental results with an alternative control strategy validated the feasibility of the proposed MFPR current controller for the PWM VSC during voltage unbalance.

Target detection for low angle radar based on multi-frequency order-statistics

For radar targets flying at low altitude, multiple pathways produce fade or enhancement relative to the level that would be expected in a free-space environment. In this paper, a new detec- tion method based on a wide-ranging multi-frequency radar for low angle targets is proposed. Sequential transmitting multiple pulses with different frequencies are first applied to decorrelate the cohe- rence of the direct and reflected echoes. After receiving all echoes, the multi-frequency samples are arranged in a sort descending ac- cording to the amplitude. Some high amplitude echoes in the same range cell are accumulated to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the optimal number of high amplitude echoes is analyzed and given by experiments. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Research on nonlinear characteristics of strata collapse because of the multi-frequency mining

Based on the complexity of mine stratum and coupling of the multi-frequency for the damage of mine stratum,using the method of on-site inspection and mathematical statistics,the regulation and nonlinear characteristics of strata collapse in mine stratum's multi-frequency mining were put forward and systemically studied.Study result shows that the influence of multi-frequency mining in mine stratum has the feature of multi-frequency incontinuity,multi-characteristic and multi-type nonlinear collapse,strata collapse activa- tion turned worse,presenting an accumulation effect of multi-frequency mining for the strata damage.With the example of multi-frequency mining in the mine,the real characte- ristics of strata collapse by multi-frequency mining and nonlinear characteristics of accu- mulative response damage were analyzed.Research achievements about the surface re- cover and controlling of strata collapse by the multi-frequency mining have instruction meaning.

CHAOS IN THE SOFTENING DUFFING SYSTEM UNDER MULTI-FREQUENCY PERIODIC FORCES

The chaotic dynamics of the softening-spring Duffing system with multi-frequency external periodic forces is studied. It is found that the mechanism for chaos is the transverse heteroclinic tori. The Poincaré map, the stable and the unstable manifolds of the system under two incommensurate periodic forces were set up on a two-dimensional torus. Utilizing a global perturbation technique of Melnikov the criterion for the transverse interaction of the stable and the unstable manifolds was given. The system under more but finite incommensurate periodic forces was also studied. The (Melnikov's) global perturbation technique was therefore generalized to higher dimensional systems. The region in parameter space where chaotic dynamics may occur was given. It was also demonstrated that increasing the number of forcing frequencies will increase the area in parameter space where chaotic behavior can occur.

HARMONIC, SUBHARMONIC, SUPERHARMONIC, SIMULTANEOUS SUB/SUPER HARMONIC AND COMBINATION RESONANCES OF SELF-EXCITED TWO COUPLED SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS TO MULTI-FREQUENCY EXCITATION

Harmonic, subharmonic, superharmonic, simultaneous sub/super harmonic, and combination resonances of the additive type of self-excited two coupled-second order systems to multi-frequency excitation are investigated. The theoretical results are obtained by the multiple-scales method. The steady state amplitudes for each resonance are plotted, showing the influence of the different parameters. Analysis for each figure is given. Approximate solution corresponding to each type of resonance is determined. Stability analyses are carried out for each case.

Bubble acoustical scattering cross section under multi-frequency acoustic excitation

The acoustical scattering cross section is usually employed to evaluate the scattering ability of the bubbles when they are excited by the incident acoustic waves. This parameter is strongly related to many important applications of performance prediction for search sonar or underwater telemetry, acoustical oceanography, acoustic cavitation, volcanology, and medical and industrial ultrasound. In the present paper, both the analytical and numerical analysis results of the acoustical scattering cross section of a single bubble under multi-frequency excitation are obtained. The nonlinear characteristics（e.g.,harmonics, subharmonics, and ultraharmonics） of the scattering cross section curve under multi-frequency excitation are investigated compared with single-frequency excitation. The influence of several paramount parameters（e.g., bubble equilibrium radius, acoustic pressure amplitude, and acoustic frequencies） in the multi-frequency system on the predictions of scattering cross section is discussed. It is shown that the combination resonances become significant in the multi-frequency system when the acoustic power is big enough, and the acoustical scattering cross section is promoted significantly within a much broader range of bubble sizes and acoustic frequencies due to the generation of more resonances.

Positioning Precision Analysis of GNSS Multi-frequency Carrier Phase Combinations

GPS positioning precision is affected by various error sources, and traditional combinations of GPS carrier phase observations have their own limitations such as the wide-lane, the narrow-lane and the ionospheric-free combinations. To obtain the optimal positioning precision, a new linear combination method is addressed through the variance-covariance （VCV） of the GPS multi-frequency carrier phase combination equations, and the impact of the positioning precision is analyzed with the changing of the observation errors deduced by the law of error propagation. For the high precision positioning with only one carrier phase combination, the optimal combination method is deduced and further validated by an example of a baseline resolution with 60 km length. The result indicates that this method is the simplest, and the positioning precision is the best. Therefore, it is useful for long baseline quick positioning for different precision requirements in various distances.

Delamination Damage Detection in Laminated Composite by LDR-Based Multi-frequency Method

Local defected resonance(LDR)is a recently-developed non-destructive testing method,which identifies damage by detecting the vibrational response of the structural surface under the wideband ultrasonic excitation. The concept of LDR is studied and applied for damage imaging of delamination in composite laminates. Aiming at the problem of poor anti-noise ability and inaccurate damage identification in traditional detection process,an LDR-based multi-frequency method is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can realize the localization and imaging of delamination damage in composite materials.

DOA estimation based on multi-frequency joint sparse Bayesian learning for passive radar

This paper considers multi-frequency passive radar and develops a multi-frequency joint direction of arrival(DOA)estimation algorithm to improve estimation accuracy and resolution.The developed algorithm exploits the sparsity of targets in the spatial domain.Specifically,we first extract the required frequency channel data and acquire the snapshot data through a series of preprocessing such as clutter suppression,coherent integration,beamforming,and constant false alarm rate(CFAR)detection.Then,based on the framework of sparse Bayesian learning,the target’s DOA is estimated by jointly extracting the multi-frequency data via evidence maximization.Simulation results show that the developed algorithm has better estimation accuracy and resolution than other existing multi-frequency DOA estimation algorithms,especially under the scenarios of low signalto-noise ratio(SNR)and small snapshots.Furthermore,the effectiveness is verified by the field experimental data of a multi-frequency FM-based passive radar.

Test particle simulations of resonant interactions between energetic electrons and discrete, multi-frequency artificial whistler waves in the plasmasphere

Modulated high frequency （HF） heating of the ionosphere provides a feasible means of artificially generating ex- tremely low frequency （ELF）/very low frequency （VLF） whistler waves, which can leak into the inner magnetosphere and contribute to resonant interactions with high energy electrons. Combining the ray tracing method and test particle simulations, we evaluate the effects of energetic electron resonant scattering driven by the discrete, multi-frequency arti- ficially generated ELF/VLF waves. The simulation results indicate a stochastic behavior of electrons and a linear profile of pitch angle and kinetic energy variations averaged over all test electrons. These features are similar to those associated with single-frequency waves. The computed local diffusion coefficients show that, although the momentum diffusion of relativistic electrons due to artificial ELF/VLF whistlers with a nominal amplitude of ~ 1 pT is minor, the pitch angle scattering can be notably efficient at low pitch angles near the loss cone, which supports the feasibility of artificial triggering of multi-frequency ELF/VLF whistler waves for the removal of high energy electrons from the magnetosphere. We also investigate the dependences of diffusion coefficients on the frequency interval （△f） of the discrete, multi-frequency waves. We find that there is a threshold value of Af for which the net diffusion coefficient of multi-frequency whistlers is inversely proportional to △f （proportional to the frequency components Nw） when △f is below the threshold value but it remains unchanged with increasing Af when △f is larger than the threshold value. This is explained as being due to the fact that the resonant scattering effect of broadband waves is the sum of the effects of each frequency in the ＇effective frequency band＇. Our results suggest that the modulation frequency of HF heating of the ionosphere can be appropriately selected with reasonable frequency intervals so that better performance of controlled precipitation of high energy electrons in the plasmasphere by artificial ELF/VLF whistler waves can be achieved.

On Multi-Frequency Channel Interference Alignment of 3 Channels and 4 Users

This paper explores the multi-frequency independent channel interference alignment(MFC-IA) system of 3 channels and4 users,and single data stream transmit,i.e.(3×3,1)~4 system.We derive the analytic solution for(3×3,1)~4 MFC-IA system.Based on the analytic solution,an optimization problem is proposed aim at the optimal IA solution.Then based on such a math model,we propose a simulated annealing(SA) algorithm to search optimal IA solution.The simulation results show that the simulated annealing IA algorithm has a better sum rate performance than iterative maximize signal to interference plus noise ratio(Max-SINR) algorithm.This result can be extended to single data stream multi-antenna IA system with 3 antennas and4 users.

Vibration energy harvesting for low frequency using auto-tuning parametric rolling pendulum under exogenous multi-frequency excitations

An electromagnetic parametrically excited rolling pendulum energy harvester with self-tuning mechanisms subject to multi-frequency excitation is proposed and investigated in this paper.The system consists of two uncoupled rolling pendulum.The resonance frequency of each the rolling pendulum can be automatically tuned by adjusting its geometric parameters to access parametric resonance.This harvester can be used to harvest the energy at low frequency.A prototype is developed and evaluated.Its mathematical model is derived.A cam with rolling follower mechanism is employed to generate multi-frequency excitation.An experimental study is conducted to validate the proposed concept.The experimental results are confirmed by the numerical results.The harvester is successfully tuned when the angular velocity of the cam is changed from 1.149 to 1.236 Hz.

BIFURCATION IN A NONLINEAR DUFFING SYSTEM WITHMULTI-FREQUENCY EXTERNAL PERIODIC FORCES

By introducing nonlinear frequency, using Floquet theory and referring to the characteristics of the solution when it passes through the transition boundaries, all kinds of bifurcation modes and their transition boundaries of Duffing equation with two periodic excitations as well as the possible ways to chaos are studied in this paper.

Optimization of ultrasonic elastography by coded excitation and transmit-side multi-frequency compounding

To improve the quality of ultrasonic elastography, by taking the advantage of code excitation and frequency compounding, a transmitting-side multi-frequency with coded excitation for elastography （TFCCE） was proposed. TFCCE adopts the chirp signal excitation scheme and strikes a balance in the selection of sub-signal bandwidth, the bandwidth overlap and the number of sub-strain image based on theoretical derivation, so as to further improve the quality of elastic image. Experiments have proved that, compared with the other optimizing methods, the elastographyic signal-to-noise ratio（Re-SN） and contrast-to-noise ratio（Re-CN） are improved significantly with different echo signal-to-noise ratios （ReSN） and attenuation coefficients. When ReSN is 50 dB, compared with short pulse, Rc-SN and Re-CN obtained by TFCCE increase by 53% and 143%, respectively. Moreover, in a deeper investigation （85-95 mm）, the image has lower strain noise and clear details. When the attenuation coefficient is in the range of 0-1 dB/（cm.MHz）, Re-SN and Re-CN obtained by TFCCE can be kept in moderate ranges of 5〈Re-SN〈6.8 and 11.4〈Re-CN〈15.2, respectively. In particular, for higher tissue attenuation, the basic image quality cannot be ensured with short pulse excitation, while mediocre quality strain figure can be obtained by TFCCE. Therefore, the TFCCE technology can effectively improve the elastography quality and can be applied to ultrasonic clinical trials.

Creation of multi-frequency terahertz waves by optimized cascaded difference frequency generation

A new scheme which generates multi-frequency terahertz(THz)waves from planar waveguide by the optimized cascaded difference frequency generation(OCDFG)is proposed.A THz wave with frequencyω_(T1)is generated by the OCDFG with two infrared pump waves,and simultaneously a series of cascaded optical waves with a frequency intervalω_(T1)is generated.The THz wave with a frequency of M-timesω_(T1)is generated by mixing the m-th-order and the(m+M)-th-order cascaded optical wave.The phase mismatch distributions of cascaded difference frequency generation(CDFG)are modulated by changing the thickness of planar waveguide step by step,thereby satisfying the phase-matching condition from first-order to high-order cascaded Stokes process step by step.As a result,the intensity of THz wave can be enhanced and modulated by controlling the cascading order of OCDFG.

FBC模型的伪随机性和超伪随机性

FBC分组密码算法是入选2018年全国密码算法设计大赛第2轮的10个分组密码算法之一.FBC主要采用四分支两路Feistel结构设计,是一个实现效率高的轻量级分组密码算法.将FBC算法抽象为FBC模型,并研究该模型的伪随机性和超伪随机性,在FBC轮函数都是相互独立的随机函数的条件下,给出能够与随机置换不可区分所需的最少轮数.结论表明,在选择明文攻击条件下,4轮FBC与随机置换不可区分,因而具有伪随机性;在自适应性选择明密文攻击条件下,5轮FBC与随机置换不可区分,因而具有超伪随机性.

模拟混合视频处理电路单粒子效应测试系统设计

为开展模拟混合视频处理电路的单粒子效应研究,通过改变伪CCD信号源的输出信号,建立一款模拟混合视频处理电路的单粒子效应测试系统,实现该器件的单粒子闭锁、单粒子翻转与单粒子功能中断等单粒子效应的评估。通过在中科院近物所回旋加速器和中国原子能院串列加速器的试验测试,获取有效数据。试验结果表明该试验方法及测试系统可以有效评估器件的单粒子性能,为器件的加固设计提供有力数据支撑。

基于格的伪随机函数研究综述

伪随机函数是密码学领域最基本的原语之一,其自提出以来便备受关注.近几十年间发展起来的格理论在密码领域取得了很多重要的应用成果,特别是格上很多困难问题被普遍认为具备抵抗量子攻击的特性,在后量子密码方案设计中处于核心地位.对于格上伪随机函数的研究正式起始于Banerjee、Peikert和Rosen在2012年欧密会上发表的工作.此后,密码学家们围绕如何基于格困难问题设计伪随机函数方案开展了大量研究,特别是在提升伪随机函数方案的安全性、效率和并行性,以及扩展伪随机函数的功能方面取得了诸多成果.本文对格上伪随机函数的研究现状进行综述:总结了伪随机函数的通用构造方法以及格上伪随机函数依赖的底层困难问题;整理了现有基于格困难问题设计的伪随机函数方案,重点关注这些方案在提升安全性、效率或并行性方面采用的技术以及取得的成果;整理了格上具备扩展功能的伪随机函数的研究进展,包括具有密钥同态性质的伪随机函数、约束伪随机函数、水印伪随机函数以及可验证伪随机函数.

RC4加密算法改进研究及电路设计

针对软件实现RC4算法易遭受攻击且效率不高的问题,基于硬件电路实现算法的思想,引入快速伪随机数发生器提出一种改进RC4并设计电路实现。结合种子密钥和伪随机数进行字节内部与字节间的置乱改进初始化算法,提高算法安全性;设计消耗更少时钟周期的电路生成密钥流,提升加密效率。NIST检测显示改进RC4的密钥流序列随机性优于现存基于硬件的RC4产生的密钥流,仿真结果表明,电路能够完成正确加解密。