The Subduction Structure Beneath the New Britain Island Arc and the Adjacent Region from Double-Difference Tomography

We applied double-difference tomography to relocate seismic events and determine the lithospheric velocity structure beneath the New Britain Island arc and the South Bismarck Sea Basin,based on the local P wave arrival time dataset collected by the International Seismological Centre.Results of the seismic relocation and velocity inversion show that the subduction of Solomon Sea Plate along the New Britain Trench is spatially different above 150 km,and the subduction angle of the slab on the west side is higher than that on the east side.The relocated earthquakes also show that there are double seismic zones at the depths of about 30–90km beneath the New Britain Island Arc.The velocity structure shows that the dehydration of the subducting slab caused the low-velocity anomalies in mantle wedge above the slab,which are associated with the magmatic activities around the New Guinea-New Britain Island arc.Moreover,it shows that there is another low-velocity anomaly zone beneath the Bismarck mid-oceanic ridge with spatial variation.Beneath the west of the Bismarck mid-oceanic ridge,the low-velocity anomaly is weakly connected to the subducted Solomon Sea slab.Conversely,the low-velocity anomaly beneath the Manus Sea Basin is highly intertwined to the subducting slab and its mantle wedge,indicating that the subduction of the Solomon Sea Plate might be a key deep dynamic factor that drives the spreading of the Manus Sea Basin and the separation of the Bismarck Plate.

Assessment of Pseudorange Multipath at Continuous GPS Stations in Mexico

We conducted a study to quantify the amount of pseudorange multipath at continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations in the Mexican territory. These CGPS stations serve as reference stations enabling rapid high-precision three-dimensional positioning capabilities, supporting a number of commercial and public safety applications. We studied CGPS data from a large number of publicly available networks spanning Mexico. These include the RGNA (National Active Geodetic Network) administered by INEGI (National Institute of Statistics and Geography), the PBO network (Plate Boundary Observatory) funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by UNAVCO (University NAVstar Consortium), the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), which is a collaboration effort of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the UNAM network, operated by the National Seismological System (SSN) and the Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Suominet Geodetic Network (SNG) and the CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) network, operated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). We evaluated a total of 53 CGPS stations, where dual-frequency geodetic-grade receivers collected GPS data continuously during the period from 1994 to 2012. Despite carefully selected locations, all GPS stations are, to some extent, affected by the presence of signal multipath. For GPS network users that rely on pseudorange observables, the existence of pseudorange multipath could be a critical source of error depending on the time scale of the application. Thus, to identify the most and the least affected GPS stations, we analyzed the averaged daily root mean square pseudorange multipath variations (MP1-RMS and MP2-RMS) for all feasible satellites tracked by the CGPS networks. We investigated the sources of multipath, including changes associated with hardware replacement (i.e., receiver and antenna type) and receiver firmware upgrades.

Double-difference tomography of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the western part of Java, Indonesia

West Java in the western part of the Sunda Arc has a relatively high seismicity due to subduction activity and faults.In this study,double-difference tomography was used to obtain the 3D velocity tomograms of P and S waves beneath the western part of Java.To infer the geometry of the structure beneath the study area,precise earthquake hypo・center determination was first performed before tomographic imaging.For this,earthquake waveform data were extracted from the regional Meteorological,Climatological,Geophysical Agency(BMKG)network of Indonesia from South Sumatra to Central Java.The P and S arrival times for about 1,000 events in the period April 2009 to July 2016 were selected,the key features being events of magnitude>3,azimuthal gap<210°and number of phases>8.A nonlinear method using the oct-tree sampling algorithm from the NonLinLoc program was employed to determine the earthquake hypocenters.The hypocenter locations were then relocated using double-difference tomography(tomoDD).A significant reduction of travel-time(root mean square basis)and a better clustering of earthquakes were achieved which correlated well with the geological structure in West Java.Double-difference tomography was found to give a clear velocity structure,especially beneath the volcanic arc area,i.e.,under Mt Anak Krakatau,Mt Salak and the mountains complex in the southern part of West Java.Low velocity anomalies for the P and S waves as well as the vp/vs ratio below the volcanoes indicated possible partial melting of the upper mantle which ascended from the subducted slab beneath the volcanic arc.

Application of the Double-difference Relocation Method Combined with Waveform Cross-correlation on the Three Gorges Reservoir Seismicity

In this paper,we use the double difference location method based on waveform crosscorrelation algorithm for precise positioning of the Three Gorges Reservoir( TGR)earthquakes and analysis of seismic activity. First,we use the bi-spectrum cross-correlation method to analyze the seismic waveform data of TGR encrypted networks from March,2009 to December,2010,and evaluate the quality of waveform cross-correlation analysis.Combined with the waveform cross-correlation of data obtained, we use the double difference method to relocate the earthquake position. The results show that location precision using bi-spectrum verified waveform cross-correlation data is higher than that by using other types of data,and the mean 2 sig-error in EW,NS and UD are 3.2 m,3.9 m and 6.2 m,respectively. For the relocation of the Three Gorges Reservoir earthquakes,the results show that the micro-earthquakes along the Shenlongxi river in the Badong reservoir area obviously show the characteristics of three linear zones with nearly east-west direction,which is in accordance with the small faults and carbonate strata line of the neotectonic period,revealing the reservoir water main along the underground rivers or caves permeated and induced seismic activity. The stronger earthquakes may have resulted from small earthquakes through the active layers.

基于Hatch滤波的改进矩阵变换法在BDS多频模糊度解算中的应用

长基线条件下,空间相关性弱,电离层延迟残差和噪声影响变大,致使矩阵变换法模糊度解算过程中,窄巷组合受噪声影响大,单历元模糊度解算成功率低。因此,削弱电离层残差及噪声影响可以一定程度提高模糊度解算成功率。本文在分析矩阵变换算法基础上,利用Hatch滤波有效抑制伪距测量噪声和多径效应特点,结合弱电离层、低噪声的载波组合,通过相位平滑伪距代替组合伪距值参与解算,从而削弱电离层残差及观测噪声影响。通过实测数据分析,本文算法可有效提高矩阵变换法模糊度解算成功率。

低成本GNSS终端多普勒平滑伪距定位算法

随着低成本全球卫星定位(GNSS)终端硬件性能的不断提升,其在定位领域的应用也更加广泛,然而低成本GNSS终端在数据采集中常受观测环境的影响,使得载波相位观测值的高精度定位较为困难。伪距定位算法因其定位模型简单且实时性好的优势被广泛使用,因此本文利用多普勒平滑伪距方法,充分利用了多普勒观测值的作用,通过多普勒平滑伪距噪声来提升观测值的测量精度,利用多普勒平滑伪距模型对静态与多种动态环境下的平滑效果进行测试和分析。实验结果表明:在静态情况下,采用多普勒平滑伪距算法,伪距单点定位与伪距实时差分定位模型定位中平面精度较平滑之前分别提高了25%与31%;在动态环境下,有遮挡动态实验其精度提升30%以上,空旷情况下定位精度提升15%以上,快速运动过程中其提升能达到20%左右。表明通过多普勒平滑伪距算法可以显著提高低成本GNSS终端的定位精度。

远海环境低成本RTK接收机多路径效应与平滑伪距单点定位性能

低成本RTK接收机抗多路径性能较弱,导致远海环境中的单点定位性能显著下降。综合分析远海环境中载波相位平滑抑径算法对低成本RTK接收机单点定位性能的影响。结果表明,远海环境中RTK接收机的多路径效应为陆地环境的2~3倍,E5频点的抗多路径性能最强;平滑抑径效果与伪距多路径效应大小有关,采用平滑抑径算法后,RTK接收机SPP定位精度在远海环境提升62%,在陆地环境提升24%;平滑抑径后GPS/Galileo/BDS-3多系统SPP定位精度优于1 m,可满足海上较精细作业的需求。

The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6,2023,in Pingyuan,Shandong,China:A rupture on a buried fault

On August 6,2023,a magnitude MW5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province,China.This event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century,and no active fault had been previously identified.This study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method,and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor inversion.The relocation and the inversion indicate,the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault,likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang fault.This buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75°to the northwest,with a strike of 222°,similar to the Gaotang fault.The rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and northeastward.However,the ground surface was not broken.The total duration of the rupture was~6.0 s,releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895×1017 N·m,equivalent to MW5.54.The moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation,and the 90%scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 s.In the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process,the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s,slower than the local S-wave velocity.As the rupture neared its end,the rupture velocity decreased significantly.This study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake,shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the region.Understanding the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.

实时周跳探测与修复的MGF周跳解算方法的改进

周跳的探测和修复是基于载波相位高精度定位的关键技术之一。基于改进的几何无关相位组合MGF方法具有直接分离不同频率上的周跳,对高频数据中较小的周跳实现有效探测,探测速度远快于TurboEdit法等优点。但MGF法无法探测4周以上的周跳,并对低采样率和低卫星高度角下的数据进行周跳探测时,会选取错误的周跳备选值作为周跳检验量从而造成周跳的误判。针对MGF法所存在的问题,通过联合相位减伪距法PRP法,构建新的周跳备选值判断方程,并对MGF法的周跳检验量进行二次历元间差分STMGF,组成PRP-STMGF周跳探测组合。PRP-STMGF周跳探测组合能够探测任意周的周跳,与TurboEdit法相比,修复时无需分离周跳,直接对PRP-STMGF法的周跳检验量进行四舍五入即可确定出正确的周跳值,且适用于低采样率和低卫星高度角下的实时周跳探测与修复。最后通过北斗双频实测数据进行实验验证,结果表明,PRP-STMGF周跳探测组合,避免了MGF法选取错误周跳备选值的问题,相较于TurboEdit法不仅低延时,准确率高,且适用于不同采样率和低卫星高度角下周跳探测与修复。

虚拟星座伪卫星和双泄漏电缆覆盖的室内定位

为增强室内卫星导航信号,提出了一种双泄漏电缆覆盖的虚拟星座伪卫星室内二维定位方法。采用卫星导航模拟器产生多路虚拟轨道卫星信号,同时激励相互垂直的双泄漏电缆的末端,信号沿泄漏电缆轴向传输的同时,通过外导体上的一系列槽孔向室内空间辐射卫星导航信号,使卫星导航接收机能直接定位,输出概略位置和伪距观测量,再利用卫星间伪距差的二维定位算法对接收机位置进行二次解算。通过搭建硬件系统进行实地测试,证明能达到室内伪距定位的米级精度。

一种LM-BP加速搜索的周跳探测与修复方法

针对传统三频周跳探测与修复方法中的不敏感、漏检以及效率较低等问题,提出一种基于莱文伯格-马夸特(LM)-反向传播(BP)神经网络加速搜索法的伪距相位组合与电离层残差组合联合周跳探测与修复方法:利用2个伪距相位组合以减少不敏感周跳数量,利用1个电离层残差组合以提高小周跳探测敏感度;在构成3个线性无关的组合观测值后,使用LM-BP加速搜索算法进行周跳探测与修复。实验结果表明,相对常规的伪距相位组合与电离层残差组合联合方法,该方法能够提高周跳探测与修复性能,可探测小至1个的周跳,探测与修复整体时效有较大提升。

A muon high-resolution pseudorange measurement method: Application to muon navigation in confined spaces

Confined spaces such as polar regions, deep earth and deep ocean are crucial navigation scenarios where traditional navigation techniques have difficulty in obtaining external signals for positioning. The cosmic ray muons, which carry the spatial and energetic information, are easy to penetrate these confined spaces. Therefore, the unique muon characteristic provides a new perspective to estimate detector position, which can be considered using in confined spaces navigation.In this paper, a well-developed theory of muon navigation is established by combining a muon pseudorange measurement method. Moreover, an Equivalent Velocity Calculation Model(EVCM)and a Muon Sequence Matching Technology(MSMT) are proposed. The first model corrects flight pseudorange error caused by the relativistic energy loss and the second technology compensates the random error in pseudorange measurement. Further, a series of simulations are performed to analyze the muon events number which can be received by detector in different scenarios with the variations of zenith angle, detector area, varied detector plates gap, and muon flight distance.Meanwhile, the simulation results demonstrate that the muon navigation update rate every 10 minutes can reach 5.989 in confined spaces at 100 m, and further pseudorange error analysis indicates that the meter-level positioning accuracy can be acquired. Finally, we construct a muon coincidence measurement scheme and verify that the laws of the muon positioning system for high-energy muons are consistent with the simulation results.

Galileo伪距硬件延迟对双频单点定位的影响分析

差分码偏差(Differential Code Bias,DCB)是高精度定位和电离层建模的主要影响因素之一。为探讨Galileo系统卫星端DCB改正对双频单点定位的影响,本文推导了Galileo 4种不同频点无电离层组合卫星端DCB改正公式。选取4个MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment)测站连续7 d的观测数据进行标准单点定位(Standard Point Positioning,SPP)和精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)实验,分析改正与不改正DCB对Galileo定位性能的影响。结果表明:DCB改正对SPP定位精度和PPP收敛时间均有提升,但对PPP收敛后的定位精度几乎没有影响。其中,E1/E5b和E1/E5(a+b)组合提升较小,SPP精度提升为亚厘米至厘米级,PPP收敛速度提升率约为2.0%和5.2%;E1/E6组合提升较大,SPP精度提升为米级,PPP收敛速度提升率约为32.3%。E1/E5a、E1/E5b和E1/E5(a+b)组合SPP定位精度和PPP定位性能基本相当,优于E1/E6组合。

Decadal Forecasts of Large Earthquakes along the Northern San Andreas Fault System, California: Increased Activity on Regional Creeping Faults Prior to Major and Great Events

The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.

基于伪距残差和新息的GNSS/IMU抗差自适应定位算法

在全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量元件(IMU)组合导航系统中,抗差滤波和自适应滤波常被用于提高组合导航的定位精度。但是抗差滤波和自适应滤波所适用的条件不同,使用不当反而可能会降低组合导航的定位精度,针对此问题,提出基于伪距残差和新息的GNSS/IMU抗差自适应定位算法。所提算法基于伪距残差评估GNSS的定位质量,选择合适的滤波算法进行GNSS/IMU组合导航解算。在长时间GNSS定位质量较差时,基于新息和伪距残差判断是否IMU运动学推算误差大于GNSS观测值误差,从而根据判断的结果选择是否采用抗差因子。结果表明:所提算法相对于扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在东、北和天方向上分别提高36.05%、22.71%和56.22%的定位精度。

多普勒积分辅助BDS三频周跳探测

针对单频多普勒积分对低采样率数据周跳探测精度较低的问题,提出一种基于北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)三频观测数据的多普勒积分辅助伪距相位组合的周跳探测方法:利用多普勒积分计算历元间伪距变化量,大大减弱多路径效应的影响;并通过选择最优的三频组合系数构造宽巷相位和窄巷伪距组合周跳检测量,提高多普勒积分对低采样率数据的周跳探测精度。实验结果表明,提出的组合方法可以弥补各自的周跳探测盲点,对于不同采样率数据,不仅能有效探测和修复大小周跳、连续周跳和不敏感周跳,还可以准确地辨别1个周期以上的周跳和粗差,具有良好的周跳探测性能。

一种双级北斗导航接收机伪距误差补偿方法

伪距误差是影响北斗卫星导航接收机定位精度的关键因素,本文提出一种基于伪距差分和自适应容积卡尔曼滤波(Cubature Kalman filter,CKF)的双级北斗导航接收机伪距误差补偿方法。该方法将伪距误差分为自有性误差和公共性误差两类,首先通过伪距差分方法补偿伪距自有性误差,其次设计量测噪声自适应CKF滤波器,对用户接收机运动系统状态进行估计,补偿伪距公共性误差。实验结果表明:载体静态时,双级补偿方法略优;载体动态时,双级补偿比单级补偿的定位误差减小显著,自适应CKF算法比CKF算法具有更好的对噪声和干扰的适应能力。

基于北斗短报文的低成本远海伪距差分定位方法

受通信距离限制,伪距差分定位技术多用于有无线通信网络的陆地地区或近海区域,在远海区域目前基本无法实现伪距差分。本文基于北斗短报文提出了空间相对定位技术与时间基线法相结合的新方法,实现了远海伪距差分定位技术,并探讨了伪距改正数据的简化和编码方法。根据实测海洋数据,测试了流动站距离参考站约1700 km的伪距差分定位性能。试验结果表明,其水平方向定位误差基本小于1 m;竖直方向基本小于2 m。由于北斗短报文的年通信费用目前仅约800元,因此本文方法可满足远海低成本伪距差分定位的需求。

顾及卫星PCO改正的BDS-3卫星差分码偏差精确估计

精确的差分码偏差改正信息是实现全球导航卫星系统多频数据精密应用的基础,而现有DCB参数估计方法及数据产品中并未考虑天线相位中心偏移的误差影响。以BDS-3为例,本文在分析BDS-3卫星PCO变化特性及其对DCB估值理论影响的基础上,推导了DCB参数中的PCO误差经验校正方法,同时提出了顾及PCO误差改正的DCB参数估计方法。利用国际GNSS服务组织全球分布的BDS-3基准站数据,实现了PCO改正前后C2I-C6I/C1P-C5P两类DCB参数的精确估计,并在BDS-3 C2I/C1P单频标准单点定位中开展定位验证。结果表明,PCO改正前后的卫星DCB差异最大可达0.60 ns,引起不同类型卫星间的DCB差异最大可达1.17 ns,DCB参数中的PCO误差对BDS-3定位应用的影响不可忽略。与未改正PCO误差的DCB产品对应的定位结果相比,基于PCO-estimated-DCB和PCO-corrected-DCB两种方案的BDS-3 SPP精度增益相当,在水平与高程方向定位精度分别提升了5.7%和6.8%。

多频GNSS跟踪站接收机观测量相关性分析

为了验证多频GNSS跟踪站接收机观测数据的质量和相关性,为GNSS跟踪站接收机后续研制做出贡献。基于多品牌多频GNSS跟踪站接收机比测试验,评估了观测数据的伪距噪声,对伪距噪声序列、伪距零基线双差序列进行自相关分析,进而对P-L序列从时域和频域角度进行滤波周期分析,验证了多频GNSS跟踪站接收机观测数据的相关性。试验结果表明:多频GNSS跟踪站接收机观测噪声满足相应标准,不同品牌跟踪站接收机的伪距观测量具有不同程度的自相关性,为削弱观测数据的伪距噪声,不同品牌跟踪站接收机对伪距数据做了不同周期的Hatch滤波处理。