Detection of Citrus Psyllid Based on Improved YOLOX Model

[Objectives]The paper was to explore a faster and more accurate detection method for citrus psyllid to prevent and control yellow-shoot disease and inhibit its transmission.[Methods]We used an improved YOLOX based edge detection method for psyllid,added Convolutional Block Attention Module(CBAM)to the backbone network,and further extracted important features in the channel and space dimensions.The Cross Entropy Loss in the object loss was changed to Focal Loss to further reduce the missed detection rate.[Results]The algorithm described in the study fitted in with the detection platform of psyllid.The data set of psyllid was taken in Lianjiang Orange Garden,Zhanjiang City,Guangdong Province,deeply adapted to the actual needs of agricultural and rural development.Based on YOLOX model,the backbone network and loss function were improved to achieve a more excellent detection method of citrus psyllid.The AP value of 85.66%was obtained on the data set of citrus psyllid,which was 2.70%higher than that of the original model,and the detection accuracies were 8.61%,4.32%and 3.62%higher than that of YOLOv3,YOLOv4-Tiny and YOLOv5-s,respectively,which had been greatly improved.[Conclusions]The improved YOLOX model can better identify citrus psyllid,and the accuracy rate has been improved,laying a foundation for the subsequent real-time detection platform.

Note on Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera Psyllidae): A new pest of Eucalyptus in Greece

Leaves of eucalyptus infested by Glycaspis brim-blecombei Moore were found on river red gum (E. camaldulensis) and blue gum (E. globulus) trees in Attiki and Chania region, Greece. The psyllid is recorded for the first time in Greece. Brief information about this psyllid is provided.

Foliar Applications with Plant-Derived Extracts Control Pistachio Psyllid, <i>Agonoscena pistaciae</i>

Citrus and palm trees’ extracts, commercially formulated as ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM, were studied against the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae, in field conditions. Generally, foliage spraying application against the pistachio psyllid may cause severe reduction on the honeybee forager population, which visits infested trees to collect honeydew. ProAlexinTM products have the same formulation with Provigoro 14 WA Bee Care?, a natural water acidifier, which not only has negative action on the honeybees, but also shows disinfectant action against Nosema spp. The scope of the present study was to determine any effect of ProAlexin products on the reduction of the population of the pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae. Experiments were performed at the orchard of the A.U.A., with two mixtures sprayed on psyllid infested pistachio trees, the first with ProAlexin PNSTM and AgrisprayTM and the second only with AgrisprayTM. They were both applied with the addition of APG25TM non-ionic surfactant. Results showed that mortality on the trees treated with ProAlexin PNSTM + AgrisprayTM mixture and AgrisprayTM was significantly higher compared with the control. This could be explained due to the phytoalexins that these products elicit, which are part of the plant mechanism against insect herbivores. These products are potentially promising methods to be used in sustainable agriculture approaches against the pistachio psyllid and they should be tested for their effects on the biological control agents of this pest. Beyond this, the results of this study encourage to test their effects on other pests of pistachio and other tree species.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

Diaphorina citri is a global citrus pest.As a vector insect,it can transmit the causative agents of citrus huanglongbing,causing irreversible losses to the citrus industry.The acquisition of genomic information can provide a molecular genetic basis for effective control of D.citri.Here,the DNBSEQ™,Oxford Nanopore Technologies,and Hi-C technologies are applied to generate a high-quality chromosome-level genome of D.citri.The genome size of D.citri was 523.78 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 47.05 Mb distributed on 13 chromosomes.A total of 250.64 Mb(47.85%)repeat sequences and 24048 protein-coding genes were predicted.Genome resequencing of female and male individuals indicated that the sex chromosome system of D.citri is XO.Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that D.citri and Pachypsylla venusta,which separated from their most recent common ancestor about 336.62 million years ago,were the most closely related.Additionally,we identified genes potentially involved in detoxification metabolism,pathogen transmission,and honeydew secretion for further investigation.The high-quality genome provides an important reference for developing effective management strategies of D.citri.

3种常用杀虫剂对广西蒙山地区柑桔木虱的防治效果

2021年在广西蒙山县蒙山镇甘棠村金秋砂糖桔种植园柑桔木虱若虫发生初盛期,开展了常用杀虫剂螺虫乙酯、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素防治柑桔木虱的田间试验。结果表明,22.4%螺虫乙酯SC 4000倍液、21%噻虫嗪SC 3360倍液、1.8%阿维菌素EC 1440~2000倍液对柑桔木虱若虫防治效果在82%以上,均有较好的防治效果;其中,1.8%阿维菌素EC 1440倍液和21%噻虫嗪SC 3360倍液的防治效果相对更好,药后15 d时仍然分别可达96.07%和93.91%,两者防治效果差异不显著。3种药剂的持效期均可达15 d以上,可在柑桔木虱若虫发生初盛期交替使用。

环境和气象因素对柑橘黄龙病重要传播媒介——柑橘木虱发生规律的影响

研究了柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri)对环境和气象因素的敏感性,以及其与柑橘黄龙病(Huanglongbing,HLB)传播的关系。总结了柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri)的基本情况,并探究了环境因素(如海拔、纬度、土壤、田间管理、寄主和生物因素)和气象因素(如温度、湿度、降雨、光照和气压)对其发生规律的影响。这些信息有助于预测柑橘木虱的发生情况和制定有效的防治策略,从而减少柑橘黄龙病的传播风险。

Differential responses to feeding by the tomato/potato psyllid between two tomato cultivars and their implications in establishment of injury levels and potential of damaged plant recovery

西红柿 / 土豆 psyllid 的侵略新遗传因子型(Bactericera [Paratrioza ] cockerelli [Sulc ])(Homoptera：Psyllidae ) 最近引起了在西方的北美洲在新鲜市场西红柿上超过 50% 的损失。尽管有这些广泛的损失，很少关于人口必须在被压制以便阻止经济损失的阀值层次被知道。一系列实验因此用二个普通西红柿的联合被设计栽培变种( QualiT 21 和黄梨)，五害虫密度( 0 ， 20 ， 30 ， 40 和 50 美女/植物)，和三喂持续时间( 5 天， 10 天，并且一生)测试建立经济阀值 levelsforpsyllids 的害虫密度，喂的时期，和累积psyllid天的相对重要性的处理。栽培变种在他们对 thepsyllid 美女注射的毒素的反应更加不同。“植物能从由多达 40 个美女喂为恢复的黄梨”只要 10d，而“ QualiT 21'' 植物被为仅仅 5days 喂的 20 个美女的密度不能挽回地损坏。在“黄梨”上，象黄叶子和植物高度的数字那样的所有植物大小显著地更好比与害虫密度或喂的持续时间与累积 psyllid 天相关。在上“ QualiT 21'' ，除黄传单和叶子的数字以外的所有植物大小更好显著地比与喂持续时间或累积 psyllid 天，和害虫密度是 psyllid 的一个更好的预言者与害虫密度被相关损坏。为在为 psyllid 采样和综合害虫管理的栽培变种和含意之间的可变回答的 Potentialreasons 被讨论。

Transcriptomic analysis reveals the defense mechanisms of citrus infested with Diaphorina citri

Huanglongbing(HLB) is a devastating disease that has led to an acute crisis for growers of citrus, one of the world's most important fruit crops. The phloem-feeding Asian citrus psyllid(ACP), Diaphorina citri, is the main pest at the new shoot stage and is the only natural vector of HLB pathogenic bacteria. Little is known about how plants perceive and defend themselves from this destructive pest. Here, we characterized changes in the expression of various genes in citrus plants that were continuously infested by D. citri for different durations(12, 24, and 48 h). A total of 5 219 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) and 643 common DEGs were identified across all time points. Several pathways related to defense were activated, such as peroxisome, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis, and some pathways related to growth and signal transduction were suppressed in response to D. citri infestation. The expression of genes including kinases(CML44, CIPK6, and XTH6), phytohormones(SAMT, LOX6, and NPR3), transcription factors(bHLH162, WRKY70, and WRKY40), and secondary metabolite synthesis-related genes(PAL, 4CL2, UGT74B1 and CYP82G1) was significantly altered in response to D. citri infestation. The findings of this study greatly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the defense response of citrus plants to D. citri infestation at the molecular level. Functional characterization of the candidate defense-related genes identified in this study will aid the molecular breeding of insect-resistant citrus varieties.

柑橘黄龙病综合防控技术研究进展

柑橘黄龙病是我国柑橘产业健康发展所面临的重要挑战之一。果树一旦感染黄龙病,若未及时采取有效的防控措施,病情将迅速蔓延至整个园区,导致显著减产甚至大面积的果树死亡。目前,黄龙病被公认为我国柑橘产业的“头号威胁”。为有效防控黄龙病,需要因地制宜,发展科学合理的综合防控技术。分析黄龙病的染病原因和特点,揭示病媒传播的分布情况,并总结针对黄龙病的预防、诊断、治疗以及病树处理等方面的综合防控技术,以供柑橘种植从业人员参考。

梅州市柑桔黄龙病防控实践与思考

柑桔产业是我国南方地区农业发展、乡村振兴的支柱产业之一.近年来,柑桔黄龙病在我国江西、广西及广东等地呈暴发趋势,给我国柑桔产业的健康稳定生产带来严峻挑战.梅州市作为广东省最大的柑桔水果生产地,在过去10年保障了柑桔产业的健康发展,柑桔黄龙病的发生率持续控制在3%以内.笔者团队创新了“精准用药、动态清零、及时补种”柑桔黄龙病可持续防控技术体系,主导和亲历了近10年来梅州市柑桔黄龙病的科学防控.本文总结了梅州市柑桔黄龙病高效防控的理念、策略与实践经验,提出了柑桔黄龙病防控存在的一些误区,以期共同推进我国柑桔黄龙病的持续、高效防控.

黄龙病媒介昆虫柑橘木虱生物防治新进展

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘黄龙病的重要媒介昆虫,对我国柑橘产业的健康发展潜在着巨大的威胁。本文在综合国内柑橘木虱防控技术的基础上,对近年来柑橘木虱生物防治的最新研究进展进行了综述,并且对其生物防治的发展前景给予了展望。目前应用于柑橘木虱生物防治的天敌资源主要是天敌昆虫及昆虫病原真菌,其中捕食性天敌主要包括瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉和蜘蛛,寄生性天敌昆虫主要包括啮小蜂和跳小峰;昆虫病原真菌主要包括蜡蚧轮枝菌、拟青霉、白僵菌、桔形被毛孢等。期望通过对柑橘木虱生物防治工作的综述,为我国今后柑橘木虱的科学、高效防控及其可持续治理提供参考,不断推动我国柑橘产业的健康发展。

柑橘重要害虫寄生性天敌的研究与利用进展

柑橘是我国重要的岭南特色水果,种植面积广,产量大。在生产过程中,柑橘容易受到各类病虫害的危害。因为害虫抗药性的产生以及化学农药使用带来的负面影响,害虫生物防治成为今后柑橘害虫可持续防控的重要策略。本文以桔小实蝇、柑橘木虱、介壳虫以及柑橘潜叶蛾、柑橘卷叶蛾、柑橘凤蝶等柑橘重要害虫及其寄生蜂为研究对象,对近年来国内外在柑橘害虫生物防治领域,尤其是寄生蜂的研究与利用等方面取得的最新进展进行了综述,以期不断推进我国柑橘害虫生物防治技术的研究与应用,保障我国柑橘产业的健康发展。

球孢白僵菌与玫烟色棒束孢制剂对柑橘木虱的防治

【目的】研究2株高致病力菌株球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea菌株对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri不同虫态的致病力及田间防控效果。【方法】球孢白僵菌和玫烟色棒束孢孢子稀释成1×104、1×105、1×106、1×107、1×108mL^(-1),室内喷施法研究其对木虱低龄、高龄若虫与成虫的侵染致死效果;在笼罩条件下研究其在半田间条件下对柑橘木虱成虫种群的控制作用。【结果】2种真菌制剂对柑橘木虱低龄若虫的致病力高于高龄若虫。7 d后球孢白僵菌和玫烟色棒束孢对柑橘木虱高龄若虫的LC50值分别为3.6×104和5.2×104mL^(-1),对低龄若虫的LC50值分别为3.5×104和4.2×104mL^(-1),而对柑橘木虱成虫的LC50值分别为1.4×105和1.6×105mL^(-1)。在半田间条件下,球孢白僵菌和玫烟色棒束孢对柑橘木虱成虫的LC50值分别为3.7×105和1.2×106mL^(-1)。同一孢子浓度对柑橘木虱的致死率室内效果优于半田间。2种真菌制剂对柑橘木虱成虫的致死时间与孢子浓度有关,LT50随着真菌孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而递减,球孢白僵菌孢子浓度为1×105~1×108mL^(-1)时,柑橘木虱成虫的LT50值为5.2~4.4 d;玫烟色棒束孢孢子浓度为1×106~1×108mL^(-1)时,柑橘木虱成虫的LT50值为5.3~4.9 d。【结论】球孢白僵菌和玫烟色棒束孢菌株对柑橘木虱有良好的生物防治效果,柑橘木虱各虫态的死亡率与病原真菌的孢子浓度正相关。

三种侵染柑橘木虱的蜡蚧菌属真菌的生物学特性

菌株ZJLA08、ZJLP09和ZJLSP07为从柑橘木虱虫体中分离纯化的蜡蚧菌属真菌,经鉴定分别为渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum、刀孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium psalliotae及1个新种Lecanicillium sp.,均对柑橘木虱具有强致病性。为明确这3个菌株的生物学特性,测定了温度、光照和紫外照射等条件对菌株生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:25~30℃是菌株生长、产孢和孢子萌发的适宜温度;光照对菌株生长和孢子萌发影响不显著,但适当的光照有利于菌株产孢,如在连续光照条件下培养7 d后,菌株ZJLSP07、ZJLA08和ZJLP09的产孢量依次为6.72×108、6.13×108、10.38×108个·m L^(-1);紫外照射对3个菌株的生长、产孢和孢子萌发均产生显著的抑制作用,如紫外照射60 min对菌株ZJLSP07、ZJLA08和ZJLP09的产孢抑制率分别达38.32%、51.17%和32.41%,对孢子萌发的抑制率分别为81.43%、87.35%和78.14%;湿度高有利于菌株孢子的萌发,如在相对湿度为62%时,菌株ZJLSP07、ZJLA08和ZJLP09的孢子萌发率相比饱和湿度条件下分别下降了84.31%、86.21%和77.47%。在测试的3个菌株中,菌株ZJLP09的菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率等均显著高于其他2个菌株,且其对高温、低湿和紫外照射等具有更强的抗逆性。

亚洲柑橘木虱的发生与防治研究进展

黄龙病(Citrus Huanglongbing, HLB)是柑橘上一种毁灭性病害,可危害几乎所有的柑橘及其近缘属植物,但目前尚无该病的有效防治方法。亚洲柑橘木虱作为黄龙病重要的传播媒介已成为近年来研究的热点,对亚洲柑橘木虱的防治效果好坏直接关系到黄龙病防控的成败。笔者试图对亚洲柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri)的发生分布、寄主范围、传毒机制、生活史、预测预报及防治方法等方面的研究进展进行总结,同时突出该研究领域的最新研究进展,旨在为更好地防治柑橘黄龙病提供借鉴。

福建省柑桔黄龙病虫媒木虱的野生寄主及其带毒率研究

对福建省柑桔主产区的木虱野生寄主进行调查,确定福建省柑桔木虱中间寄主的品种及种类。采集在中间寄主植株生活的木虱及叶片进行PCR检测,发现九里香、金桔带毒。用饲毒20 d的木虱接种各中间寄主,1个月、半年各检测1次,确定九里香、金柑、金桔带毒,它们是柑桔黄龙病病原的寄主。其它芸香科植株未检测出病原。

自然条件下柑桔木虱种群扩散规律调查

柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri为害是柑桔黄龙病的主要传播途径,明确了桔园中柑桔木虱扩散规律,就掌握了柑桔黄龙病传播蔓延趋势。2016年3月至2017年5月在广西金秀县桐木镇一个具有特殊条件的新建沙糖桔园,开展柑桔木虱种群自然扩散规律调查。结果表明,柑桔木虱传入新果园,先形成"中心虫株",再向外扩散;风是自然条件下影响柑桔木虱种群扩散的主要因子,柑桔木虱扩散与风具有明显正相关性,扩散趋势与风向基本吻合,呈现以"中心虫株"为头部的慧星状扩散;在无台风异常天气影响下,柑桔木虱种群一年的扩散距离约为105m。

柑橘黄龙病病原分化及发生规律研究进展

由韧皮部难培养细菌(Candidatus Liberibacter spp.)引起的柑橘黄龙病是一种毁灭性柑橘病害。主要综述了柑橘黄龙病菌的特性及种内分化新进展,病害的潜育期、时空动态及病害循环等田间发生特点,并从寄主植物、传播介体、生存条件等角度对影响病害流行的因素等进行了分析。

快速检测单头柑橘木虱体内黄龙病病原

本研究通过采用简易的柑橘木虱制样方法,利用PCR检测技术在单头柑橘木虱体内检测到黄龙病病原,并利用XbaⅠ限制性内切酶将从柑橘木虱体内扩增的黄龙病病原16SrDNA酶切成520bp和640bp两个片段,证实了木虱体内黄龙病病原为亚洲种。本研究成功地建立了一套快速检测柑橘木虱体内黄龙病病原的方法,可为检疫工作者和相关研究人员提供重要参考。