Compensatory Damages in Personal Information Public Interest Litigation in China: Challenges and Prospects

In contrast to private interest litigation,public interest litigation provides a more potent solution to personal information infringements marked by extensive scope,unspecified victims,and limited individual loss.However,com⁃pensatory damages remain a contentious issue,both in theory and in practice,within the legal framework of personal in⁃formation public interest litigation.Through an empirical study conducted within China's judicial practice,this paper reveals that the pending issue concerning the nature and function of compensatory damages has caused highly contra⁃dictory verdicts regarding their calculation and allocation,as well as their relationship with other forms of pecuniary li⁃abilities.Only by acknowledging the role of compensatory damages imposed in personal information public interest liti⁃gation as"Skimming off Excess Profits",and affirming their function as deterrence rather than compensation can they truly achieve the broader objective of safeguarding personal information security and promoting public welfare,as well as avoid disrupting the harmony of the existing legal landscape.

The Influence of Information Technology(IT)on Accrual Accounting Adoption:The Case of the Jordanian Public Sector

Jordan is one of many countries that intends to reform its public sector by adopting accrual accounting,which is primarily carried out through the International Public Sector Accounting Standards(IPSAS)implementation plan,scheduled to be completed by 2021.Considering the difficulties of adoption,this process cannot be completed without an appropriate Information Technology(IT)system capable of providing the accounting information required for this reform.Therefore,this study aims to examine the influence of IT on accrual accounting adoption in the Jordanian public sector.The study employed the quantitative survey approach.Based on 331 usable questionnaires,the descriptive findings showed that the use of IT in the Jordanian public sector is relevant to daily accounting transactions in general and to accrual accounting in particular.The regression analysis showed a positive,significant relationship between IT use and accrual accounting practice.The IT specialist should be able to understand the needs of public sector in adopting accrual-based accounting.In line with today’s digitalization age,which integrates advanced technologies and numerous techniques,this study suggests that a combination of accounting and IT experts is a value added to sharpen the competitiveness of public sector reform.This study contributes to the extant literature in public sector,concerning the relationship between IT and accrual accounting adoption in the context of Jordan.

Framework Design of Emergency Public Warning Information Release Platform in Hunan Province

Construction background of Hunan emergency public warning information release platform was introduced,and current status and demands of provincial information release were analyzed.Supported by GIS,Java,and Net,Hunan early warning information release platform of public emergency was constructed based on ORACLE database and Windows 2008 Server,achieving information collection,packaging,transmission,de-packaging,and releasing concentration,standard and processing.In addition,the framework and functional characters of the system were illustrated and the innovation points were explored.The system provides guarantee for meteorological services and disaster prevention or reducing of Hunan public emergencies.

Simulating the Spreading of Two Competing Public Opinion Information on Complex Network

In this paper, we investigate the regularity of spreading of information and public opinions towards two competing products in complex networks. By building its mathematical model and simulating its evolution process, we have found the statistical regularity for support rates of two different products at a steady stage. The research shows that strength of the public opinion spreading is proportional to the final support rates of a product.

Research on Architecture of Logistics Public Information Platform

On the basis of the discussion on main functions of logistics public information platform, and the summary of general functions of some typical cases at home and abroad, such as China electronic port and TradeLink, the logistics public information platform architecture is introduced from a technical point of view. It contains multiple levels, such as cloud computing platform and data storage layer, and discusses some new technologies available. Finally, the important trend of the logistics public information platform development is discussed.

Does social information affect the settlement decisions of resident birds in their second breeding attempt?A case study of the Japanese Tit(Parus minor)

Individuals may gather information about environmental conditions when deciding where to breed in order to maximize their lifetime fitness.They can obtain social information by observing conspecifics and heterospecifics with similar ecological needs.Many studies have shown that birds can rely on social information to select their nest sites.The location of active nests and the reproductive success of conspecifics and heterospecifics can provide accurate predictions about the quality of the breeding habitat.Some short-lived species can facultatively reproduce two and/or more times within a breeding season.However,few studies have focused on how multiplebrooding individuals select nest sites for their second breeding attempts.In this study,we use long-term data to test whether the Japanese Tit(Parus minor)can use social information from conspecifics and/or heterospecifics(the Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea,the Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus and the Yellow-rumped Flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia)to select a nest site for the second breeding attempt.Our results showed that the nest boxes occupied by tits on their second breeding attempt tended to be surrounded by more breeding conspecific nests,successful first nests of conspecifics,and fewer failed first nests of conspecifics than the nest boxes that remained unoccupied(the control group).However,the numbers of breeding heterospecific nests,successful heterospecific nests,and failed heterospecific nests did not differ between the nest boxes occupied by tits on their second breeding attempt and the unoccupied nest boxes.Furthermore,the tits with local successful breeding experience tended to choose areas with more successful first nests of conspecifics than those without successful breeding experience.Thus,we suggest that conspecifics'but not heterospecifics'social information within the same breeding season is the major factor influencing the nest site selection of Japanese Tits during second breeding attempts.

The Role of Library and Information Science Education in the Development of Community Health Information Services for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Perspectives of Directors and Managers of Public Libraries

This article identifies the role of library and information science (LIS) education in the development of community health information services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Preliminary findings are presented from semi- structured qualitative interviews that were conducted with eleven directors and managers of local branches in the Knox County Public Library (KCPL) System that is located in the East Tennessee region in the United States. Select feedback reported by research participants is summarized in the article about strategies in LIS education that can help local public librarians and others in their efforts to become more responsive information providers to PLWHA. Research findings help better understand the issues and concerns regarding the development of digital and non-digital health information services for PLWHA in local public library institutions.

On the C-E Translation of Cultural Information in Tourist Publicity Materials

Chinese scholar Qiu Maoru points out that the aim of translation is,partly,to establish cultural equivalence between the source text and the target text.He also argues that whether or how to establish cultural equivalence depends on the following four factors:1) the type of source text;2) the significance of cultural flavor in the source text;3) the purpose of translation;4) the type of readers of the target text.This theory provides a good perspective for the C-E translation of cultural information in Tourist Publicity Materials.Under the guidance of this theory,this paper attempts to explore the methods of establishing cultural equivalence in translation of Tourist Publicity Materials.

The Development of Intelligent Operation Method of Urban Public Infrastructure Driven by Accurate Spatio-temporal Information

Urban public infrastructure is an important basis for urban development.It is of great significance to deepen the research on intelligent management and control of urban public infrastructure.Spatio-temporal information contains the law of state evolution of urban public infrastructure,which is the information base of intelligent control of infrastructure.Due to the needs of operation management and emergency response,efficient sharing and visualization of spatio-temporal information are important research contents of comprehensive management and control of urban public infrastructure.On the basis of summarizing the theoretical research and application in recent years,the basic methods and current situation of the acquisition and analysis of spatio-temporal information,the forecast and early warning,and the intelligent control of urban public infrastructure are reviewed in this paper.

Environmental Information Governance Reform in the Era of Big Data--From Information Disclosure to Public Service

The development of environmental information governance includes three phases: providing for oneself,information disclosure,and public service. And then China is in the transition and transformation of environmental information disclosure to the environmental information public service. The core of the transformation is public participation,in the whole procedure of environmental information supply decision making,production,and quality supervision and evaluation,etc. The target path of the environmental information governance reform includes five parts: improvement of public satisfaction,optimizing information disclosure,information quality control,integration of information resources,and multiple supply.

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

It has been generally recognized that strategic environmental assessment integrates environment and development into decision-making and becomes an important decision-making tool for implementing sustainable development. This paper firstly introduces the relationships of SEA, public participation(PP)and information publicity(IP),then discusses the key parts in enforcing the effective process of PP: They are the methods for how to make sufficient information open (What), when to implement PP (When), who will determinate the public (Who), and how to make the models of PP (How). Six cases are compared and analyzed. At last, ways to improve the effectiveness of PP in China is also presented.

Application of VPN Technique in the Construction of Public Health Information System

Summary： Data communication and sharing of five level network of Public Health Information System, i.e. nation, province, district （city）, county, and town, as far as to the countryside level were described, and how to apply the three solutions, i.e. Access VPN, Intranet VPN, and Extranet VPN of VPN technique to achieve the appropriation of the public network was also presented.

Discussion on the Information Collection Methods of Public Health Emergency Files

In public health emergencies, the collection of archival information in the area of public health emergencies is very important, which can provide a reference for the early warning and processing mechanism. At the present stage, the unlimited demand of archival users for resources and the convenience of obtaining resources have become the two driving forces to promote the “transformation” and “growth” of archives. Public health emergencies, the transformation of archives collection and service mode, social media has become an indispensable platform for user information exchange, sharing and transmission, which requires archives to change the mode of archives acquisition and storage. Archival users require more interactive, targeted and cutting-edge forms of access and archival services are also developing toward diversified functions and connotations. Archival information resource sharing is also an important link in this development trend. This paper attempts to analyze the collection methods of archives departments in public health emergencies, and then puts forward the corresponding measures for archives departments to play their functions, such as flexibly solving the needs of archives access, strengthening the development of information resources, doing a good job in the collection of relevant archives, and publicizing archives work in combination with hot spots. This paper discusses the completeness of archival data collection, the means of archival management, the scientific classification of archival data, the ways of archival data collection and so on.

Standardizing signs on public information in the New Coastal Area

The public information signs( The term public information signs will be abbreviated to public signs in the following text.)in the urban areas not only offer convenience for people to move around, but also reflect the level of development and progress of those areas. It is essential to the creative development and uplifting of the New Costal Area (thereafter, NCA) to have a good understanding of its present situation with regard to its public signs, to discuss the related issues in the development, to work out a system that is up to international standard and develop its own standards in the course of implementing the national strategies on standardizing public signs.

Developing a Comprehensive Regime for Personal Information Protection in Networked Chinese Public Sectors

With the increasing sharing and reuse of personal information resources for better public services, the effective protection and management of personal information as organizational and individual assets as well as social resources are becoming more and more important in networked Chinese public sectors. Existing studies of personal information protection in China is mainly conducted from the legal perspective with a focus on the development of appropriate legislation and policies at the national level. There is little research on how specific legislation and polices can actually be implemented in an effective manner and what impacts such legislation and policies have on individuals, organizations, and the society. To adequately address this issue, this study investigates the legal requirements for personal information protection based on the relevant laws, regulations, and standards in China. It proposes a comprehensive regime for personal information protection in the networked public sectors in China. Such a regime takes the advantages of existing discipline-based approaches, legal requirements, and control mechanisms for personal information protection. It can be used to facilitate the provision of public services in the networked Chinese public sectors through the adequate protection of personal information and the effective management of personal information.

Soul-Searching on Performance of TV and Public Service Information Broadcast in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, more than a dozen of private TV channels are operating and about 10 new channels are waiting with green signal for transmission. Bangladesh Television （BTV）, the only government owned and administered, and known as structurally a biased institution serves the audience the public service information most. At the same time it serves purposes of incumbent government. Public information （PI） broadcast means broadcasting towards public welfare which may bring about change in the betterment of life and work of people. Its main focus would be on information, education, and motivation values rather than entertainment. In case of information, dissemination, and documentation, all private TV channels in Bangladesh serve more entertainment and less public service information, whereas, BTV＇s focus is evident on more PI. The owners and operators of private channels think first of their business profit as well as pressure from government and political parties. During formulating planning and strategies or building program content, they become cautious as they fear that the government become angry and shut down the channel.

The Conflict and Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Public Freedom of Information in the“Anti-circumvention Clause”

There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.

Is Public Co-Ordination of Investment in Information Security Desirable?

This paper provides for the presentation, in an integrated manner, of a sequence of results addressing the consequences of the presence of an information steward in an ecosystem under attack and establishes the appropriate defensive investment responses, thus allowing for a cohesive understanding of the nature of the information steward in a variety of attack contexts. We determine the level of investment in information security and attacking intensity when agents react in a non-coordinated manner and compare them to the case of the system’s coordinated response undertaken under the guidance of a steward. We show that only in the most well-designed institutional set-up the presence of the well-informed steward provides for an increase of the system’s resilience to attacks. In the case in which both the information available to the steward and its policy instruments are curtailed, coordinated policy responses yield no additional benefits to individual agents and in some case they actually compared unfavourably to atomistic responses. The system’s sustainability does improve in the presence of a steward, which deters attackers and reduces the numbers and intensity of attacks. In most cases, the resulting investment expenditure undertaken by the agents in the ecosystem exceeds its Pareto efficient magnitude.

A survey of public needs for government information service in libraries

Purpose:This paper describes a comprehensive user survey carried out in China to investigate public needs for government information service in libraries.It is expected to provide insights into the ways to help public libraries meet the user needs.Design/methodology/approach:The paper is founded on a survey among library users,librarians and non-library users.Paper questionnaires were distributed in the National Library of China and 32 provincial public libraries in China and electronic questionnaires were sent to non-library users.A total of 909 valid questionnaires were collected.Findings:A lot of attention is paid to policies,laws and regulations relating to common people’s work and lives such as science,technology,education,culture,finance,market supervision,health care,sports,urban construction and environment protection.A wide variety of government information resources is needed and information delivered to users shall be accurate and timely.Internet has become the main means of accessing government information and mobile phones the preferred Web access channel,while printed materials are considered important information sources.Users need assistance and training in the use of library information resources and services.Research limitations:The sample was limited to respondents from provincial-level public libraries,but city and county-level library users were not included.Practical implications:The survey results are beneficial for the Chinese public libraries to design service programs and improve their services.Originality/value:The paper is one of the comprehensive surveys on public needs for government information service in the Chinese libraries and some of die findings will be of wider interest for other libraries.

The NGO Relations Section of the UN Department of Public Information

History The importance of working with and through NGOs as an integral part of United Nations information activities was recognized when the Department of Public Information was