Conducting case-commentary research on the style of civil litigation documents is a key method for judges to produce legal documents,develop professional writing and creative skills,and enhance legal thinking.Such a s...Conducting case-commentary research on the style of civil litigation documents is a key method for judges to produce legal documents,develop professional writing and creative skills,and enhance legal thinking.Such a study is an important way to deepen the reform of the judicial power operation mechanism and to improve the trial management mode.Considering the background of the judicial responsibility system reform,the localization of the research paradigms and case-commentary methods of the style of litigation documents can help reach the consensus of the legal professional community.It also helps promote judgment rules and the spirit of the law.Legal commentaries convey the important functions of public legal services to the public.It is necessary to integrate the Style of Civil Litigation Documents,the"one-stop"litigation service with the reform practice of judicial committees in China,and conduct detailed research on the procedural ruling function and guiding function of the style of civil litigation documents.By studying the guiding function of civil litigation document style for judicial behavior,litigation procedure,and entity processing,it is good for judges to broaden their ideas and methods to write civil litigation documents,enabling an examination of the localization path and method of the legal commentary research paradigm and demonstrating how to continue using the paradigm within the context of the comprehensive reform of the judicial system.Moreover,the study emphasizes how to exert the function of public legal services integrated with the style of civil litigation documents.展开更多
Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of ...Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of Omda Village is Garma Monastery of the Garma Gagyu Sect, famous for its Buddhist images展开更多
Background: There is a complex interplay between women’s preferences, abortion services availability and the context in which these are provided. Even in countries where it is legal, denial of abortion is common, esp...Background: There is a complex interplay between women’s preferences, abortion services availability and the context in which these are provided. Even in countries where it is legal, denial of abortion is common, especially in low and middle income countries, forcing women to look for the service elsewhere and bringing serious consequences to the health and wellbeing of many women and their families. This non-systematic review pretends to answer the question: Which are the barriers to and facilitators for the access to legal abortion services in low and middle income countries? Methods: A non-systematic bibliographical review. Inclusion criteria: all quantitative, qualitative and evidence synthesis studies performed in low and middle income countries according to the World Bank classification for 2015 and published in English, Spanish and Portuguese language, between 2005 and 2017. Exclusion criteria: articles evaluating the efficacy of interventions, addressing the knowledge about abortion procedures among health care students and personnel, as well as those that only included sex workers. Results: The database search yield 199 articles in MEDLINE. 24 in Scopus and 38 in Scielo. A total of 22 articles including 15 countries from Africa (n = 6), Asia (n = 5), Central and South America (n = 3) and Europe (n = 1). The legal status of abortion in each of these countries was studied and described. For the analysis of the information, three categories of deepening were established: Laws and policies, Service delivery and Women’s abortion care-seeking behavior. Conclusion: the determinants of access to abortion in low and middle income countries are convoluted as multiple delays and barriers usually overlap. Similarly, stigmatization has a great impact across all the steps of abortion provision. Multiple facilitators were proposed in the three aspects of abortion provision, but they need to be adjusted depending on the context of each country.展开更多
This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model wit...This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Justice’s 2017 Research Projects of National Rule of Law and Law Theory(Project No.2017SFB1006).
文摘Conducting case-commentary research on the style of civil litigation documents is a key method for judges to produce legal documents,develop professional writing and creative skills,and enhance legal thinking.Such a study is an important way to deepen the reform of the judicial power operation mechanism and to improve the trial management mode.Considering the background of the judicial responsibility system reform,the localization of the research paradigms and case-commentary methods of the style of litigation documents can help reach the consensus of the legal professional community.It also helps promote judgment rules and the spirit of the law.Legal commentaries convey the important functions of public legal services to the public.It is necessary to integrate the Style of Civil Litigation Documents,the"one-stop"litigation service with the reform practice of judicial committees in China,and conduct detailed research on the procedural ruling function and guiding function of the style of civil litigation documents.By studying the guiding function of civil litigation document style for judicial behavior,litigation procedure,and entity processing,it is good for judges to broaden their ideas and methods to write civil litigation documents,enabling an examination of the localization path and method of the legal commentary research paradigm and demonstrating how to continue using the paradigm within the context of the comprehensive reform of the judicial system.Moreover,the study emphasizes how to exert the function of public legal services integrated with the style of civil litigation documents.
文摘Village Head Nyima Cering Ready to Leave His Office Omda is a village within the jurisdiction of Chewei Township of Qamdo County, lying some 80 km from Qamdo Town, the county headquarters. About 40 km to the north of Omda Village is Garma Monastery of the Garma Gagyu Sect, famous for its Buddhist images
文摘Background: There is a complex interplay between women’s preferences, abortion services availability and the context in which these are provided. Even in countries where it is legal, denial of abortion is common, especially in low and middle income countries, forcing women to look for the service elsewhere and bringing serious consequences to the health and wellbeing of many women and their families. This non-systematic review pretends to answer the question: Which are the barriers to and facilitators for the access to legal abortion services in low and middle income countries? Methods: A non-systematic bibliographical review. Inclusion criteria: all quantitative, qualitative and evidence synthesis studies performed in low and middle income countries according to the World Bank classification for 2015 and published in English, Spanish and Portuguese language, between 2005 and 2017. Exclusion criteria: articles evaluating the efficacy of interventions, addressing the knowledge about abortion procedures among health care students and personnel, as well as those that only included sex workers. Results: The database search yield 199 articles in MEDLINE. 24 in Scopus and 38 in Scielo. A total of 22 articles including 15 countries from Africa (n = 6), Asia (n = 5), Central and South America (n = 3) and Europe (n = 1). The legal status of abortion in each of these countries was studied and described. For the analysis of the information, three categories of deepening were established: Laws and policies, Service delivery and Women’s abortion care-seeking behavior. Conclusion: the determinants of access to abortion in low and middle income countries are convoluted as multiple delays and barriers usually overlap. Similarly, stigmatization has a great impact across all the steps of abortion provision. Multiple facilitators were proposed in the three aspects of abortion provision, but they need to be adjusted depending on the context of each country.
文摘This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.
